固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定果蔬中26种有机磷农药残留

建立同时测定果蔬中26种有机磷农药残留的固相萃取–超高效液相色谱–串联质谱检测方法。样品经乙腈提取,用甲醇–二氯甲烷溶解,以Bond Elut NH_2SPE柱净化,采用动态多反应离子监测模式进行检测。26种有机磷农药残留在各自的浓度范围内与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数均大于0.995,方法检出限为0.176 2～1.355 0μg/kg。样品加标回收率为60.1%～116.5%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.2%～12.7%(n=6)。该方法快速、准确,稳定性好,适用于果蔬中多种有机磷农药残留的同时测定。     

气相色谱-火焰光度法测定土壤中有机磷农药残留

建立了气相色谱-火焰光度(GC-FPD)分析土壤中敌敌畏、氧化乐果、二嗪农、乐果、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷、对硫磷、水胺硫磷、喹硫磷等9种有机磷农药残留量的方法。样品用丙酮-二氯甲烷(1:3)提取,浓缩、定容后用Hp-5MS(30m×0.25 mm×0.25μm)毛细管柱分离,FPD检测器检测。方法回收率在68.71%～110.39%之间;RSD在5.5%～11%之间;检出限在0.397～1.60μg/mL之间,方法可用于环境土壤样品中有机磷农药残留的测定。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测中药材中有机磷农药残留量

研究了中药材中有机磷农药残留量的高效液相色谱-串联质谱同步检测方法.采用CAPCELL PAK MC C18反相柱,以乙腈为提取溶液,以Carb/PSA柱为净化柱,液相色谱-串联质谱仪测定.方法线性范围为10～500 μg/L,11种有机磷农药在此范围内线性良好,相关系数为0.9961～0.9999.在10～100 μg/kg浓度范围内,加标回收率在70%～110%之间,相对标准偏差为1.4%～11%,最低检出限为2～20μg/kg,符合残留检测分析要求.     

微型固相萃取柱结合胃袋式大体积进样-气相色谱-质谱法同时快速测定菠菜中的13种有机磷农药残留

利用微型固相萃取柱对样品进行前处理,采用胃袋式大体积进样技术结合气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS),建立了菠菜中13种有机磷农药残留的同时快速分析方法。以保留时间和特征离子丰度比定性,以峰面积外标法定量,以3倍信噪比实验值确定方法的检出限(LODs),以10倍信噪比实验值确定方法的定量限(LOQs)。结果表明,除乐果外,其余12种有机磷农药的添加回收率为76.8%～114.0%,相对标准偏差为1.5%～17.6%,LODs为0.5～25 μg/kg。该方法前处理简单快速,分析成本低,分析时间短,灵敏度、准确度和精密度均符合农药多残留检测技术的要求,适用于食品中多种有机磷农药残留的快速灵敏检测。     

毛细管气相色谱法测定韭菜中13种有机磷农药残留的研究

建立了毛细管气相色谱法测定韭菜中敌敌畏、甲胺磷、乙酰甲胺磷、甲拌磷、氧化乐果、久效磷、乐果、毒死蜱、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷、杀螟硫磷、对硫磷和喹硫磷等13种有机磷农药残留的新方法.考察了进样口压力和程序升温速率对色谱分离的影响.试样用乙腈提取,经毛细管气相色谱柱DB-1701(30 m×0.32 mm×0.25 μm)分离,FPD检测器测定.当进样口压力为68.9 kPa,程序升温速率为5 ℃/min时,13种有机磷农药与韭菜基质在30 min内获得有效分离.添标水平为0.05、0.2 mg/kg时的平均回收率为78% ～115%,相对标准偏差为2.6% ～10.7%,方法检出限(S/N=3)为0.01 ～0.03 mg/kg,符合农药多残留定性、定量分析技术的要求.     

菌类食品中多种有机磷农药的气相色谱-离子阱二级质谱联用法测定

研究了气相色谱-二级质谱联用技术测定菌类食品中甲胺磷、速灭磷等44种有机磷农药残留的方法,依据待测物化学性质,对预处理方法和质谱分析条件进行了优化.样品加入水浸泡,氯化钠盐析,采用乙酸乙酯-环己烷(1 ∶ 1,体积比)匀浆提取2次,合并上层有机相,用无水硫酸钠柱脱水,40 ℃水浴旋转蒸发至近干,以乙酸乙酯-环己烷(1 ∶ 1)定容,凝胶渗透色谱和固相萃取方法(石墨化炭黑小柱)两步净化,氮气吹干后,乙酸乙酯定容至0.25 mL,采用HP-5MS柱,无分流进样,气相色谱-离子阱二级质谱方法进行定性和定量分析,外标法定量.44种农药在0.05 ～10.00 mg/L范围内呈线性关系,在0.05 ～0.5 mg/kg加标范围内的回收率为68% ～116%,相对标准偏差为5.4% ～13.4%,44种有机磷农药的检出限为0.01 ～0.1 mg/kg,满足菌类食品中有机磷农药残留限量的检测.     

