动态超声辅助萃取与HPLC联用测定淫羊藿中黄酮类化合物

建立了动态超声辅助萃取与高效液相色谱在线联用系统,用于测量淫羊藿中黄酮类化合物。萃取过程在一个循环体系中完成,萃取完成后,通过采样环采集20μL萃取液,萃取液被流动相载入色谱系统进行分离检测。4种黄酮类化合物用HPLC–MS区分,通过比较色谱峰面积选择优化萃取条件。选择50℃的水浴温度,50%的乙醇作为萃取剂,萃取剂流速为1.5 mL/min,萃取时间为8 min,样品量为15 mg。用该法测量淫羊藿样品中4种黄酮类化合物,日内、日间精密度分别为1.05%～2.05%,0.30%～3.63%(n=6)。淫羊藿中的主要化合物淫羊藿苷的加标回收率为95.2%。该方法可用于测量淫羊藿中的黄酮类化合物。     

箭叶淫羊藿中5种黄酮类化合物的反相色谱分离制备

用半制备型反相高效液相色谱(RPLC)对箭叶淫羊藿提取液中的5种主要黄酮类化合物进行了分离制备,优化了分离条件。每次进提取液35mL,经一步RPLC便可得到纯度均大于95％的化合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅴ,经过10次制备,共制得93mg Ⅰ、71mgⅡ、296mgⅢ和487mg Ⅴ。而经一步纯化得到的化合物Ⅳ的纯度较低,再经第二步RPLC纯化后可使其纯度大于95％,最后得到64mgⅣ。经波谱分析鉴定所得的5种化合物分别为hexandraside F、朝藿定A、朝藿定B、朝藿定C及淫羊藿甙,均为8-异戊烯基黄酮类化合物,其中hexandraside F是首次从淫羊藿属植物中分离得到的。     

朝鲜淫羊藿中黄酮类化合物的高效液相色谱与电喷雾质谱联用研究

利用高效液相色谱与电喷雾质谱联用技术研究了朝鲜淫羊藿中的黄酮类化合物。实验采用反相C18色谱柱，二元线性梯度洗脱，分离并检测了朝鲜淫羊藿中的6种黄酮类化合物；通过与电喷雾质谱联用获得了这几种化合物的分子量信息，利用质谱的源内碰撞诱导解离技术对这几种化合物进行了结构鉴定。     

基于UHPLC-QTRAP-MS/MS的淫羊藿中多元活性成分动态累积的分析与评价

建立了超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆线性离子阱串联质谱（UHPLC-QTRAP-MS/MS）同时测定淫羊藿中黄酮类、生物碱类、酚酸类、氨基酸类及核苷类共50种活性成分的分析方法,并对其多元活性成分的动态累积进行分析与评价。采用Agilent ZORBAX Extend-C18(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8μm)色谱柱,以水（含0.2%甲酸）-乙腈为流动相梯度分离,流速0.3 mL/min,柱温40℃。质谱配备电喷雾离子源,在正、负离子模式下采用多反应监测模式（MRM）进行测定;采用单因素实验及响应面法优化样品制备条件,灰色关联度分析（GRA）对不同采收期淫羊藿样品进行分析与评价。结果显示,50种目标成分在一定范围内线性关系良好（r2≥0.999 0）,精密度、重复性和稳定性良好,平均加标回收率为94.5%～107%,相对标准偏差（RSD）均小于5.0%。淫羊藿中多元活性成分累积量在7月中旬出现峰值,不同类别成分累积规律具有一定差异性。6月下旬至7月下旬所采收的淫羊藿药材综合质量较好,与当地传统采收期基本吻合。该研究所构建的方法准确、可靠,可为探究淫羊藿中多元活性成分动态累积规律及确定...     

