General theoretical analysis of four-connected polyhedral molecules

Molecular orbital calculations on four-connected polyhedral molecules have resulted in the following generalisations. Spherical four-connected transition metal carbonyl polyhedra are characterised by 14n + 2 electrons and their Main Group analogues by 4n + 2 electrons. Non-spherical four-connected polyhedra have variable electron counts of 14n to 14n + 4 (or 4n to 4n + 4). These generalisations have been analysed in terms of Stone's Tensor Surface Harmonic Theory. The development of electron counting rules for condensed polyhedra derived from four-connected polyhedral fragments is also described.     

Synthesis, Photoluminescence and Photocatalytic Performance of BiPO4 with Different Phase Structures

Three kinds of crystal phase BiPO₄(HP, LTBP, and HTBP) were selectively synthesized by controlling the preparation conditions. Structures of the three samples are all constructed by PO₄ and BiO₈ polyhedra but with different geometric structures. Detailed characterization was carried out by X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning eletron microscopy(SEM) and Raman, UV-Vis, and luminescence spectrometries. Three samples exhibit huge distinctions in their photoluminescence(PL) lifetime: 0.68, 162 and 160 μs for HP, LTBP, and HTBP, respectively. More interesting, an outstanding photocatalytic activity is observed for as-prepared LTBP nanorod, which shows even higher activity for the degradation of MB solution than P25. In addition, experiments were carried out to clarify the role of hydroxyl (^·OH) and superoxide radicals(O₂^·) played in photocatalytic process and it was found O₂^· was the main active species in BiPO₄ photocatalysts. Further comparison of structural and photocatalytic properties of the three samples finds that structure distortion is contributed to their property difference. A correlation was found between photocatalytic performance and the distortion of BiO₈ dodecahedra. The internal field generated by the distortion of BiO₈ dodecahedra was believed advantageous for the separation of electron and hole, which was in favor of the improvement of photocatalytic activity. This correlation may help to design other photocatalysts with high activity.     

The molecular structure and the puckering potential function of silacyclobutane as determined by gas electron diffraction and relaxation constraints from ab initio calculations

Gas electron diffraction is applied to determine the geometric parameters of the silacyclobutane molecule using a dynamic model where the ring puckering was treated as a large amplitude motion. The structural parameters and the parameters of the potential function were refined taking into account the relaxation of the molecular geometry estimated from ab initio calculations at the MP2/6-311+G(d, p) level of theory. The potential function has been described as V() = V₀[(/_e)² − 1]² with the following parameters V₀ = 0.82 ± 0.60 kcal/mol and _e = 33.5 ± 2.7°, where is a puckering angle of the ring.

The geometric parameters at the minimum V() (r_a in Å, in degrees and uncertainties given as three times the standard deviations including a scale error) are: r(Si–H_ax) = 1.467(96), r(Si–H_eq) = 1.468(96), r(Si–C) = 1.885(2), r(C–C) = 1.571(3), r(C–H) = 1.100(3), CSiC = 77.2(9), HSiH = 108.3, SiCH_eq = 123.5(16), SiCH_ax = 111.9(16), CC₅H_eq = 118.4(24), CC₅H_ax = 112.3(24), HC₃H = 107.7, δ(HSiH) = 6.6, δ(HC₃H) = 7.0, where the tilts δ, HSiH, and HC₃H are estimated from ab initio constraints. The structural parameters are compared with those obtained for related compounds.     

The weiss constant: A probe for the molecular packing of monomeric copper(II) complexes?

Magnetic properties of the complexes Cu(pn)₂WO₄1.8H₂O, Cu(pn)₂I₂, Cu(pn)₂Br₂ 1.6H₂O and Cu(pn)₂Cr₂O₇ (ph = 1,2-diaminopropane) have been studied by ESR, magnetic balance (Gouy method) and PA techniques. Curie constants C were obtained from ESR spectra, temperature independent paramagnetism N∝ from PA spectra, and Weiss constants from magnetic susceptibility data. Isotropic factors r were calculated, describing reduction of the orbital angular momentum and the spin-orbit coupling constant from their free-ion values. From the measured crystal g values we conclude that there is axial elongation in all the coordination polyhedra, corresponding to the ground state d_x2-y2. The different line shapes in the ESR spectra depend on the alignment of the pseudo-tetragonal axes, induced by the counterion. The counterions have a clear effect on both the magnetic parameters and the reduction factors. The alignment of the pseudotetragonal axes is also reflected in the value of the Weiss constant. A correlation is proposed between the Weiss constant and molecular packing.     

