多寡头市场下领先者、追随者和竞争者的市场绩效比较分析

根据"结构-行为-绩效"的SCP分析框架,分析了企业在多寡头产量竞争的Cournot市场结构、多寡头价格竞争的Bertrand市场结构、1个领先者和多个追随者的Stackberg市场结构下,分别采取自主创新、跟踪新产品开发和引进模仿等不同的产品开发战略的市场绩效.结果表明,在同质产品多寡头市场上的产量竞争中,企业采取领先者、竞争者和追随者3种行为的企业均衡产量和企业利润依次递减;多寡头Stackberg市场结构在总产量、消费者剩余和社会福利上表现更佳;多寡头Cournot市场结构在市场价格和行业总利润上更高.在异质产品多寡头市场上的Bertrand价格竞争中,互补品市场的均衡价格和均衡产量相对于替代品都提高;当替代程度较大时,寡头数目较少,同时每个寡头的均衡产量和均衡价格都上升.     

具有不对称网络外部性和纵向差异化的产品竞争策略

在产品不完全覆盖市场中,研究具有不对称网络外部性的纵向差异化产品的Bertrand价格竞争或Cournot数量竞争策略.研究表明,两产品在Cournot数量竞争中的市场利润和社会福利都大于在Bertrand价格竞争中的市场利润和社会福利.在Bertrand价格竞争或Cournot数量竞争中,当低质量产品的网络外部性较大且满足一定条件时,低质量产品也可以获得较大的市场利润;当高质量产品具有较大网络外部性,或网络外部性虽然较小但满足一定条件条件,网络外部性相等或产品都不具有网络外部性时,高质量产品获得较大的市场利润.随着网络外部性的增强,Cournot-Nash均衡点并不稳定,在重复博弈以后,均衡点向Bertrand-Nash均衡点靠近.     

多地区情形下制造商渠道选择与定价策略研究

针对国内不同地区间市场差异以及国内的制造商采取地区间差异化定价策略这一现状,构建了传统供应链模式下制造商定价模型,证明了其采取地区差异化定价可以获得更多利润这一结论.研究了跨地区双渠道背景下制造商主导的供应链定价策略问题.分别通过理论和数值计算分析了制造商的3种不同定价策略对制造商和零售商的不同影响,并与基本定价策略下制造商和零售商利润进行比较分析,给出了相关结论.     

基于双边市场理论的金融超市竞争定价策略研究

基于双边市场理论,重点分析金融超市在双寡头垄断情形下的竞争定价策略。即在在一般定价模型的基础上,构建起加入金融超市双边用户交易次数为歧视标准的价格歧视竞争模型。并且围绕金融超市追求长期利益和短期利益两种不同动机,对采取该策略均衡时最终用户的均衡进入价格、金融超市利润和市场份额进行比较分析。最后,给出金融超市实施价格歧视策略的对策和建议。     

不同价格模式下考虑需求波动性和差异化服务的网约车平台定价决策

针对单个平台两种品牌网约车的最优定价问题,考虑平台服务质量的差异化和市场需求波动性,分别建立动态价格、差异化价格和静态价格模式下的网约车动态服务模型,运用多元函数和泛函的条件极值求得两种品牌网约车的最优定价策略。研究发现,平台最优动态价格和差异化价格均随需求波动时长单调变化,而最优静态价格并非单调。此外,平台提高差异化服务时,两种品牌网约车的最优价格均提高,但高服务质量的网约车会有更高的提价幅度;固定佣金报酬率增大时,平台最优价格均提高,但边际损失成本较大的网约车会有更高的提价幅度。最后,通过数值仿真对不同价格模式下的平台利润进行比较和灵敏度分析,并发现平台利润在市场需求稳定时差异不大。     

考虑不同定价策略的低碳供应链决策研究

考虑消费者低碳偏好,研究具有不同碳减排水平的两种产品定价策略问题,通过建立两零售商之间一致定价和差异化定价策略模型,推导出碳减排水平、价格水平以及供应链利润.比较研究发现,差异化定价策略下的供应链总利润、制造商利润、零售商利润和碳减排水平始终高于一致定价策略下的供应链总利润、制造商利润、零售商利润和碳减排水平,表明差异化定价策略有助于所有的渠道成员和整个供应链都能从中受益,并促进产品碳减排水平的提高.     

