基于半导体激光器的全光波长转换的理论研究

全光波长转换是全光网络的关键技术之一。利用多模半导体激光器的速率方程,建立了基于半导体激光器的全光波长转换器的理论模型,该模型不仅考虑了注入信号光对激光腔内载流子的消耗,而且考虑了激光腔对注入信号光的放大作用。利用该模型分析了半导体激光器工作电流、注入信号光功率以及码率各参数对波长转换特性的影响。结果对于确定基于半导体激光器的全光波长转换器件的最佳工作条件有一定的参考价值。     

Wavelength tuning characteristics of a fabry-perot semiconductor laser with an external short cavity

Wavelength tuning characteristics of a Fabry-Perot semiconductor laser with an external short cavity are analyzed, in which the oscillation wavelength can be changed by slightly altering the external cavity length. Analysis is based on rate equations for an optical power and carrier density. It is shown that the wavelength tuning range is dominated by a change of carrier density through the effect of carrier-induced refractive index change in the active layer of a laser diode. This depends on effective coupling coefficients of the optical field iteratively reflected back to the laser diode by the external mirror, and on reflection coefficients of an anti-reflection coated laser facet and the external mirror which compose the external cavity. The effective coupling coefficient is also derived using the waveguide theory and Kirchhoff ’s theory. Finally, an unstable condition which may limit a stable wavelength tuning range is shown by results of a linear stability analysis of rate equations.     

A comprehensive equivalent circuit model for the study of thermal and spectral characteristics in laser diodes

An improved electrical equivalent model for multimode laser diode incorporating thermal effects and spectral behavior is developed from the multi mode rate equations. The temperature dependent optical power, wavelength shift, spectral widths are determined in the dc sweep simulations. The output power, frequency chirp and temperature rise are evaluated under pulse modulation conditions. Further, the laser diode bandwidth dependence on temperature is also evaluated. Analysis is carried out in the temperature range of 283–343 K, by simulating the equivalent circuit, using PSpice circuit simulator.     

End-pumped optical bistability Tm,Ho:YLF laser

We experimentally demonstrate strong optical bistability in a 2 μm continuous wave Tm,Ho:YLF laser with a bulk crystal. The laser is end-pumped by a 792 nm fiber-coupled laser diode. The bistable region is as wide as 1.6 W and the jump power at the turning point is as high as 82.5 mW when the temperature of the laser crystal is kept at 253 K. The influences of the cavity length and the transmission of the output coupler on the characteristics of optical bistability are obtained. The theoretical analysis shows that the bistable output in the Tm,Ho:YLF lasers comes from the combined effects of the nonlinear saturation of ground state reabsorption, the energy transfer upconversion, and the excited state absorption.     

非线性偏振旋转锁模自相似脉冲光纤激光器的研究

利用耦合非线性薛定谔方程（CNLSE）为非线性偏振旋转（NPE）锁模自相似光纤激光器建立了一种新的数值模型.模型中,用CNLSE描述脉冲在单模光纤中的传播,在增益光纤中同时考虑了增益带宽和增益饱和作用,用传输矩阵描述构成NPE锁模的光学元件.优化了腔内净色散和光纤长度等参数,模拟了脉冲在激光腔内的演化特性,得到了典型的自相似脉冲运行区域及特点.在最佳自相似脉冲运行区域内,得到了能量约为7 nJ、脉宽约11 ps、线性啁啾的抛物脉冲.比较了不同腔内净色散条件下输出脉冲的特点,给出了三阶色散对输出脉冲的影响. 关键词： 自相似脉冲 非线性偏振旋转锁模 耦合非线性薛定谔方程 数值模拟     

Modelling of optical Kerr effects on the static and dynamic behaviors of quantum cascade laser

The effect of optical Kerr nonlinearity on the static and dynamic behaviors of quantum cascade laser operating in the mid-infrared is theoretically investigated. Our model is based on three-level rate equations including the dependence of the loss on photon number in the cavity. The optical stability domain that allows for the determination of current injection is derived within the premises of our model. The analytical solutions of eigenvalue equation allowing the investigation of stability analysis are obtained. Furthermore, nonlinear effects influence significantly the dynamics of photons in cavity and electrons in the upper laser level.     