介孔Co3O4多面体的制备及电化学性能

通过水热处理Co(NO₃)₂与(NH₄)₂S₂O₈合成了CoOOH多面体, 再经高温煅烧得到具有介孔结构的Co₃O₄多面体; 利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)、 X射线衍射(XRD)和N2吸附\|脱附实验等手段对其结构和组成进行了表征; 研究了反应时间、 反应温度及(NH₄)₂S₂O₈浓度等因素对CoOOH多面体形貌的影响, 分析了CoOOH多面体的形成机理. 性能测试结果表明, 该介孔Co₃O₄多面体具有良好的葡萄糖电化学检测活性, 检测线性范围为0.05~1.8 mmol/L, 响应灵敏度为148 μA·cm^-2·mmol·L^-1, 检出限为1 μmol/L.     

Molecular structure of the rotational isomers in short chain n-perfluoroalkanes

The structure of the isomers present in the different physical states of n-C₄F₁₀, n-C₆F₁₄ and n-C₈F₁₈ is discussed, using previously published experimental data from IR and Raman spectroscopy and an approximate force field. It is proposed that the gauche form of n-C₄F₁₀, observed only in the gas and the liquid, is characterized by an internal rotational angle of about 120°. At least three non-trans forms exist in the gaseous and the liquid states of the C₆ compound, but they disappear in the crystal. In contrast, the two solid phases of n-C₈F₁₉ which are stable at high temperatures are disordered and contain one or two gauche isomers; only the lowest temperature one possesses the all-trans form alone.     

Mesophase characterization of some long chain vicinal multihydroxy amphiphiles [1,2]

The mesophase characterization of three stereoisomeric multihydroxy compounds, the 1, 2(S), 3(R), 4(R)-, 1, 2(R), 3(S), 4(R)-, and 1, 2(S), 3(S), 4(R)-ico-sanetetrols, as well as of an octadecafuranose derivative has been carried out by means of polarizing microscopy, X-ray diffraction etc. The four multiols with their very long flexible alkyl chains are mono-thermomesomorphic; their single mesophases are miscible with each other, with a typical carbohydrate derivative, and are characterized by X-ray diffraction having a layer structure without order in it. The phase transition data of the three icosanetetrols are strongly dependent on their stereochemistry. The measurements of the refractive indices of one of the tetrols show a typical behaviour known for S_A phases or for lamellar phases, i.e. the sign of the birefringence is positive.     

Crystal and molecular structures of two europium(III) nitrate complexes with triphenylphosphine oxide

The X-ray structures of the complexes Eu(NO₃)(Ph₃PO)₃(acetone)₂ (A) (Ph₃PO = triphenylphosphine oxide) and Eu(NO₃)₃(Ph₃PO)₂(ethanol) (B) have been solved by the heavy-atom method, by using the three-dimensional Patterson-Fourier synthesis. The crystals are both monoclinic and belong to the space group P2₁/n, with Z = 4. The cell dimensions are: a = 27.825(4) Å, b = 19.422(4) Å, c = 11.238(2) Å, β = 94.9(3)° for A; and a = 22.193(4) Å, b = 10.866(2) Å, c = 17.101(3) Å, β = 105.6(3)° for B. In both complexes the europium(III) ion is ennea-coordinated to three chelate nitrate groups and three oxygens of the Ph₃PO ligands for A and two of the Ph₃PO and one of the ethanol for B. The acetone molecules of A are outside the coordination sphere of the metal and disordered.     

Ni-SiO2催化剂空间限域维度对CH4-CO2重整反应金属抗积碳能力的影响

制备了3种化学组成相同但金属活性位点空间结构不同的Ni-SiO₂催化剂(Ni/SiO₂负载型催化剂、 Ni/SBA-15介孔结构催化剂和Ni@SiO₂核壳结构催化剂), 考察了不同空间限域维度及结构对CH₄-CO₂重整反应活性金属抗积碳机制的影响规律. 结果表明, Ni/SiO₂催化剂无空间限域效应, 抗积碳能力最弱, 表现出最差的稳定性; Ni/SBA-15催化剂存在部分空间限域效应, 抗积碳能力明显提高, 表现出较好的稳定性但是仍有失活; Ni@SiO₂催化剂具有完全几何限域效应, 抗积碳能力最强, 表现出最优的稳定性.     

