我国典型电子垃圾拆解地持久性有毒化学污染物污染现状

电子垃圾拆解所引起的环境问题已经受到广泛关注,根据联合国环境规划署统计,全球约70%的电子垃圾通过各种途径进入我国,而我国自身也产生大量的电子垃圾。我国电子垃圾拆解活动采用的工艺较为原始,位于广东的贵屿和浙江的台州是我国最大的两个电子垃圾拆解地,拆解过程中电子垃圾本身含有和不当处置所产生的大量持久性有毒化学污染物(如重金属、二 NFDA1 英类、溴代阻燃剂等)释放到环境中,对拆解地生态系统及居民健康造成严重的威胁。本文重点针对我国电子垃圾拆解所造成的持久性有毒污染物(PTS)污染现状、管理措施和法规、拆解区居民所面临的持久性有毒污染物暴露健康风险及其相关研究最新进展进行了分析和概括,并对电子垃圾拆解区域持久性有毒污染物及新型环境污染物研究和发展方向作了展望。     

全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸人体暴露途径解析及其污染控制技术*

全氟辛酸（PFOA）和全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）是人工合成全氟化合物的典型代表。近年来,大量的环境调查数据表明它们普遍存在于多种环境介质、生物体甚至人体中,呈现出全球分布的态势,具有环境持久性和生物富集性,对人体健康存在潜在的危害,已成为一类新的环境持久性有机污染物而引起人们广泛的关注。本文介绍了PFOA和PFOS的环境来源和传输途径,解析了人体暴露的三种主要途径以及在食物、饮用水和空气/灰尘中的污染现状,并就围绕着它们所开展的污染控制技术方面的研究进行了评述。在此基础上,通过分析目前研究中所存在的问题,对今后的发展方向和研究重点进行了展望。     

新型持久性有机污染物分析方法研究进展

多溴联苯醚、多溴联苯、全氟辛基羧酸/磺酸、十氯酮和溴代二(口恶)英等属于"斯德哥尔摩公约"2009年新增列和潜在的持久性有机污染物,近年来受到环境研究者的广泛关注.其在环境中的残留特征、污染来源、演变趋势、迁移传输、生物累积和毒理效应方面的研究依赖于分析技术的发展.多溴联苯醚和多溴联苯与传统持久性有机污染物具有类似的理化性质,采样和分析测定过程同有机氯农药和多氯联苯相近,可使用索氏提取、自动索氏提取、超声萃取、微波辅助萃取、压力溶剂萃取等多种提取方法,酸洗、多层复合层析柱和凝胶渗透色谱是最常用的净化手段,分析时采用GC/MS-EI或GC/MS-NCI对指示性单体进行定性定量.由于环境背景中的残留很低,使用高分辨质谱和串联质谱可降低方法检出限.对于水环境和沉积物中的全氟烷基羧酸、磺酸及其盐,目前主要采用固相萃取HPLC/MS/MS测定.亲水亲油平衡的萃取柱对全氟辛基羧酸和磺酸有良好的回收,弱阴离子交换萃取柱对短链和长链全氟烷基羧酸和磺酸都有满意的回收.十氯酮有一定极性,采用含有丙酮的萃取体系具有较高的回收率,GC/ECD和GC/MS分析时对色谱系统的清洁性有较高的要求,否则容易导致色谱峰拖尾影响定性和定量.溴代二(口恶)英与二(口恶)英的分析技术路线类似,需要更严格的净化过程分离多溴联苯醚,并在分析时控制热脱溴.此外,方法的应用还依靠溴代二(口恶)英标准物质的完善.     

短链氯化石蜡的分析方法、污染现状与毒性效应

作为一种新型有机污染物,短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)在2006年被列入斯德哥尔摩公约持久性有机污染物(POPs)候选名单。2017年5月第8次《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》缔约方大会上,SCCPs最终被列入了《公约》附件A受控POPs清单。我国是氯化石蜡(CPs)生产使用大国,其在环境介质中的含量处于较高水平。本文对SCCPs的分析方法、污染现状、环境中来源与释放及其毒性效应进行了综述,并针对目前存在的问题及研究需求进行了总结。     

土壤中多环芳烃修复技术的研究进展

近年来我国的土壤污染问题日益严重,严重危害着人类的生活环境与身体健康,其中主要的有机污染物之一为多环芳烃(PAHs)。PAHs作为一种持久性有机污染物在全球范围内广泛存在,其主要污染来源于人为因素。由于PAHs复杂的杂环芳环结构、较强的疏水性和较高的热稳定性等,使其在土壤中不易自然降解因而具有较高的持久性。本文综述PAHs的主要污染来源、暴露途径及其对人体的危害,并从物理、化学和生物三个方面简要介绍土壤中PAHs的修复方法,并分析每种方法的优势以及面临的挑战。新兴的修复技术结合三种修复技术的优点,具有更好的修复效果和应用前景,但仍存在着一些亟待解决的问题。期望本文能为土壤中PAHs的修复提供借鉴,并为今后的研究方向提供新的思路。     

