Periphery‐Functionalized Porous Organic Cages

By synthesizing derivatives of a trans‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane precursor, three new functionalized porous organic cages were prepared with different chemical functionalities on the cage periphery. The introduction of twelve methyl groups ( CC16 ) resulted in frustration of the cage packing mode, which more than doubled the surface area compared to the parent cage, CC3 . The analogous installation of twelve hydroxyl groups provided an imine cage ( CC17 ) that combines permanent porosity with the potential for post‐synthetic modification of the cage exterior. Finally, the incorporation of bulky dihydroethanoanthracene groups was found to direct self‐assembly towards the formation of a larger [8+12] cage, rather than the expected [4+6], cage molecule ( CC18 ). However, CC18 was found to be non‐porous, most likely due to cage collapse upon desolvation.     

Transforming Porous Organic Cages into Porous Ionic Liquids via a Supramolecular Complexation Strategy

Porous liquids are a type of porous materials that engineer permanent porosity into unique flowing liquids, exhibiting promising functionalities for a variety of applications. Here a Type I porous liquid is synthesized by transforming porous organic cages into porous ionic liquids via a supramolecular complexation strategy. Simple physical mixing of 18‐crown‐6 with task‐specific anionic porous organic cages affords a porous ionic liquid with anionic porous organic cages as the anionic parts and 18‐crown‐6/potassium ion complexes as the cationic parts. In contrast, mixing of 15‐crown‐5 and anionic porous organic cages in a 2:1 ratio gives only solids, while the addition of excess 15‐crown‐5 affords a Type II porous liquid. The permanent porosity in the cage‐based porous liquids has been also confirmed by molecular simulation, positron (e⁺) annihilation lifetime spectroscopy, and enhanced gas sorption capacity compared with pure crown ethers.     

CO2 Separation by Imide/Imine Organic Cages

Two novel imide/imine-based organic cages have been prepared and studied as materials for the selective separation of CO₂ from N₂ and CH₄ under vacuum swing adsorption conditions. Gas adsorption on the new compounds showed selectivity for CO₂ over N₂ and CH₄. The cages were also tested as fillers in mixed-matrix membranes for gas separation. Dense and robust membranes were obtained by loading the cages in either Matrimid® or PEEK-WC polymers. Improved gas-transport properties and selectivity for CO₂ were achieved compared to the neat polymer membranes.     

Iron Porphyrins Embedded into a Supramolecular Porous Organic Cage for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction in Water

A porous organic cage composed of six iron tetraphenylporphyrins was used as a supramolecular catalyst for electrochemical CO₂‐to‐CO conversion. This strategy enhances active site exposure and substrate diffusion relative to the monomeric catalyst, resulting in CO generation with near‐quantitative Faradaic efficiency in pH 7.3 water, with activities reaching 55 250 turnovers. These results provide a starting point for the design of supramolecular catalysts that can exploit the properties of the surrounding matrix yet retain the tunability of the original molecular unit.     

有机分子笼的合成及应用

近年来,作为一类具有永久空腔结构的三维有机分子,有机分子笼引起了科研工作者的广泛关注,在超分子化学中（主要是主客体相互作用）扮演着重要角色。早期研究中通常采用不可逆法制备有机分子笼,往往存在反应步骤多、分离提纯复杂、合成难度大等问题。为了有效解决上述问题,研究人员将动态共价化学引入到有机分子笼的合成中,从而简单、高效地制备出一系列不同的有机分子笼。关于有机分子笼的应用研究也在不断拓展中。研究发现,有机分子笼不仅在分子识别、分子反应器等方面存在广阔的应用前景,而且其可以通过自组装形成多孔材料,在气体吸附、分离等领域展现了巨大的应用潜能。本文中,我们综述了有机分子笼在合成方法（主要基于动态共价化学反应）及应用研究方面的最新进展。     

碳化多孔有机骨架制备氮掺杂多孔碳及其气体吸附研究

通过简单的一步碳化方法, 以含氮的多孔有机骨架JUC-Z2为碳前驱物制备出氮掺杂多孔碳材料. 与原始JUC-Z2材料相比, 制备的多孔碳材料显示出明显提高的气体吸附量和增强的吸附焓. 其中JUC-Z2-900的CO₂吸附量高达113 cm³·g^-1, H₂吸附量也达到246 cm³·g^-1, 超过了大部分报道的多孔材料. 尤其是JUC-Z2-900的CH₄吸附量在273 K, 1 bar下高达60 cm³·g^-1, 据我们所知, 这一值为目前报道材料的最高值. 除此之外, 样品还显示出选择性吸附CO₂的能力, 273 K下, JUC-Z2-900的CO₂/N₂的选择性高达10, CO₂/H₂的选择性也高达66. 另外, 样品具有很高的热稳定性, 有望应用在碳捕获和清洁能源储存等领域.     

