Analytical chemical methods as systems producing chemical information by inference

Summary Analytical chemical methods as systems produce chemical information about the material to be analyzed. Analytical chemical systems as semiosis consist of analytical signal production and analytical chemical signal interpretation and produce chemical information by inference in an indirect way through analytical information. From the logical point of view the chemical information produced by analytical chemical systems is only credible. Generalizing the results the idea of diagnostic systems can be introduced and the analytical chemical methods as systems are a special type of diagnostic systems.

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Chemisch-analytische Systeme zur Erlangung chemischer Informationen

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Presented at the First International Symposium on History and Philosophy in Analytical Chemistry, Vienna, November 22–23, 1985     

Automation in und mit der Analytischen Chemie

Ohne Zusammenfassung

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Automation in and with analytical chemistryV. Classification of working ranges in analytical chemistry with regard to computers

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Teil IV: diese Z. 256, 7 (1971)     

Brandsimulation durch Mikroverbrennung

Summary A new micro-combustion method for the analytical investigation of fire gas mixtures was developed with the main objectives of a fast and simple execution and the possibility for a direct determination of all volatile, even reactive components.

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Herrn Professor Dr. H. Dörfel zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet     

New trends in analysis of ground water

Summary A combination of analytical methods and separation techniques is used in order to differentiate between various chemical forms of elements in ground water. The analytical programme includes determination of trace elements, mineralogy, organic components and micro-organisms, which underlines the necessity for interdisciplinary collaboration in speciation studies.

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Neue Bestrebungen der Grundwasseranalyse

Zusammenfassung Eine Kombination analytischer Methoden und Trennungsverfahren wurde verwendet, um verschiedene chemische Verbindungen im Grundwasser festzustellen. Das analytische Programm umfaßte die Bestimmung von Spurenelementen, mineralogischen und organischen Bestandteilen und Mikroorganismen. Die Beschreibung solcher Systeme hängt von der notwendigen wissenschaftlichen Zusammenarbeit ab.

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Presented at the 8th International Microchemical Symposium, Graz, August 25–30, 1980.

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Research fellow, Norwegian Research Council for Science and the Humanities.     

Automation in und mit der Analytischen Chemie IV

Zusammenfassung Es werden die Begriffe Signal (physikalischer Sachverhalt), Nachricht (Signalfolge), Information (entschlüsselte Signalfolge) und die Aspekte der Semeiotik (Lehre von den Sprachen allgemein), der Syntax (Beziehung zwischen den Zeichen), der Semantik (Beziehung zwischen Zeichen und Mensch) für die Automation in und mit der analytischen Chemie beschrieben. Das Morsen ist unter anderem ein Beispiel, an dem die Begriffe Signal, Nachricht und Information behandelt werden. Nach einer Betrachtung der Signalerzeugung wird der Informationsgehalt von folgenden Analysenverfahren diskutiert: RFA mit energiedispersivem Detektorsystem, ein Trennungsgang und die Tüpfelanalyse.

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Automation in and with analytical chemistry. IVMeaning of semeiotics and information content in automatic analysis

The terms signal (physical statement), message (sequence of signals), information (decoded sequence of signals) and the aspects of semeiotics (theory of languages generally), syntax (relation between the signs) and semantics (relation between signs and man) are described. Among others the Morse code is an example for discussing the terms signal, message and information. After considering the production of signals the information content of the following analytical procedures is discussed: X-ray fluorescence analysis with energy dispersive detector system, a classical separation procedure and spot test analysis.

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Teil III: diese Z.247, 1 (1969).     

Untersuchung der Reaktionen von organischen Jodverbindungen mit feinst auf amorpher Kieselsäure verteiltem Silbernitrat

The reactions are presented which take place between primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl iodides, alicyclic and aromatic iodine compounds on the one hand and very finely distributed AgNO₃ on amorphous silicic acid on the other hand.