消费者偏好下的两在位制造商阻止策略选择研究

讨论生产高质量产品和生产低质量产品的两个在位制造商阻止生产中等质量产品的潜在制造商进入市场策略,考虑消费者产品质量偏好,分别建立了两个在位制造商采取不改变定价策略、采取联合定价阻止策略以及采取联合产量阻止策略模型,分析不同阻止策略对产品价格、在位制造商利润和潜在制造商进入成本的影响.数值分析结果研究表明,当进入成本高于某个阈值时,在位制造商不用采取任何阻止策略潜在制造商都不会进入市场.当进入成本适中时,相比其他两种阻止策略,两个在位制造商采取联合产量阻止策略会使潜在制造商的最低进入成本最大,这种策略下生产高质量产品的在位制造商利润最大,而生产低质量产品的在位制造商的利润最小.     

权力结构与促销策略下的双重选择均衡及福利分析

在批发价格定价权转移条件下,首先研究定价权转移、促销策略以及消费者忠诚度对三种权力结构下竞争渠道均衡结果的影响,然后分析基于权力结构与促销策略的双重选择均衡,最后探讨消费者忠诚度、促销敏感度以及权力结构对消费者剩余和社会福利的影响.研究表明:在三种权力结构下,不管是否引入促销策略,定价权转移使得强势零售商比竞争对手获得更多利润；在MS权力结构下,制造商和弱势零售商通过促销转移共同分享强势零售商部分利润,而在RS权力结构下,促销转移使得渠道成员达到“共赢效应”；当消费者促销敏感度较高时,双重选择可能会出现双均衡；消费者忠诚度的增加降低了消费者剩余和社会福利,而引入促销策略将提高社会福利,但未必能够提高消费者剩余.     

考虑策略型消费者和退货的零售商降价促销决策研究

基于零售商降价促销问题,引入策略型消费者,考虑到异质性消费者有可能对商品不满意,构建两期决策模型,旨在从退货和价格路径优化两方面提高零售商利润。研究给出(不)允许退货时,零售商面对策略型消费者的定价建议,指出零售商制定价格要在一定程度上参考商品类型。订货量相同时,给出策略型消费者降低零售商的期望利润的条件;面对短视型或者策略型消费者时,允许退货可在特定条件下提升零售商利润。消费者退货成本越高,对策略型消费者消极影响的抑制作用越明显,零售商的利润增长越显著。最后,通过数值算例分析了在两种退货决策以及不同退货成本下产品类型对零售商定价的影响,以及退货措施对策略型消费者消极影响的作用。     

基于Stackelberg博弈策略下的多渠道供应链决策研究

构建了基于价格竞争的多渠道供应链模型,模型中两个不同的制造商分别通过单渠道、双渠道销售具有一定替代性的产品,考虑到制造商在市场上的领导地位,制造商与零售商之间采用stackclberg博弈竞争策略.探讨了拥有双渠道的制造商采取分散和集中利润决策时供应链各竞争者的价格策略,分析了需求函数参数变化对供应链竞争者价格决策的影响,借助算例分析表明,拥有双渠道营销方式的制造商采取决策1有利于提高其所在供应链的利润,采用决策2能够激励零售商维持原有的分销渠道.     