气相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定驱蚊护肤品中10种昆虫驱避剂

建立气相色谱–串联质谱快速检测驱蚊护肤品中10种昆虫驱避剂的分析方法。10种驱避剂包括避蚊胺、N,N-二乙基苯乙酰胺、避蚊酮、驱蚊酯、1-乙酰基-1,2,3,4-四氢喹啉、羟派酯、苯甲酸苄酯、驱蝇定、驱蚊叮、增效胺。样品用丙酮超声萃取,以HP–5MS UI毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25μm)进行分离,对碎片离子进行扫描,以保留时间与离子丰度比进行定性,外标法定量。10种昆虫驱避剂的质量浓度在1.0～64.0 mg/L范围内与定量离子的响应值呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999,方法检出限(S/N=3)为0.2～5.6 mg/kg。加标回收率为88.8%～96.2%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.5%～4.9%(n=6)。该方法抗干扰能力强,检出限低,满足驱蚊护肤品中有效成分的定性、定量要求。     

液相色谱串联质谱法测定烟草中有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药残留量

用乙腈对烟末样品进行提取,提取液经乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷吸附剂净化后,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测,在20min内完成了40种有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药的定量分析。40种农药的平均回收率为72%～113%,相对标准偏差为1.2%～13%,检出限为0.49～19.7μg/kg。该方法的回收率、重复性及检出限均能满足烟草农药残留分析的要求。     

气相色谱-串联质谱同位素内标法测定中草药中124种农药及其代谢物残留

建立测定中草药中124种农药及其代谢物残留的气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS-MS)方法。采用同位素内标法,样品经乙腈提取,采用混合型固相分散萃取剂净化,加入分析保护剂校正基质效应。色谱柱为DB-5MS(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25μm),程序升温,GC-MS-MS测定。124种农药残留在0.005~0.40μg/m L内呈线性关系,在0.06~0.3 mg/kg内的平均回收率为84.8%~108.7%,RSD为2.1%~12%,方法检出限(LOD)为0.005~0.013 mg/kg。该方法适合于中草药中农药多残留的同时检测。     

气相色谱-离子阱质谱法测定蔬菜中9种有机磷农药的残留量

建立气相色谱-离子阱质谱法测定蔬菜中9种有机磷农药残留的方法.样品经乙酸乙酯提取、无水硫酸钠脱水、活性炭小柱净化,浓缩后通过气相色谱-离子阱质谱进行测定.9种有机磷农药的浓度在0.05～1.0μg/mL范围内与其对应的色谱峰面积具有良好的线性关系(r＞0.999).在3个不同添加浓度下的平均回收率为76.5%～101.2%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为3.9%～9.4%(n=7).该方法快速、准确、操作简便,能满足蔬菜中有机磷农药残留的检测要求.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Investigation of Kinetics of Solid-Phase Synthesis of Lithium Orthosilicate

The kinetics of the interaction between lithium carbonate and silica with various degrees of dispersion was investigated by TG and DTA methods. It was found that the utilization of pyrogenic silica with a specific surface area of about 300 m²g^-1 instead of aerosil with one of 175 m²g^-1 leads to an increase of the reaction rate between lithium carbonate and silica, which depends on the formation and growth of lithium orthosilicate crystals in the first stage, and is conditioned by the diffusion of lithium and oxygen ions through the lithium orthosilicate layer formed at temperatures above 800 K. This supposition is supported by the kinetic analysis results obtained with the use of the different models. The optimal regime of heating is recommended. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

小环化合物中饱和碳质子化学位移的计算

小环化合物由于其张力、构型、构象和各向异性效应等原因,环碳上质子化学位移缺乏规律性,难以预测,对此作者曾提出一种近似算法。本文根据303种小环化合物中饱和碳质子的化学位移实验数据,将适于计算这类质子化学位移的公式表述为:     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.