有机磷酸酯阻燃剂污染现状与研究进展*

近年来,溴代阻燃剂在世界范围逐步禁用,作为其主要替代产品的有机磷酸酯类阻燃剂的生产与使用均有大幅度增长。因此,有机磷酸酯类物质也被引入环境中,由此所引起的环境问题也逐步引起了环境科学工作者的关注,成为新型有机污染物研究的又一个热点。本文综述了有机磷酸酯类阻燃剂的研究现状,包括有机磷酸酯类物质的污染现状、毒性以及分析方法,希望对我国开展该类物质的环境研究提供借鉴。     

非故意产生的持久性有机污染物的生成和排放研究进展

二口恶英类、多氯联苯、多氯萘、五氯苯和六氯苯等持久性有机污染物可在许多工业过程中非故意产生,故称之为非故意产生的持久性有机污染物(UP-POPs).上述UP-POPs会随烟气、废渣等排放进入环境,它们具有高毒性,对生态环境构成严重威胁,已列入或拟列入斯德哥尔摩公约管控名单.本文介绍了上述几类典型的UP-POPs的特性,总结了若干典型工业源UP-POPs的排放特征,归纳了典型UP-POPs的主要生成机制,对全球或区域范围内UP-POPs的主要源及其排放量进行了总结.最后,对我国废弃物焚烧、钢铁生产和有色金属冶炼等主要工业源UP-POPs的排放特征和排放因子研究做了简要的概述,并进行了展望.     

高氯酸盐的环境污染问题

高氯酸盐是新型的持久性污染物质,其特点是扩散速度快、稳定性高、难降解,其环境污染问题已引起了人们高度的关注,成为近年环境科学和分析化学的研究热点,但我国关于高氯酸盐污染的研究基本没有开展。本文介绍了高氯酸盐污染的特点、毒理效应、污染现状和环境行为、分析方法和环境修复等,讨论了目前存在的问题,为我国高氯酸盐环境污染的研究提供参考。     

工业热过程中无意产生的持久性有机污染物生成机理

持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants,POPs)可在工业热过程中无意生成和被排放,而探究其生成机理是发展源头减排技术的基础.本文在梳理文献的基础上,发现二(噁)英的生成理论有了一些新的突破.关于氯酚和氯苯等前驱体在热过程中生成自由基中间体的研究,能够从分子层面上揭示二(噁)英的生...     

有机污染物的持久性评价方法研究进展

持久性有机污染物(POPs)具有持久性、生物蓄积性和高毒性等特点,对人类生存和发展已构成了严重威胁。本文对近年来有关POPs持久性的3种主要量化评价方法的研究进展进行了综述。其中,QSAR/QSPR方法主要以分子结构来推测有机物的理化性质,进而预测总持久性和长距离迁移能力;环境多介质模型方法根据物质在各种环境介质中的分配和反应性来评价物质的持久性;基于化学反应常数的评价方法是通过模拟和简化自然界的各种化学反应,尝试利用测得的反应常数比较物质的持久性。各种方法得到的物质持久性的评价和排序不尽相同,因而仍需要更深入广泛的研究,以建立统一的有机物持久性量化评价的标准体系。     

Simultaneous determination of planar chlorobiphenyls and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans in Dutch milk using isotope dilution and gas chromatography—high-resolution mass spectrometry

A method is described for the simultaneous determination of planar chlorobiphenyls and dioxins in milk using isotope dilution and gas chromatography—high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The method is based on gel permeation chromatography, alumina clean-up and carbon chromatography and is highly automated, making a high sample throughput possible. Data on recovery, accuracy and reproducibility of results obtained with quality control samples are presented. Data for both dioxins and planar chlorbiphenyls from the analysis of samples of Dutch milk from several areas in the Netherlands are also presented. Possible interference of the chlorobiphenyls in the determination of the dioxins in the GC-MS method is discussed.     

Monitoring dioxins in food and feedstuffs using accelerated solvent extraction with a novel integrated carbon fractionation cell in combination with a CAFLUX bioassay

The concentrations of dioxins in fish oil and fish meal were determined with accelerated solvent extraction, using a novel integrated carbon fractionation extraction cell followed by a miniturized multilayer silica column and bioanalysis on a recently-developed chemically-activated fluorescent gene expression cell bioassay. The developed method allows for simultaneous gravimetric lipid weight determination, which was shown for both matrices under study (about 100% lipid recovery of each sample). Initial results practically meet the quality criteria on screening methods for control of dioxins in food and feedstuffs laid down in the EU Commission Directives 2002/69/EC (food) and 2002/70/EC (feed). This demonstrates that the developed method can be used as a screening tool for monitoring dioxins in food and feed after some additional improvements and testing on a greater number of matrices.     