The N,N'-bis[4-(4-n-alkyloxybenzoyloxy)benzylidene]phenylene-1,3-diamines: mesophase behaviour and physical properties

A homologous series of banana-shaped compounds (n =1-12) is described. The short-chain derivatives exhibit a B₆ phase, while B₆/B₁ dimorphism is found for the pentyloxy and hexyloxy homologues. The B₁ phase of the compounds having longer alkyloxy chains is changed to a B₂ phase for the compounds with n =11 and 12. The phase characterization was performed using their optical textures and by means of X-ray investigations. Transition enthalpies were measured using DSC. In addition, density measurements were performed on one selected homologue. The compound n =8 exhibiting a B₁ phase was investigated also by high-pressure DTA.     

金纳米团簇在盐酸和十二硫醇刻蚀作用下的原位生长动力学研究

了解金属纳米团簇的形成机制对于进一步发展其化学制备方法是必要的。我们利用盐酸(HCl)和十二硫醇(RSH)共同刻蚀L₃ (L₃: 1, 3-双二苯基膦丙烷)包覆的多分散性的Au_n (15 ≤ n ≤ 60)团簇成功制备出单分散性的Au₁₃(L₃)₂(SR)₄Cl₄纳米团簇,并结合原位同步辐射X射线吸收谱、原位真空紫外-可见吸收光谱和质谱技术,研究了Au₁₃(L₃)₂(SR)₄Cl₄纳米团簇的动力学形成过程。结果表明,Au团簇从多分散到单分散的转变经历了3个明显不同的动力学步骤。首先,尺寸较大的多分散金属团簇Au_n主要在HCl刻蚀作用下,形成尺寸较小的亚稳的中间产物Au₈–Au₁₁团簇。然后,这些中间产物与反应溶液中已有的Au(Ⅰ)-Cl物种反应,并与SR发生部分配体交换,逐渐长大为由SR和L₃保护的Au₁₃团簇。最后,形成的Au₁₃团簇经过一个较缓慢的结构重组过程,最终形成稳定的Au₁₃(L₃)₂(SR)₄Cl₄的纳米团簇。     

Synthesis, characterization and antifungal activity of group 12 metal complexes of 2-acetylpyridine-N-ethylthiosemicarbazone (H4EL) and 2-acetylpyridine-N-oxide-N-ethylthiosemicarbazone (H4ELO)

Reaction of group 12 metal halides in ethanol with the thiosemicarbazones 2-acetylpyridine-⁴N-ethylthiosemicarbazone (H4EL) and 2-acetylpyridine-N-oxide-⁴N-ethylthiosemicarbazone (H4ELO) produced the compounds [M(H4EL)X₂] and [M(H4ELO)X₂] [M=Zn(II), Cd(II) or Hg(II), X=Cl, Br or I]. The ligands and complexes were characterized by elemental analysis and by IR and NMR (¹H, ¹³C, ¹¹³Cd, ¹⁹⁹Hg) spectroscopy, and the structures of H4ELO·H₂O and the complexes [Cd(H4EL)I₂]·2DMSO, [Hg(H4EL)Br₂]–DMSO, [Zn(H4ELO)Cl₂] and [Zn(H4ELO)Br₂] were determined by X-ray diffraction. The metal centers in the complexes have coordination number five, H4EL and H4ELO behaving as neutral NNS- and ONS-tridentate ligands, respectively. The coordination polyhedra are close to tetragonal pyramids, the degree of distortion towards trigonal bipyramids was estimated by τ calculation. Against the pathogenic fungi Aspergillus niger and Paecilomyces variotii, the mercury complexes of H4ELO had activities that at some doses exceeded that of nystatin.     

Single crystal ESR study of bis(N-benzylpyridoxaldiminato) copper(II)

Single crystals of bis(N-benzylpyridozaldiminato) Cu(II) were studied by ESR in three perpendicula planes at 300 K and 9.4 GHz. Only one exchange—narrowed line was observed for the two magnetically inequivalent copper ions in the monoclinic symmetry lattice with space group P2₁/a and elementary cell parameters a = 9.561(9), B = 16.605(8), C = 17.561(2) Å and β = 104(1°). Each ligand is bidentate via the phenolic oxygen and the imino nitrogen atoms, leading to tetrahedrally distorted square planar environment around the copper atom. The ESR linewidth remained Lorentzian for all orientations considered. The components of the g_xx = 2.043(4), g_yy = 2.064(4), g_zz = 2.259(4). The linewidth anisotropy was analyzed in terms of dipole-dipole interactions, magnetic inequivalence of molecules and hyperfine interactions.     