固相萃取/定量核磁共振波谱法测定乳增宁胶囊中的淫羊藿苷

建立了固相萃取(SPE)/定量核磁共振波谱(q NMR)无标样测定乳增宁胶囊中有效成分淫羊藿苷含量的方法。样品用10%乙醇室温下超声提取,以HC-C18型SPE柱对提取液进行浓缩除杂后,用q NMR测定淫羊藿苷的含量。考察了超声时间、SPE样品前处理条件以及定量核磁共振实验条件对定量结果的影响。选择氘代二甲基亚砜为溶剂,2,3,5-三碘苯甲酸为内标,并用基准试剂邻苯二甲酸氢钾对其进行标定。选择脉冲宽度P1=14.1μs,扫描次数NS=256为q NMR定量淫羊藿苷的实验条件。淫羊藿苷的定量峰为δ7.9(2',6'-H,d,2H)。结果显示,所建方法的日内精密度RSD为0.43%,日间精密度RSD为0.75%,淫羊藿苷与2,3,5-三碘苯甲酸峰面积比与质量比的零截距标准曲线的线性相关系数为0.999 9,且斜率与理论值相符。该法测定淫羊藿苷的LOD为0.122 mg/g;LOQ为0.368 mg/g。样品经SPE预处理后淫羊藿苷的回收率为99.8%~103.0%。可在不用对照品的情况下对乳增宁胶囊中淫羊藿苷的含量进行测定。     

朝鲜淫羊藿中生物碱类新成分的分离提取及结构鉴定

淫羊藿系小檗科淫羊藿属植物 ,具有补肾壮阳、强筋骨、祛风湿之功效 .现代药理研究表明 ,它还具有防治骨质疏松和提高免疫功能等作用 .2 0 0 0年版中国药典收载了 5种淫羊藿属植物 ,朝鲜淫羊藿为其中一种 ,是长白山道地中药材之一 .朝鲜淫羊藿中化学成分的研究多集中在黄酮类化合物方面 [1～ 6 ] ,而对其生物碱类化合物的研究较少 [7,8] .本文对朝鲜淫羊藿中生物碱类化合物进行了研究 ,并发现了一种新的生物碱 (6-羟基 -1 1 ,1 2 -二甲氧基 -2 ,2 -二甲基 -1 ,8-二氧 -1 ,3 ,4,8-四氢 -2 H -7-氧杂 -2 -氮 -苯并 [c]菲 ) ,采用核磁共振波…     

高效液相色谱法测定箭叶淫羊藿中淫羊藿苷的含量

箭叶淫羊藿用70%乙醇回流提取,取部分提取液直接干燥得淫羊藿提取物,以高效液相色谱法测定箭叶淫羊藿中淫羊藿苷的含量,色谱柱为InertsilODS-3柱,流动相为乙腈-水(27∶73),检测波长为270nm。在此条件下,淫羊藿苷与其它黄酮醇苷的色谱峰分离完全,平均回收率为99.46%。该法可用于淫羊藿药材的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定淫羊藿中朝藿定A、B、C与淫羊藿苷的含量

建立了同时测定淫羊藿中朝藿定A、B、C与淫羊藿苷含量的高效液相色谱方法。淫羊藿样品经超声波提取,以50%(φ)乙醇溶液为溶剂,在温度50℃、料液比1∶60条件下超声波提取30 m in,共提取2次。色谱条件:ZORBAX SB-C8色谱柱(5μm,4.6×250 mm);流动相A为乙腈,B为1%乙酸溶液;梯度洗脱;紫外检测波长为270 nm。上述4种类黄酮的标准曲线在6.6~33.0 mg/L(朝藿定A、淫羊藿苷)或6.6~55.0mg/L(朝藿定B、C)范围内呈良好的线性关系(r>0.99);加标回收率在97%~102%之间;相对标准偏差小于2%(n=5)。测得不同产地心叶淫羊藿叶片中4种类黄酮的质量分数差异较大;朝藿定A广泛分布于淫羊藿属中。本方法在淫羊藿药材质量控制中具有一定的参考价值。     