Wavelength Tuning Characteristics of a Vertival Cavity Surface Emitting Laser Diode with an External Short Cavity

The characteristics of a wavelength tunable vertical cavity surface emitting laser diode (VCSEL) with an external short cavity are analyzed, in which the oscillation wavelength can be changed over several tens of nanometers with a nearly constant optical power by slightly altering the external cavity length. Analysis is based on rate equations for the optical power and carrier density, taking the effect of carrier-induced refractive index change into consideration, together with the study of behaviors of a complex resonator. The reflection coefficient r₂ of a laser facet facing the external mirror is shown to affect notably the characteristics of wavelength tuning, optical power and carrier density for a change of the external cavity length. It is also noticed that the wavelength change for this length becomes slower with relatively larger r₂ due to an increasing contribution of the effect of carrier-induced refractive index change, within the optical gain spectrum of the laser diode.     

Transmission of XeCl excimer laser pulses through optical fibers: Dependence on fiber and laser parameters

Measurements of the transmission of XeCl excimer laser pulses (308 nm) through optical all-silica fibers are reported. The observed photodegradation effects during long time irradiation are dependent on the laser energy density and the laser repetition rate. Also the influence of the fiber drawing parameters and fiber geometry have been investigated. Absorption spectra of the fibers in the wavelength range from 200nm to 400nm before and after the irradiation with the excimer laser give some insight in the physical reasons for the changes in transmission properties. A spectral analysis of the fiber fluorescence has been performed.Presented at LASERION '91, June 12–14, 1991, München (Germany)     

Rate-equation approach to laser light statistics

Single-mode cavity laser light statistics is considered within the framework of rate equations. According to this approach, fluctuations are caused by jumps in active and detecting atoms. The algebra is simple, allowing analytical expressions for the intracavity Fano factor and the photocurrent spectral density to be obtained. Poissonian, quiet, and optical pumps are considered. The results are verified by comparison with Monte Carlo simulations. An essentially exhaustive investigation of sub-Poissonian light generation by classical laser schemes, two-mode lasers, and semiconductor lasers is proposed.     

Modeling a distributed feedback dye laser pumped by a Nd-glass laser

A mathematical model has been developed to describe the dynamic emission of a distributed feedback dye laser (DFDL) pumped by a Nd-glass laser. The model is based on the coupled-wave theory. It allows the investigation of the temporal behavior of the Nd-glass pumping laser source and the DFDL pulses. The model allows studying the effect of the variation of the laser input parameters of the Nd-glass laser, such as maximum amplification coefficient, loss coefficient and pumping rate on the characteristics of DFDL pulses regarding the pulse width, delay time and separation time. The feedback process of the DFDL is provided either by changes of the refractive index or by optical gain or by both together. The model estimates the following: temporal behavior of the density of emitted radiation, energy densities of the first excited singlet and triplet states, DFDL output power, cavity decay time and the temperature of the produced grating. The numerical solution of the nonlinear coupled rate equation system predicts the generation of DFDL picosecond pulses. The calculated results are in good agreement with the available experimental data. The calculations were done using rhodamine 6G dissolved in ethanol as the investigated matrix.     

利用共振无源腔分析和抑制飞秒脉冲激光噪声的理论和实验研究

理论分析了共振无源腔对飞秒脉冲激光的强度和相位噪声的转化模型,分析表明,通过测量无源腔透射场或者反射场相对于输入场强度噪声的变化,可以间接得到输入场飞秒脉冲激光的相位噪声.在此基础上设计了精细度约为1500、自由光谱区为75 MHz的八镜环形共振无源腔,并测量了钛宝石锁模激光经过该共振无源腔后透射场和反射场强度噪声的变化.实验观察到,飞秒脉冲激光经过无源腔透射后,强度噪声特性得到较好改善,在探测频率2 MHz附近达到散粒噪声极限.同时,结合共振无源腔对激光强度和相位噪声的转化模型,间接给出了钛宝石锁模激光的相位噪声及无源腔对相位噪声的有效抑制作用.     