多孔氢键有机框架(HOFs):现状与挑战

氢键有机框架(HOFs)已经发展成为一类独特的晶态多孔材料,它一般是由有机或金属-有机构建单元通过分子间的氢键相互连接而形成的框架材料.由于氢键强度弱和柔性强,因此大部分HOFs的框架都比较容易坍塌.然而,通过合理地选择刚性且具有特定几何构型的构建单元、引入穿插或π-π作用和静电作用等其它分子间的作用力,稳定且多孔的HOFs也逐渐地被制备出来.与其它含有机组分的晶态多孔材料如金属-有机框架(MOFs)和共价有机框架(COFs)相比, HOFs具有自己的特点,例如:温和的合成条件、高度的结晶性、溶剂加工性、容易修复和再生等. HOFs的这些特点能够使其成为一类独特的功能多孔材料.本综述主要概述了稳定且多孔HOFs设计的一些基本原则,系统总结了构筑HOFs常用的超分子合成子以及脚手架,重点综述了近十年HOFs在气体吸附与分离、质子传导、异相催化、荧光和传感、生物应用、对映体拆分和芳香化合物的分离、环境污染物去除和有机结构测定等领域的重要进展.     

Light Hydrocarbon Separations Using Porous Organic Framework Materials

Light hydrocarbons (C₁–C₃) are used as basic energy feedstocks and as commodity organic compounds for the production of many industrially necessary chemicals. Due to the nature of the raw materials and production processes, light hydrocarbons are generated as mixtures, but the high-purity single-component products are of vital importance to the petrochemical industry. Consequently, the separation of these C₁–C₃ products is a crucial industrial procedure that comprises a significant share of the total global energy consumption per year. As a complement to traditional separation methods (distillation, partial hydrogenation, etc.), adsorptive separations using porous solids have received widespread attention due to their lower energy costs and higher efficiency. Extensive research has been devoted to the use of porous materials such as zeolites and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as solid adsorbents for these key separations, owing to the high porosity, tunable pore structures, and unsaturated metal sites present in these materials. Recently, porous organic framework (POF) materials composed of organic building blocks linked by covalent bonds have also shown excellent properties in light hydrocarbon adsorption and separation, sparking interest in the use of these materials as adsorbents in separation processes. This Minireview summarizes the recent advances in the use of POFs for light hydrocarbon separations, including the separation of mixtures of methane/ethane, methane/propane, ethylene/ethane, acetylene/ethylene, and propylene/propane, while highlighting the relationships between the structural features of these materials and their separation performances. Finally, the difficulties, challenges, and opportunities associated with leveraging POFs for light hydrocarbon separations are discussed to conclude the review.     

One-pot Synthesis of a Truncated Cone-shaped Porphyrin Macrocycle and Its Self-assembly into Permanent Porous Material

Here, we report the synthesis of a truncated cone-shaped triangular porphyrinic macrocycle, P₃L₃ , via a single step imine condensation of a cis-diaminophenylporphyrin and a bent dialdehyde-based linker as building units. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the truncated cone-shaped P₃L₃ molecules are stacked on top of each other by π⋯π and CH⋯π interactions, to form 1.7 nm wide hollow columns in the solid state. The formation of the triangular macrocycle is corroborated by quantum chemical calculations. The permanent porosity of the P₃L₃ crystals is demonstrated by several gas sorption experiments and powder X-ray diffraction analysis.     

用环糊精的金属有机框架材料作为模板制备多孔有机笼

迄今为止, 还未有报道过由金属有机框架材料(MOFs)转化成共价有机笼(COF-Cages)的文章. 通过交联环糊精MOF骨架中的羟基, 并除去其中的钾离子, 构建了由环糊精MOF转化形成的结晶性多孔有机笼. 首先合成CD-MOF, 再将CD-MOF中的羟基交联, 得到Cross-linked γ-环糊精MOF (CL-CD-MOF), 最后除去钾离子得到Z-cage, 并且应用热重分析(TGA)、红外光谱(IR)、固体核磁共振(CP/MAS/NMR)光谱等多种分析手段对其结构进行表征. 结果表明, 该方法得到的有机笼(Z-cage)具有特定的方钠石型晶体结构, 并且比表面积达862 m²·g^-1. 作为对照实验, 在水热条件下, 将γ-CD和对苯二硼酸按照1:4化学计量比合成的CL-polymer与Z-cage具有不同的晶体结构, 并通过X-射线粉末衍射(PXRD)进行了证明, 反映了MOF模板合成法在控制材料的晶体结构的优越性. 这种从结晶性无机-有机杂化MOF到结晶性有机笼Z-cage的转变, 提供了多孔晶体材料之间晶体到晶体转变的途径.     

多孔有机笼毛细管电色谱手性柱的研究

该文以(1R,2R)-二苯乙二胺与2-羟基-1,3,5-均苯三甲醛合成出比表面积大、孔隙度均一、具有四面体结构的多孔有机笼(POC),采用X射线粉末衍射、核磁共振波谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、热重分析、扫描电子显微镜和氮气吸附对制备的多孔材料进行表征.将该POC用作手性固定相制备毛细管电色谱柱,优化了电色谱的工作电压、缓冲...     