A differential oligopoly game with differentiated goods and sticky prices

We investigate a dynamic oligopoly game where goods are differentiated and prices are sticky. We study the open-loop and the closed-loop memoryless Nash equilibrium, and show that the latter equilibrium entails a larger level of steady state production as compared to the former; both equilibria entail a larger level of production in steady state than the static game. We also study the effects of price stickiness and product differentiation upon the steady state equilibrium allocation and profits. The per-firm equilibrium output is increasing in both product differentiation and price stickiness, while profits are increasing in both product differentiation and the speed of price adjustment. The steady state social welfare monotonically increases in the speed of price adjustment, and the overproduction entailed by dynamic competition has beneficial effect from a social standpoint.     

Price and quality competition: The effect of differentiation and vertical integration

This paper studies an instance of price and quality competition between firms as seen in the recent Internet market. Consumers purchase a product based on not only its price but also its quality level; therefore, two firms compete in determining their prices and quality levels to maximize their profits. Characterizing this competition from a microeconomic viewpoint, we consider two possible business strategies that firms can utilize to overcome the competition—the differentiation and the vertical integration with another complementary firm. We show an interesting result not seen in the well-known Bertrand price competition: not only does the differentiation always increase the firms’ profits, but also it can increase the consumer’s welfare in a quality-sensitive market. We further derive that under some mild conditions the monopolistic vertical integration that excludes the combination-purchase with a competitor’s product is beneficial for both the integrated firm and its consumers.     

医药产学研联盟创新决策、创新危机与利润分配

以我国医药行业产学研合作创新为现实背景,构建两家相互竞争的制药企业与学研机构的双边纳什议价模型,分析企业的创新价值和议价能力对联盟成员绩效的影响,探讨合作创新对药品价格、企业市场份额、经营绩效和社会福利的影响,研究制药企业创新战略的选择决策及创新对企业可能的危险。通过模型分析,得到如下结论:产学研合作创新能够提高社会总福利,但不一定提高制药企业的绩效和药品的价格;议价能力强的制药企业不一定总是获得高利润,企业最终的利润受到企业自身及竞争者的议价能力、创新价值的共同影响;虽然产品创新能够提高消费者的购买意愿,但盲目跟风创新可能会带来双输的结果。本研究对促进医药行业的产学研合作,提高产学研合作的有效性具有现实意义。     

基于消费者异质性社交能力的推荐奖励策略

从消费者社交性的视角优化推荐奖励策略。文章基于效用理论,分析消费者的购买和推荐行为。构建了当期利润最大化基本模型和纳入远期利益的扩展模型,优化产品价格和折扣,给出高低折扣策略的适用空间,并探讨消费者社交能力对企业利润和社会绩效的影响。结果显示,消费者的社交能力差异较小时适合采取高折扣策略,否则适宜低折扣策略。当企业考虑远期利益的时候,企业的最优策略是免费策略。随着环境参数变化,最优奖励策略由高折扣调整为低折扣时会带来福利损失,但低折扣策略并不必定导致社会福利的损失。此外,还给出了实践中某些商品价格虚高的经济解释。本研究能够为企业实施推荐计划制定奖励策略提供依据。     

政府规制下不同市场力量主导的CLSC决策

为了研究不同市场力量主导下电器电子产品闭环供应链(CLSC)决策的差异以及政府规制对决策的影响,在政府规制和无政府规制下建立由制造商、销售商和消费者构成的闭环供应链模型,并分别在制造商和销售商主导市场的情形下,基于博弈方法求得政府最优规制工具、CLSC各成员的最优经营策略和利润以及社会福利。结果表明:无论政府规制与否,不同市场力量主导不会影响销售价、再生利用率和政府规制工具的制定,也不会影响社会福利,但会影响批发价和回收价决策以及各成员的利润,并且当制造商主导市场时批发价更高,销售商主导市场时回收价更高。制造商和销售商通常都在自己主导市场时利润最大。此外,无论市场主导力量是制造商还是销售商,政府规制都将提高批发价和销售价,且当再生利用率指标不高于制造商的最优再生利用率时,政府规制一般都有助于提高回收价以及各成员的利润。     

Pricing strategies for a non-replenishable item under variable demand and inflation