The gas-phase structure of dodecafluorooctahydrothiophene, c-C4F8SF4

The geometric structure of c-C₄F₈SF₄ has been determined by gas-phase electron diffraction. The five-membered ring has the twist form (C₂ symmetry) with a puckering amplitude q = 0.42 (2) Å. The following principle geometric parameters (r_a values) with estimated uncertainties have been derived: (C---C)_av = 1.541(10), S---C = 1.896(7), S---F_e = 1.558(6), S---F_a = 1.594(6) Å, CSC = 90.0(9)°, SCC = 109.1(8)°, CCC = 106.5(12)°, F_aSF_e = 90.5(15)° and F_eSF_e = 87.7(29)°. Vibrational amplitudes for long non-bonded CF and FF distances indicate a high barrier to pseudorotation of the ring.     

Structures of propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, and pivalaldehyde complexes of the chiral rhenium fragment [(η-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)]

The crystal structures of propionaldehyde complex (RS,SR)-(η⁵-C₅H₅)Re(NO)(PPh₃)(η²-O=CHCH₂CH₃)]⁺ PF₆⁻ (1b⁺ PF₆^s−; monoclinic, P2₁/c (No. 14), a = 10.166 (1) Å, b = 18.316(1) Å, c = 14.872(2) Å, β = 100.51(1)°, Z = 4) and butyraldehyde complex (RS,SR)-[(η⁵-C₅H₅)Re(NO)(PPh₃)(η²-O=CHCH₂CH₂CH₃)]⁺ PF₆⁻ (1c⁺PF₆⁻; monoclinic, P2₁/a (No. 14), a = 14.851(1) Å, b = 18.623(3) Å, c = 10.026(2) Å, β = 102.95(1)°, Z = 4) have been determined at 22°C and −125°C, respectively. These exhibit C O bond lengths (1.35(1), 1.338(5) Å) that are intermediate between those of propionaldehyde (1.209(4) Å) and 1-propanol (1.41 Å). Other geometric features are analyzed. Reaction of [(η⁵-C₅H₅)Re(NO)(PPh₃)(ClCH₂Cl)]⁺ BF₄⁻ and pivalaldehyde gives [(η⁵-C₅H₅)Re(NO)(PPh₃)(η²-O=CHC(CH₃)₃)]⁺BF₄⁻ (81%), the spectroscopic properties of which establish a π C O binding mode.     

Mild synthesis of enantiomerically pure imidazo-[1,2-a]azepines mediated by Yb(OTf)3

The reaction of various chiral 2,2′-diaryldialdehydes with achiral and chiral 1,2-diamines in the presence of Lewis acids to give imidazo[1,2-a]azepines was investigated. Best results were achieved with Yb(OTf)₃; the reaction outcome is strongly dependent upon the geometric features of both reactants. Kinetic resolution of rac-2,2′-dinaphthyldialdehyde with (R,R)-1,2-diphenyl-1,2-diamminoethane (up to 92% e.e.) was achieved.     

Synthesis and crystal structures of two new lead(II) hexafluoroarsenates(V)

In the system PbF₂/AsF₅/anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (aHF) two new lead(II) hexafluoroarsenates(V) Pb(HF)(AsF₆)₂ and PbFAsF₆ were isolated. Pb(HF)(AsF₆)₂ is formed when the molar ratio AsF₅:PbF₂ is 2 or higher. It crystallizes in the space group Pbcn with a=1058.3(3) pm, b=1520.9(6) pm, c=1079.4(3) pm, V=1.7374(10) nm³ and Z=8. The HF molecule is directly connected to the Pb center, eight fluorine atoms from three different AsF₆⁻ ions (Pb–F distances ranging from 248(4) to 276(2) pm) and one further fluorine at 306(3) pm complete the coordination sphere. PbFAsF₆ is obtained when equimolar amounts of PbF₂ and AsF₅ react in aHF. PbFAsF₆ crystallizes in the space group P with: a=466.10(10) pm, b=723.70(10) pm, c=747.40(10) pm, =105.930(10)°, β=101.49(2)°, γ=90.660(10)°, V=0.23698(7) nm³ and Z=2. The basic unit in the structure of PbF(AsF₆) consists of a four-membered ring of two Pb and two F atoms. The Pb atoms in the ring are further connected by two AsF₆⁻ units via cis-fluorine bridges, thus forming a [PbF(AsF₆)]₂ cluster, which interacts by additional Pb–F bonds thus forming a ribbon-like polymer.     

