电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定固体废物中镉的不确定度评定

建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定固体废物中镉含量的不确定度的评定方法。通过建立数学模型,分别对样品称量、样品溶液定容体积、系列标准工作溶液的配制、标准曲线拟合、测量重复性等影响不确定度的分量进行分析,计算合成不确定度以及扩展不确定度。固体废物中镉质量分数为0.421 mg/kg时,其扩展不确定度为0.080 8mg/kg(k=2,置信概率为95%)。标准曲线拟合是影响电感耦合等离子体质谱法测量固体废物中镉含量不确定度的最主要来源,其次为系列标准工作溶液的配制,而样品称量、样品溶液定容体积、测量重复性等分量的影响可忽略不计。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定食品中钙、镁、磷、铁、锌、锰含量的不确定度评定

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定食品中钙、镁、磷、铁、锌、锰的含量,通过建立数学模型,对各不确定分量进行评估量化,计算合成不确定度和扩展不确定度。结果显示：当置信概率为95%,包含因子为2时,样品中钙含量为772 mg/kg时,其扩展不确定度为22 mg/kg;镁含量为269 mg/kg时,其扩展不确定度为14 mg/kg;磷含量为902 mg/kg时,其扩展不确定度为26 mg/kg;铁含量为13.0 mg/kg时,其扩展不确定度为0.62 mg/kg;锌含量为9.73mg/kg时,其扩展不确定度为0.38 mg/kg;锰含量为8.36 mg/kg时,其扩展不确定度为0.19 mg/kg。     

微波消解电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定大米中镉的不确定度评定

评定微波消解电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）法测定大米中镉含量的不确定度。该法测量不确定度主要来源于标准曲线拟合、标准工作溶液配制和测量重复性。结果表明，微波消解ICP-MS法测定大米中镉质量分数为0.174 mg/kg时，在95%置信水平下，其扩展不确定度为0.021 mg/kg，包含因子k=2。通过对各不确定度分量的计算和评定结果量值比对，得出测量过程中不确定度的主要来源是标准曲线拟合，其次为系列标准工作溶液的配制和测量重复性，贡献值分别为70.9%、11.2%和11.8%，样品称量和定容过程中量器以及实验室温度变化引入的不确定度较小。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定虾粉中镉含量的不确定度评定

对石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定虾粉中镉含量进行了不确定度评价。分析了整个测试过程中不确定度的来源,并对各不确定度分量进行了计算,当虾粉中镉的含量为0．389mg／kg时,扩展不确定度为0．008mg／kg（k=2）。     

ICP-AES法测定焊锡中铅、镉及其不确定度的评价

在加热条件用浓硝酸消解样品,同时伴随有少量白色沉淀,冷却后再加入1~3滴纯盐酸使产生的白色沉淀完全消解,用ICP-AES法对样品中铅、镉进行了测定,建立了数学模型对其不确定度进行了评定。结果表明,样品中铅和镉的含量分别为Pb 258 mg/kg和Cd 27.1 mg/kg,扩展不确定度分别为Pb 15.5 mg/kg和Cd 1.54 mg/kg(k=2)。     

气相色谱–质谱法测定食用植物油中短链脂肪酸的测量不确定度评定

采用气相色谱–质谱法(GC–MS)测定食用植物油中短链脂肪酸含量,对测量结果的不确定度进行评定,探讨提高测量准确度的方法。依据方法建立数学模型,分析得出不确定度主要来源于样品制备过程、计量器具的使用、标准溶液配制、测量设备、人员读数误差、方法回收率,计算各不确定度分量,得到相对标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。结果表明,当食用植物油中短链脂肪酸测定结果为13.1 mg/kg时,其扩展不确定度为1.8 mg/kg(k=2)。测量设备、标准溶液配制过程引入的不确定度较大,应在实验过程中予以控制和关注。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定锂离子电池石墨负极材料中铁不确定度评定

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定锂离子电池石墨类负极材料中铁含量,对测定结果的不确定度进行评定。根据JJF 1059.1—2012《测量不确定度评定与表示》和测定过程中的风险因素,建立数学模型和因果图,分析不确定度来源,计算合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。结果表明,测量重复性、标准曲线拟合、提取回收率对测定结果影响较大。当样品中铁含量为495.00 mg/kg时,其扩展不确定度为U=29.89 mg/kg,k=2。     

高效液相色谱法测定辣椒油中苏丹红Ⅰ染料的不确定度

按照GB/T 19681-2005<食品中苏丹红染料的检测方法高效液相色谱法>对辣椒油中苏丹红Ⅰ含量进行分析,通过建立数学模型,对测量结果的不确定度来源如标准使用液、样品处理、校正曲线、回收率、测试方法的重复性等各不确定度分量进行了分析并进行了评定和量化,求得当辣椒油中苏丹红Ⅰ含量为1.08 mg/kg时,合成不确定度为4.5×10-2mg/kg,扩展不确定度为9.0×10-2mg/kg.     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定土壤中镉的测量不确定度评定

石墨炉原子吸收法测定土壤中镉的不确定度主要来源于称量样品、定容样品消解液、测定样品消解液中镉的质量浓度及测定土壤水分引入的不确定度。对各不确定度分量进行了计算,求得合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度分别为0.0026、0.005mg/kg。镉测量不确定度的主要来源是测定样品消解液中镉质量浓度引入的不确定度。     

ICP–AES测定电子电气产品中铅的不确定度评定

建立了ICP–AES测定电子电气产品中铅含量的方法,根据该方法的定量数学模型分析了不确定度的来源,对各不确定度分量进行了评定和量化,计算了合成不确定度和扩展不确定度。结果表明,标准系列溶液配制、标准曲线拟合、测量重复性和加标回收率是不确定度的主要来源。电子电气产品塑胶部件中铅含量为149.07 mg/kg时,扩展不确定度为3.55 mg/kg(k=2)。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。