Simulation of the Behavior of Dioxins under the Conditions of Electron-Beam Gas Cleaning of Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides

The efficiency of the electron-beam treatment of gases for the removal of sulfur and nitrogen oxides was examined as applied to dioxins. The gas-phase and liquid-phase degradation of dioxins and the oxidation of condensed carbon to form dioxins were taken into account in a model for the behavior of dioxins under the action of ionizing radiation. It was found that the formation of dioxins can significantly decrease the removal efficiency. Under certain conditions, the initial concentration of dioxins can increase.     

二(口恶)英类化合物分析研究进展

介绍了同位素稀释气相色谱与质谱联用和生物检测法测定二恶英类化合物的研究进展，概述了国际通用的二恶英类标准分析方法体系，综述了我国二恶英类化合物分析的研究现状并对我国开展二恶英类分析检测提出了建议和展望。     

倾动式阳极炉冶炼废杂铜二噁英排放特征研究

再生铜行业是我国二噁英排放的重点行业之一,研究再生铜行业不同冶炼方式下二噁英的排放特征对我国再生铜行业二噁英的污染防治具有重要意义。本文以再生铜倾动式阳极炉为对象,研究了倾动式阳极炉冶炼废杂铜在除尘设施前后的二噁英排放特征,并提出了其二噁英的产生机理。     

Analysis of brominated dioxins and furans by high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry

This article reviews the available literature on the analysis of brominated dibenzo-p dioxins and furans (PBDD/Fs) by high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Sample extraction and clean up, injection techniques, chromatographic separation, labelled standards and QA/QC works are discussed. Furthermore, full separation of PBDD/Fs from polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) during clean up and control of possible chromatographic interference of PBDEs during instrumental analysis as well as possible actions to further enhance the quality of published data are discussed in detail.     

二噁(英)降解方法的研究

二噁是一类剧毒有机氯化物 ,已被联合国环境署和世界卫生组织列为持久性有机污染物和一级致癌物质 ,能够对环境和人类的健康造成重大危害。脱氯降解是降低二毒性的有效途径。本文对二的光降解、热降解、生物降解和化学降解脱氯作了详尽的评述 ,比较了各种降解方法的优劣 ,指出多相催化加氢脱氯降解方法将是今后的发展方向     

Extractability of dioxins from soil: I. Extractability of dioxins from airborne particulates and humic acid fraction in soil

The extractability of dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls) from airborne particulates (APs) and humic acid (HA) in soil was evaluated. APs collected from ambient atmosphere and dioxins-associated precipitated HA fraction (PHA) were extracted by pressurized liquid extraction with either toluene or acetone. Native dioxins were equivalently extracted from APs with both solvents, whereas only acetone could satisfactorily recover the ¹³C-labelled compounds from metal-free PHA. The recovery rates of dioxins by toluene extraction from metal-free PHA varied with the organic carbon content of the PHA. However, even with acetone, the recovery of dioxins from metal-bound HA was poor (11–40%). These results suggest that PHA prevented the solvents from accessing sequestered dioxins. This characteristic of solid HA may influence the extractability of dioxins from humus-rich soil.     

Use of Carbon-13 Labelled Dioxins Mixture for Analysis of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins in Environmental Samples by GC-MS

Abstract

Positive identification and quantitation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) in complicated environmental samples is described using a C-13 labelled dioxin mixture as an internal reference standard. Environmental samples are spiked with the C-13 labelled dioxin mixture and monitored for labelled and unlabelled dioxins using GC-MS in the electron impact selected ion monitoring (EISIM) mode. The C-13 labelled dioxin mixture and a municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator fly ash extract show the same number of isomers in each tetra to octa-chlorodioxin congener groups. Quantitation of the C-13 labelled dioxin mixture was carried out using a reference standard mixture of unlabelled dioxins consisting of at least one isomer for each congener group. The C-13 labelled dioxin standard is highly useful for the determination of retention windows for tetra- to octa-chlorodioxins, identification of dioxins in each congener group, and calculation of the recovery of dioxins in samples that require extensive sample clean-up prior to GC-MS analysis. Its application for retention time window determination and as an internal reference standard for quantitation of dioxins in MSW incinerator fly ash extract and identification of dioxins in a complex sample from a PCB fire is demonstrated.     

燃烧排放物中的有毒二噁碤及类二噁碤多氯联苯

本文评述了国内外对二噁碤的研究成果及动向,介绍了二噁碤中的有毒同族体及其毒性当量计算、准确的分析方法、燃烧过程中二噁碤的光降解行为及其降解产物、类二噁碤多氛联苯等内容,引述了90多篇最新的文献及有关图表。