The crystal structure of (η-C6Me6)Ti[(μ-Cl)2(AlClEt)]2 and the catalytic activity of the (C6Me6)TiAl2Cl8−xEtx(x = 0---4) complexes towards butadiene

The composition of (C₆Me₆)TiAl₂Cl_8−xEt_x complexes in (C₆Me₆)TiAl₂Cl₈ + n Et₃Al (n = 0.5-6) systems was studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy and the X-ray crystal structure of one of them, (η⁶-C₆Me₆)Ti[(μ-Cl)₂(AlClEt)]₂ (IIa-2), has been determined. The complex crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna2₁ with Z = 4 and lattice parameters a 15.634(3), b 11.355(2), c 14.417(2) Å. The ethyl groups of IIa-2 reside in outer positions of aluminate ligands farther away from the C₆Me₆ ligand. The other part of the complex does not differ remarkably from structures of other (arene)Ti^II complexes. Negligible activity of (C₆Me₆)TiAl₂Cl₈ towards the butadiene cyclotrimerization is considerably increased by addition of 2.5–3.0 equivalents of Et₃Al. As follows from UV-Vis spectra, such systems contain mainly the (C₆Me₆)TiAl₂Cl₅Et₃ complex. It is suggested that the introduction of three Et substituents destabilizes the Ti-(η⁶-C₆Me₆) bond so that the replacement of hexamethylbenzene by butadiene in the first step of a catalytic cycle becomes more feasible.     

开放骨架磷酸铁的合成与性质

通过使用二丙烯基三胺为结构导向剂, 在水热体系中合成出一例具有新型三维开放骨架结构的磷酸铁化合物JU94(\begin{array}{c}\left|2H_{3}O\right|\end{array}[Fe₂P₂O₈(OH)₂]). 单晶X射线衍射分析结果显示, 该化合物结晶在单斜晶系P2₁/c空间群, 晶胞参数a=0.97566(5) nm, b=0.98560(5) nm, c=1.24514(5) nm, β=129.651(3)°, V=0.92189(8) nm³. 该化合物的骨架结构是由FeO₆八面体和PO₄四面体连接构成, 以四核铁簇作为结构构筑单元. JU94沿[101], [\begin{array}{c}\bar{1}\end{array}01], [010]和[111]方向含有扭曲八元环孔道, 水分子分布于孔道中. 穆斯堡尔谱研究结果表明, 该结构具有2个晶体学独立的正三价铁离子. 磁性研究结果表明, 该物质具有反铁磁性.     

Blocking and ripening of colloids in porous media and their implications for bacterial transport

A model accounting for the dynamics of colloid deposition in porous media was developed and applied to systems containing similarly charged particles and collectors. Colloid breakthrough and intracolumn retention data confirmed that blocking reduced overall colloidal adhesion to soil. The surface coverage at which blocking occurred varied for the type of colloid, as shown by changes in the clean-bed collision efficiency, _0, and the excluded area parameter, β. Excluded area parameters were relatively high due to unfavorable interactions between particles and collectors, and ranged from 11.5 for one bacterium (Pseudomonas putida KT2442) to 13.7 and 24.1 for carboxylated latex microspheres with differing degrees of charged groups on their surfaces. Differences in β values for the three colloids were correlated with electrophoretic mobility, with the most negatively charged colloid (carboxylated latex; CL microspheres) having the highest β. No correlation between hydrophobicity and ₀ or β was found. Besides using colloidal particles capable of blocking, the addition of chemical additives to the soil has been suggested as a means for reducing attachment of colloids to porous media. Dextran addition caused an order-of-magnitude reduction in the overall (for carboxylated-modified latex; CMLs). This reduction was not attributed to blocking, but to the sorption of dextran to the soil which lowered ₀. The filtration-based numerical model used to fit the ₀ and β parameters was used to demonstrate that blocking could result in significantly enhanced bacterial transport in field situations.