In this paper a model is developed for the pricing of non-replenishable inventory. Pricing strategies are examined that determine the minimum special price for immediate disposal of the entire stock. These are assessed using the return from inventory, net of holding costs, available for financing overheads and profits. Previous studies [2] and [3] have presented models for pricing the immediate disposal case. These have assessed the strategy on the basis of the lump sum generated at the end of a certain period. Their results gave, in many instances, very low special prices. This paper's result do not support their contentions in most instances. Indeed for many practical situations a special price of at least 80% of normal price is required. Substantially lower special prices are only justified when declining demand causes units of inventory to be sold at scrap value.     

Competition among providers in loss networks

Communication networks are becoming ubiquitous and more and more competitive among revenue-maximizing providers, operating on potentially different technologies. In this paper, we propose to analyze thanks to game theory the competition of providers playing with access prices and fighting for customers. Considering a slotted-time model, the part of demand exceeding capacity is lost and has to be resent. We consider an access price for submitted packets, thus inducing a congestion pricing through losses. Customers therefore choose the provider with the cheapest average price per correctly transmitted unit of traffic. The model is a two-level game, the lower level for the distribution of customers among providers, and the upper level for the competition on prices among providers, taking into account what the subsequent repartition at the lower level will be. We prove that the upper level has a unique Nash equilibrium, for which the user repartition among different available providers is also unique, and, remarkably, efficient in the sense of social welfare (with a so-called price of anarchy equal to one). Moreover, even when adding a higher level game on capacity disclosure with a possibility of lying for providers, providers are better off being truthful, and the unique Nash equilibrium is thus unchanged.     

产出随机下农业供应链的扶贫融资策略研究

金融扶贫政策在助力我国实现脱贫攻坚中具有重要作用。本文考虑了由单一资金受限合作社与单一企业组成的订单农业供应链,构建了供应链内部融资、银行融资、财政贴息、风险补偿金四种合作社融资模型,就扶贫政策存在的必要性、扶贫政策应资助的对象类型以及不同扶贫政策的适用条件等问题进行了深入分析。研究发现,当产出风险很小且企业资本成本较低时,合作社会采用供应链内部融资模式,此时合作社和企业的利润与社会福利都高于银行贷款融资模式;反之,会选择从银行贷款,此时对于具有“高成本、低产出”特征的农产品,政府扶贫可以同时提高合作社和企业的利润,增加社会福利。结合三亚和泉州两个地方政府的扶贫实践对比两种扶贫模式,发现若产出风险较小,则政府贴息扶贫模式下政府支出更多,合作社和企业的利润以及社会福利更高,反之,风险补偿金扶贫模式下政府支出、合作社和企业的利润、社会福利会更高。     

Introduction of a second channel: Implications for pricing and profits

In this paper we study the optimal pricing strategies when a product is sold on two channels such as the Internet and a traditional channel. We assume a stylized deterministic demand model where the demand on a channel depends on prices, degree of substitution across channels and the overall market potential. We first study four prevalent pricing strategies which differ in the degree of autonomy for the Internet channel. For a monopoly, we provide theoretical bounds for these pricing strategies. We also analyze the duopoly case where an incumbent mixed retailer faces competition with a pure retailer and characterize price equilibria. Finally, through a computational study, we explore the behavior (price and profits) under different parameters and consumer preferences for the alternative channels.     

Cournot vs. Bertrand under relative performance delegation: Implications of positive and negative network externalities

This paper demonstrates that relative-performance based strategic managerial delegation does not lead to the equivalence of Bertrand and Cournot equilibria in the presence of network externalities, regardless of the strength and type of network externalities — positive or negative. In the presence of positive network externalities, under relative-performance based delegation, Bertrand competition yields lower prices and profits, and higher quantities, consumers surplus and welfare than Cournot competition. On the contrary, these rankings are completely reversed in the presence of negative network externalities. It also discusses the endogenous choice of price or quantity contract under delegation in the presence of network externalities.