炮制前后朝鲜淫羊藿化学成分的变化规律研究

采用电喷雾质谱技术、等离子体发射光谱技术以及紫外分光光度法分别对炮制前后朝鲜淫羊藿的化学成分进行了详细研究;结果表明,炮制后淫羊藿中与肾功能有密切关系的Ca、Mn、Fe、Mg、Zn等微量元素的含量明显增加,但黄酮类化合物的含量无明显变化,为进一步阐明淫羊藿炮制入药的科学内涵提供了实验依据。     

淫羊藿苷的电喷雾质谱研究

研究了淫羊藿苷的电喷雾质谱行为.结果表明,该化合物在正、负离子模式下均可得到较好的质谱信息,在负离子模式下,采用H/D交换方法,证明淫羊藿苷易形成加合2个水分子的准分子离子.利用电喷雾碰撞诱导解离方法,分别阐明了该化合物在正、负离子模式下的电喷雾质谱碎裂规律.     

Study on the PEG‐based microwave‐assisted extraction of flavonoid compounds from persimmon leaves

A method for PEG‐based microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) of flavonoid compounds from persimmon leaves has been successfully developed. The extraction efficiency of total flavonoid content was evaluated by the chromatographic peak areas of quercetin and kaempferol, which are two bioactive components typically found in persimmon leaves. The best combination of extraction parameters was obtained with response surface methodology. A microwave power of 525 W, liquid to solid ratio of 17:1 mL/g, and PEG aqueous solution concentration of 60% w/w were identified as the optimum parameters. Extraction dynamics analysis indicated that the quercetin, kaempferol, and total flavonoid contents were rising with increasing extraction time up to 20–25 min, from which point onwards they all decreased. Under the optimum conditions, quercetin, kaempferol, and total flavonoid contents obtained from the sample were 1.20 ± 0.05, 0.64 ± 0.11, and 16.90 ± 0.06 mg/g, respectively. Compared with ethanol‐based MAE, and ethanol‐based and PEG‐based ultrasonic‐assisted extractions, PEG‐based MAE had higher efficiency for the extraction of flavonoid compounds from persimmon leaves. Overall, PEG‐based MAE represents an efficient choice for the extraction of bioactive substances from traditional Chinese medicines.     

Ultrasonic/microwave assisted extraction and diagnostic ion filtering strategy by liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for rapid characterization of flavonoids in Spatholobus suberectus

Spatholobus suberectus is a widely used herb in traditional medicine for the treatment of blood stasis syndrome and related diseases. In this work, a potential ultrasonic/microwave assisted extraction (UMAE) method was developed for efficient sample pretreatment, and a diagnostic ion filtering strategy with liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS) was established for rapid characterization of flavonoids in S. suberectus. The factors of UMAE influencing the extraction yield of flavonoids of S. suberectus were evaluated. The optimal conditions were determined as: microwave power of 300 W, extraction time of 450 s, 70% methanol as extraction solvent, solvent to solid ratio of 20 mL/g, ultrasound power of 50 W, extraction temperature of 80 °C, and one extraction cycle. Compared with commonly used extraction methods, UMAE showed higher efficiency and shorter extraction time for sample preparation. Subsequently, the major diagnostic ions and fragmentation pathways of flavonoids in Q-TOF-MS were summarized with available reference compounds. Using a new diagnostic ion filtering strategy, a rapid screening and identification of thirty-eight compounds was achieved in real S. suberectus samples. The results of this study clearly demonstrate the potential of UMAE for efficient extraction and LC-Q-TOF-MS for rapid and sensitive structural elucidation of flavonoids in S. suberectus, and open perspectives for similar studies on other medicinal herbs.     