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Mit 4 Abbildungen     

Statistical evaluation of recorded knowledge in nuclear and other instrumental analytical techniques

Summary The main points addressed in this study are the following: Statistical distribution patterns of published literature on instrumental analytical techniques 1981–1984; structure of scientific literature and heuristics for identifying active specialties and emerging hot spot research areas in instrumental analytical techniques; growth and growth rates of the literature in some of the identified hot research areas; quality and quantity in instrumental analytical research output.

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Statistische Auswertung von Veröffentlichungen in nuklearen und anderen instrumentellen analytischen Techniken

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Presented at the IAEA Advisory Group Meeting on Comparison of Nuclear Analytical Methods with Competitive Methods, October 3–7, 1986, Oak Ridge, TN, USA     

Direkte Cadmiumbestimmung in menschlichen Organen mit Zeeman-AAS

The analytical procedure is described, and the results and consequences are discussed.

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Herrn Professor Dr. W. Fresenius zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet     

Struktur- und Texturprobleme bei Phosphatzementen

The setting and hardening reaction of zine phosphate cements as well as cements based on aluminum silicates and phosphoric acid, which are being used as biomedical materials, are investigated in view of microstructure of the cementing components, with emphasis upon the micro crystalline and colloidal cement phases. An attempt is being made to find a basic cementing mechanism for common reaction types of various cements.

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Mit 4 Abbildungen

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Herrn Univ.-Prof. Dr.E. Hayek zu seinem 70. Geburtstag am 9. Juli 1974 in Verehrung gewidmet.

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Struktur- und Texturprobleme bei biomedizinischen Werkstoffen, Tl. 1.     

Automation in und mit der analytischen Chemie. III

Zusammenfassung Nach einer Einführung in die Problemstellung wird die Theorie der Programmiersprachen kurz behandelt, die früheren Vorschläge [6] zu einer Zeichensymbolik erweitert und in Symboltabellen zusammengefaßt. Erörterungen zu einer Buchstabensymbolik als Grundlage einer Programmiersprache für die analytische Chemie schließen die Arbeit ab.

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Automation in and with analytical chemistry. IIIProblems of programming languages and symbolism

After a short introduction to the problem, the theory of programming languages is discussed, the earlier suggestions [6] of a sign-symbolism are extended and concentrated in symbol-tables. An alphabetic symbolism as a base for a programming language for analytical chemistry is given.

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II. Mitt.: diese Z.238, 81 (1968).     

Biosensors based on native chemoreceptors

Summary The coupling of intact natural chemoreceptor structures to potentiometric electrodes results in a new class of electrochemical biosensors with exceptionally fast dynamic response properties and attractive analytical limits. The use of intact sensing structures is advantageous in that both the transduction and conduction functions are contained in the native environment of the neural element. This novel approach is illustrated with antennule structures of the blue crab and characterized in terms of analytical responses to some amino acids.

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Biosensoren auf der Grundlage nativer Chemorezeptoren

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Dedicated to Prof. Dr. W. Fresenius on the occasion of his 75th birthday     

Synthetic and analytical thinking

Summary It is shown that scientific research is not a linear process of information gaining, of accumulating data and facts, but is rather to be characterized by a model showing the cyclic structure of data gathering and construction of theories, of inductive and deductive methods. Analytical and synthetic methods are linked together and are building inseparable components of the texture of science.

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Synthetisches und analytisches Denken

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Presented at the First International Symposium on History and Philosophy in Analytical Chemistry, Vienna, November 22–23, 1985     

Untersuchungen an Lahnsedimenten

Summary In order to get more detailed information of the different types of bonding for heavy metals to sediments the total metal uptake capacity and the binding constant of 40 sediments of the river Lahn for copper(II)-ions were determined from linearized Langmuir sorption isotherms, obtained by batching sediments with copper solutions. These parameters and CHN-values complete a data set of analytical results of former investigations (contents of mercury, cadmium, lead, copper, manganese, iron, grain size distribution etc.). The chemometric treatment of the data set by the partial and multiple correlation analysis, the factor analysis and the multiple regression analysis lead to further details about the intercorrelations between heavy metal bondings and surface active phases of sediments.