半导体激光器混沌输出的延时特征和带宽

外腔延时特征和带宽是影响混沌激光应用的两个重要参量.本文将一个单路光反馈的半导体激光器输出的激光部分地注入到另一个双路滤波光反馈的半导体激光器中,从而构成一个具有外光注入的双路滤波光反馈半导体激光器系统,即主从激光器系统,用于抑制混沌激光的延时特征并研究其带宽.数值研究了外光注入系数、反馈强度、抽运因子和滤波器带宽对系统输出混沌激光的延时特征的影响,然后将该系统对延时特征的抑制效果和具有外光注入的单路光反馈半导体激光器系统、具有外光注入的双路光反馈半导体激光器系统、具有外光注入的单路滤波光反馈半导体激光器系统以及无光注入双路滤波光反馈半导体激光器系统进行对比和分析,结果表明本文提出的方案对延时特征的抑制效果最好.然后在本文提出的具有外光注入的双路滤波光反馈半导体激光器系统中,延时特征被有效抑制的参数条件下研究系统输出混沌激光的带宽,结果表明,通过适当选择参数的取值,本文提出的方案可以提高系统输出混沌激光的带宽.     

连续波DF化学激光器光斑上下游光谱测量

通过分析非稳腔DF化学激光器光腔内激光路径特性,指出非稳腔DF化学激光器输出光斑上下游光谱振荡路径不同导致输出光谱存在一定差异。试验测量了一台连续波DF化学激光器光斑上下游光谱,结果表明:非稳腔DF化学激光器光斑上下游光谱主要谱线成分未见显著差异;光斑上下游谱线相对强度存在一定差异;光斑上游各谱带相对强度最大值谱线转动量子数趋向于各谱带低转动量子数方向。根据实测光谱,对光斑上下游光谱所表征光腔温度和相对粒子数范围进行了估算,得到光腔上游平均温度要低于光腔下游平均温度。     

InGaN/GaN laser diode characterization and quantum well number effect

The effect of quantum well number on the quantum efficiency and temperature characteristics of In- GaN/GaN laser diodes （LDs） is determined and investigated. The 3-nm-thick In0.13Ca0.87N wells and two 6-am-thick GaN barriers are selected as an active region for Fabry-Perot （FP） cavity waveguide edge emitting LD. The internal quantum efficiency and internal optical loss coefficient are extracted through the simulation software for single, double, and triple InGaN/GaN quantum wells. The effects of device temperature on the laser threshold current, external differential quantum efficiency （DQE）, and output wavelength are also investigated. The external quantum efficiency and characteristic temperature are improved significantly when the quantum well number is two. It is indicated that the laser structures with many quantum wells will suffer from the inhomogeneity of the carrier density within the quantum well itself which affects the LD performance.     

Modelling of GaN quantum dot terahertz cascade laser

In this paper GaN based spherical quantum dot cascade lasers has been modelled, where the generation of the terahertz waves are obtained. The Schrödinger, Poisson, and the laser rate equations have been solved self-consistently including all dominant physical effects such as piezoelectric and spontaneous polarization in nitride-based QDs and the effects of the temperature. The exact value of the energy levels, the wavefunctions, the lifetimes of electron levels, and the lasing frequency are calculated. Also the laser parameters such as the optical gain, the output power and the threshold current density have been calculated at different temperatures and applied electric fields.     

存在外部光反馈的半导体激光器的相位噪声

本文在理论上研究了由于外部光反馈引起的半导体激光器的相位噪声.理论分析是通过引入一个反馈耦合率K和线性化速率方程,导出了半导体激光器相位噪声功率谱密度的表达式.这表明相位噪声功率谱密度随外腔长度而周期性地漂移,且功率谱密度的峰值随外部反馈耦合率而发生很大的变化.     