Encapsulation of a Porous Organic Cage into the Pores of a Metal–Organic Framework for Enhanced CO2 Separation

We present a facile approach to encapsulate functional porous organic cages (POCs) into a robust MOF by an incipient‐wetness impregnation method. Porous cucurbit[6]uril (CB6) cages with high CO₂ affinity were successfully encapsulated into the nanospace of Cr‐based MIL‐101 while retaining the crystal framework, morphology, and high stability of MIL‐101. The encapsulated CB6 amount is controllable. Importantly, as the CB6 molecule with intrinsic micropores is smaller than the inner mesopores of MIL‐101, more affinity sites for CO₂ are created in the resulting CB6@MIL‐101 composites, leading to enhanced CO₂ uptake capacity and CO₂/N₂, CO₂/CH₄ separation performance at low pressures. This POC@MOF encapsulation strategy provides a facile route to introduce functional POCs into stable MOFs for various potential applications.     

Noria: A Highly Xe‐Selective Nanoporous Organic Solid

Separation of xenon and krypton is of industrial and environmental concern; the existing technologies use cryogenic distillation. Thus, a cost‐effective, alternative technology for the separation of Xe and Kr and their capture from air is of significant importance. Herein, we report the selective Xe uptake in a crystalline porous organic oligomeric molecule, noria, and its structural analogue, PgC‐noria, under ambient conditions. The selectivity of noria towards Xe arises from its tailored pore size and small cavities, which allows a directed non‐bonding interaction of Xe atoms with a large number of carbon atoms of the noria molecular wheel in a confined space.     

Dimeric Calix[4]resorcinarene-based Porous Organic Cages for CO2/CH4 Separation

Investigating gas separation by emerging porous organic cage(POC) solids is still on its initial stage. In this work, two novel [2+4] organic cages with distinguished structures have been prepared based on the Schiff-based condensation reaction between tetraformyl-functionalized calix[4]resorcinarene building blocks and xylylenediamine(XDA) isomers. Specifically, the use of para-position XDA affords lantern-shaped cage(CPOC-105) with a medium cavity of ca. 0.526 nm³, while the meta-position produces peanut-shaped structure(CPOC-106) with two small cavities of ca. 0.181 nm³. Both CPOC-105 and CPOC-106 exhibit high selectivity capture of CO₂ over CH₄ with calculated selectivity coefficients of 4.5 and 3.1, respectively, under ambient conditions, and are capable of separating CO₂/CH₄ mixtures by fixed-bed column breakthrough experiments.     

Chemistry of Soft Porous Crystals: Structural Dynamics and Gas Adsorption Properties

In this Minireview, we discuss the fundamental chemistry of soft porous crystals (SPCs) by characterizing their common structural features and the resulting structural softness and transitions. In particular, we focus on the recently emerging properties based on metastable transitions and those arising from local dynamics. By comparing the resulting adsorption properties to those of commonly applied rigid adsorbents, we highlight the potential of SPCs to revolutionize adsorption‐based technologies, considering our current understanding of the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects. We provide brief outlines for the experimental and computational characterization of such phenomena and offer an outlook toward next‐generation SPCs likely to be discovered in the next decade.     

一步碳化多孔有机材料制备多孔碳及其性能的研究

开发并利用清洁的、可再生的能源是解决环境污染问题和能源短缺的有效方法.碳化含碳量较高的多孔有机材料制备的多孔碳,具有较高的比表面积,良好的物化稳定性,优良的机械性能等优点,在清洁能源的存储、分离、能量的存储与转化领域有广泛的应用.常见的由多孔有机材料制备多孔碳的方法主要是非活化碳化法和活化碳化法.不同的制备方法得到的多孔碳形貌,孔结构各不形同.多孔碳材料自身的结构性质可以影响其应用.合理的设计并调控多孔碳的“孔”,发挥孔尺寸的“筛分效应”可以有效地对气体进行存储和分离.在锂电等能量转化领域,“限域效应”是影响锂电性能的重要因素.多孔碳材料中较小的孔可以限域活性成分,而较大的孔可以快速传输,两种孔的协同效应可以使锂电性能大大提升.本综述系统地归纳了一步碳化多孔有机材料制备多孔碳的方法及其优势,详细地介绍了其在气体吸附、存储、分离以及电化学等领域的应用.最后,结合多孔碳材料的研究现状,提出由多孔有机材料制备多孔碳材料所面临的挑战,同时也展望了多孔碳材料的应用前景.     

Rational Construction of a Responsive Azo-Functionalized Porous Organic Framework for CO2 Sorption

An azo-functionalized porous organic framework (denoted as JJU-1) was synthesized via FeCl₃-promoted oxidative coupling polymerization. By virtue of a porous skeleton and a light/heat responsive azo functional group, this task-specific JJU-1 displays a reversible stimuli-responsive adsorption property triggered by UV irradiation and heat treatment. The initial Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) surface area of this porous material is 467 m² g^–1. The CO₂ sorption isotherms exhibit a slight decrease after UV irradiation because of the trans to cis conversion of the azo functional skeleton. It is worth mentioning that the responsive CO₂ adsorption performance can be recycled for three cycles via alternating external stimuli, confirming the excellently reversible switchability of trans-to-cis isomerization and controllable CO₂ adsorption.