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Teil 2: Fresenius Z Anal Chem (1986) 323:38–43     

Abweichungen vom lokalen thermischen Gleichgewicht im axialen Kanal eines induktiv gekoppelten Argon-Plasmas

Summary Measurement of the excited state level population of a thermometric species like FeI injected into the axial channel of an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is a powerful method to describe the plasma, even when the level population distribution in case of deviations from local thermal equilibrium (LTE) does not define a uniform plasma temperature.The injection of the thermometric species as ferrocene vapour allows to study the specific influence of operating conditions and normal sample components such as water on the plasma conditions by adding independently the different components.It is shown that deviations from LTE-state decrease with increasing generator power and decreasing carrier gas-flow rate and reach an axial minimum in the normal analytical zone (NAZ). Although differences of more than 1000 K between excitation temperature of low lying FeI-levels and levels close to the ionization-limit have been observed, deviation of the levels population density from an LTE-distribution is smaller than a factor of 5 under reasonable analytical conditions. Under such conditions the LTE-concept seems to be a useful first approximation to describe the thermodynamics of the ICP and to predict trends.

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Herrn Prof. Dr. Reinhard Nast zum 75. Geburtstag gewidmet     

Zur Charakterisierung von Boden-Huminstoffen

Summary Humic acids prepared from four horizons of a Podzol in the Segeberger Forest as well as different fractions of humic substances (fulvi acid, humic acid, and humin) of the Ahe horizon were characterized by a combination of analytical methods. As basis served the data from elemental analyses, UV/VIS-, FTIR-, and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography using Fractogel TSK, and vapor pressure osmometry. Utilizing pyrolysis in direct coupling with field ionization mass spectrometry, more detailed information about structural features of the humic substances in soils could be obtained. In this manner, the different importance of carbohydrates, aromatic, and lipidic components in the various fractions is observed. The characteristic temperature dependence of the averaged molecular weights of the pyrolyzates indicates a basic structural skeleton, which is quite similar for the humic acids isolated from the different horizons. By degradation of the carbohydrates and increasing incorporation of lipidic components an enhanced biotransformation takes place with increasing depth of the soil profile.

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Gewidmet Herrn Professor Dr. W. Fresenius zum 75. Geburtstag     

Erweiterte M?glichkeiten in der analytischen Chemie durch Benutzung programmierbarer elektronischer Tischrechenmaschinen

Ohne Zusammenfassung

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Extended possibilities in analytical chemistry by employing programmable microcomputers

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Aus einem Vortrag zur Analytiker-Tagung in Basel vom 17.–19. November 1970

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Herrn Prof. Dr.-Ing. Fritz Straßmann in Dankbarkeit gewidmet.     

Umsetzungen von Metall-und Metalloidverbindungen mit mehrfunktionellen Molekülen, 4. Mitt.

Alkylideniminoxy-dimethylboranes are obtained from the corresponding organic oximes and bromo-dimethylborane. Equilibria between the monomeric and dimeric form of the title compounds can be easily followed by¹H- and¹¹B-NMR-spectroscopy. Additional characterisation is given by mass spectrometry, i.r. and analytical data.

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3. Mitt.:A. Meller undW. Gerger, Mh. Chem.105, 684 (1974).     

Disilatetraza-spiro[3.4]octane und Disilahexaza-dispiro[4.1.4.1]dodecane Beiträge zur Chemie der Silicium-Stickstoff-Verbindungen, 149. Mitt.

Synthesis of the spirane systemsB andC (scheme 1) was achieved for the first time, starting with bis(alkylamino)substituted 1,3-diaza-2-sila-cyclopentanesA, via reactions 1–3. Properties, analytical and structural data of the new compoundsA 1–5, B 1–5 andC 2 are given.

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148. Mitt.:U. Wannagat undG. Eisele, Mh. Chem.109, 1059 (1978).

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Mit Auszügen aus der DissertationG. Eisele, Techn. Univ. Braunschweig, 1978.