Optical characterisation and modelling for oblique near-infrared laser heating of carbon fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites

The optical behaviour of a carbon fibre reinforced thermoplastic composite material is investigated for a near infrared laser heating process applied to automated composite tape placement. A nip point heating strategy in laser tape placement results in a shadow before the nip point on both the incoming tape and substrate. The moderate laser angle relative to the surface of the composite leads to reflections in the cavity formed by the tape and the substrate, reducing the shadow. An optical ray tracing model can provide valuable insight to the interaction of the laser with the composite, as well as detailed estimation of the irradiance distributions. This paper provides the foundations for such a model, describing an optical characterisation process and formulation of appropriate models to capture the composite surface and laser source behaviour. A micro-half-cylinder surface treatment was shown to give a good approximation of the anisotropic scattering behaviour of the composite. Angular dependent reflectance was described well by Fresnel equations. An approximation of the laser beam profile and propagation is also presented.     

Numerical modeling of a fast-axial-flow CW–CO2 laser

A four-temperature model has been applied on a fast axial flow, longitudinal discharge CO₂ laser. Using Runge–Kutta method, a set of differential equations of the model is numericaly solved. These equations describe the operation of the laser with certain ratio 1:3:6 of the mixture CO₂:N₂: He and average output power of 550 W.The temporal behaviour of the output power and photon density was obtained. The effects of kinetic temperature, coupled mirror reflectivity, gas flow speed, and cavity loss on the output power were studied.Calculated output power was compared with its measured value taken from experiment and a good agreement was observed.     

Theory of the double heterostructure laser: III. Self-consistent calculations of the electrical and optical characteristics

Self-consistent calculations of the electrical and optical properties of the double-heterostructure laser have been made. Theoretical studies of both aspects of the device performance have been utilized in this work which describes the behaviour of the laser both below and at threshold. The interdependence of the electrical and optical properties of the device has been established and incorporated into a self-consistency scheme.A computer program has been developed to perform the calculations given the specification of device parameters. Within the program the transport equations are solved, the active region refractive index calculated and then used in the waveguide theory. From the solution to the waveguide equations a lasing frequency and threshold current for the specified cavity mode are obtained. A consistency criterion is applied between the transport and waveguide parts of the theory.The program allows the performance of the laser to be monitored providing such information asI–V characteristics, near and far field patterns for various cavity modes with their threshold currents and lasing frequencies.     

气体压强对纳秒激光诱导空气等离子体特性的影响

环境气体的压强对激光诱导等离子体特性有重要影响.基于发射光谱法开展了气体压强对纳秒激光诱导空气等离子体特性影响的研究,探讨了气体压强对空气等离子体发射光谱强度、电子温度和电子密度的影响.实验结果表明,在10-100 kPa空气压强条件下,空气等离子体发射光谱中的线状光谱和连续光谱依赖于气体压强变化,且原子谱线和离子谱线强度随气体压强的变化有明显差别.随着空气压强增大,激光击穿作用区域的空气密度增加,造成激光诱导击穿空气几率升高,从而等离子体辐射光谱强度增大.空气等离子体膨胀区域空气的约束作用,增加了等离子体内粒子间的碰撞几率以及能量交换几率,并且使离子-电子-原子的三体复合几率增加,因此造成原子谱线OⅠ777.2 nm与NⅠ821.6 nm谱线强度随着气体压强增大而增大,在80 kPa时谱线强度最高,随后谱线强度缓慢降低.而离子谱线N Ⅱ 500.5 nm谱线强度在40 kPa时达到最大值,气体压强大于40 kPa后,谱线强度随压强增加而逐渐降低.空气等离子体电子密度均随压强升高而增大,在80 kPa后增长速度变缓.等离子体电子温度在30 kPa时达到最大值,气体压强大于30 kPa后,等离子体电子温度逐渐降低.研究结果可为不同海拔高度的激光诱导空气等离子体特性的研究提供重要实验基础,为今后激光大气传输、大气组成分析提供重要的技术支持.