Early Optimization Stages of Agave lechuguilla Bagasse Processing toward Biorefinement: Drying Procedure and Enzymatic Hydrolysis for Flavonoid Extraction

Agave lechuguilla agro-waste is a promising renewable material for biorefining purposes. The procurement of added-value co-products, such as bioactive phytochemicals, is required to improve bioprocesses and promote the bio-based economy of the productive areas of Mexico. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of post-harvest management and enzymatic pretreatment as the first stages of the A. lechuguilla valorization process. Four drying methods were compared, and enzymatic hydrolysis was optimized to obtain a flavonoid-enriched extract applying ultrasound-assisted extraction. In both experiments, the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents, HPLC-UV flavonoid profiles, and radical scavenging capacity (DPPH) were considered as response variables. The results demonstrated that light exposure during the drying process particularly affected the flavonoid content, whereas oven-dehydration at 40 °C in the dark preserved the flavonoid diversity and antioxidant functionality of the extracts. Flavonoid glycoside recovery, particularly anthocyanidins, was 1.5–1.4-fold enhanced by enzymatic hydrolysis using the commercial mix Ultraflo© under optimized conditions (pH 4, 40 °C, 180 rpm, and 2.5 h) compared to the unpretreated biomass. The extraction of flavonoids from A. lechuguilla bagasse can be carried out using a scalable drying method and enzymatic pretreatment. This study confirmed the potential of this agro-waste as a source of marketable natural products.     

Extraction of Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds from Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.) Seed Coat by Pressurized Liquid Extraction

Mung bean seed coat (MBC) is a by-product of the mung bean processing industry. It contains a large number of phenolic compounds with therapeutic anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and antioxidant properties. This research aimed to investigate the optimum conditions for phenolic and flavonoid extraction from MBC by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study the effects of temperature (80–160 °C), pressure (1200–1800 psi) and ethanol concentration (5–95%) on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) scavenging activity (ABTS). Scale-up extraction was also performed. The optimum conditions for extraction were 160 °C, 1300 psi and 50% ethanol. Under optimum conditions, the TPC was 55.27 ± 1.14 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g MBC, TFC was 34.04 ± 0.72 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/g MBC and ABTS scavenging activity was 195.05 ± 2.29 mg trolox equivalent (TE)/g MBC. The TFC and ABTS scavenging activity of the extracts obtained at the pilot scale (10 L) was not significantly different from the laboratory scale, while TPC was significantly increased. The freeze-dried MBC extract contained vitexin and isovitexin 130.53 ± 17.89, 21.21 ± 3.22 mg/g extract, respectively. In conclusion, PLE was able to extract phenolics, flavonoids with ABTS scavenging activity from MBC with the prospect for future scale-up for food industry.     

HPLC法测定不同施肥模式栽培的金线莲中黄酮类成分

HPLC法测定不同施肥模式栽培的金线莲中3种黄酮类成分:槲皮素、山奈酚和异鼠李素.超声-微波协同提取法提取4种不同施肥模式下金线莲中的黄酮类成分.HPLC-电喷雾离子化法/质谱(HPLC-ESI-MS)对黄酮类化合物进行定性分析.HPLC分析得槲皮素在0.25~20.0μg/m L(r=0.999 2)、山奈酚在0.25~20.0μg/m L(r=0.999 5)、异鼠李素在1.0~80.0μg/m L(r=0.999 0)范围内峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系,不同栽培方法的金线莲药材中槲皮素、山奈酚、异鼠李素的质量分数分别在151.8~240.0、47.2~88.2、16.8~29.8μg/g之间.方法简单、精确,快速,可为科学评价不同培养模式金线莲质量提供依据.栽培过程施加氮、磷、钾(NPK)复合肥及添加腐植素和微量元素,能提高金线莲中3种黄酮类成分的含量.栽培过程施加硫、磷(SP)复合肥,槲皮素、山奈酚和异鼠李素的质量分数分别下降了2.3%、17.2%和18.8%.结果表明采用不同施肥模式直接影响到药材中的药效物质的含量.     

Restricted access-activated carbon clothes-based lead extraction from human serum: skipping the sample preparation step for biological media

In this study, a new microextraction technique has been proposed which has the capability to extract lead (Pb) from human blood serum. Pb was directly extracted without any pretreatment step, whereas all the serum proteins were excluded. Initially, the surface of activated carbon cloths was decorated with bovine serum albumin using glutaraldehyde as cross-linker to prepare restricted-access-activated carbon cloths (RACCs). RACCs were then fixed in a filter holder to form a sorbent cartridge fixed at the tip of a syringe system coupled with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Experimental parameters that could possibly influence the extraction procedure were optimised. The limits of detection and quantification obtained were 1.9 and 6.3 μg L^?1, respectively. Pb recoveries in fortified human serum samples were found in the range of 92.2–103.9%. The procedure was effectively used for Pb extraction in real samples devoid of any pretreatment step.     

Determination of Butyltin Compounds in Mussel Samples: A Comparative Study of Analytical Procedures

Three different sample pretreatment methods (methanolic HCl with or without tropolone and enzymic extraction) and two final determination procedures (GC–MS and GC–QFAAS) have been applied independently to the determination of butyltin compounds in two mussel samples polluted at different levels. The results obtained validate the sample storage and transport conditions as well as the analytical procedures.     

Comparison of Liquid–Liquid Extraction,Simultaneous Distillation Extraction,Ultrasound-Assisted Solvent Extraction,and Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction for the Determination of Volatile Compounds in Jujube Extract by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

Jujube extract has a unique flavor that has been used as a common fragrance due to the volatile compounds. In this study, the volatiles of jujube extract were isolated by liquid–liquid extraction, simultaneous distillation extraction, ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction, and headspace solid-phase microextraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Altogether 92 compounds were identified by the four methods, of which 53 components were identified for the first time; however, only 21 compounds were identified by all these methods. The performance characteristics of the four pretreatment techniques were compared by principal component analysis which showed that the volatile compounds obtained by liquid–liquid extraction and ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction were similar both in categories and in content; whereas, the volatiles extracted by simultaneous distillation extraction, ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction, and headspace solid-phase microextraction greatly varied. The results indicated that a multi-pretreatment technique should be adopted in order to obtain the most complete information about the volatile compounds in jujube extract. The ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction method exhibited excellent repeatability and recoveries, and was very suitable for quantitative analysis. Although the recoveries and reproducibility of headspace solid-phase microextraction were inferior to the other methods, it was more sensitive than other methods.     

Simultaneous analysis of piperacillin and tazobactam in rabbits: application to pharmacokinetic study

A simple and rapid assay is developed for the simultaneous analysis of piperacillin and tazobactam in rabbit serum and tissue cage fluid (TCF). To eliminate endogenous interferences, a wavelength switch technique was applied, in which the programmable UV detector changed the monitoring wavelength from 218 to 254 nm at 10 min. After liquid-liquid extraction, sample analyses were performed on a C(18) column by gradient elution; the mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (0.014 m, pH 2.4). Owing to the limited amount of rabbit TCF available, a cross-validation of a proxy matrix was evaluated. The relative standard deviation of the between- and within-batch precision of both compounds was less than 5.1%; the relative error of the between- and within-batch accuracy was less than 7.3%. The recoveries of both compounds in serum and TCF were larger than 80%. This assay was successfully applied to simultaneously analyze piperacillin and tazobactam in rabbit serum and TCF samples.     

微波辐射溶剂提取-分光光度法测定农吉利中的总黄酮

采用微波辐射溶剂法提取农吉利中的总黄酮。研究了微波功率、微波辐射时间、提取溶剂用量、提取温度、提取时间等实验条件。以牡荆素作为目标物表征,利用UV法测定了提取液中总黄酮。实验结果表明:与常规溶剂回流提取相比,在相同的提取条件下用微波辐射处理药材后再进行提取,其提取率明显提高,山东和广西样品中总黄酮的提取率分别提高48.3%和23.2%。该方法的加标回收率为94.2%~105.5%,重复测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.1%(n=6)。该法用于农吉利中总黄酮的提取和测定,处理方法简单,测定结果可靠。