回火温度对20Cr13不锈钢液固两相流冲刷腐蚀性能的影响

对20Cr13不锈钢经过1 030 ℃淬火后在不同温度下进行回火处理,分析了回火温度对20Cr13不锈钢组织硬度的影响,采用自制的旋转冲刷腐蚀试验机研究了在0.5M H₂SO₄液固两相流条件下,回火温度对20Cr13不锈钢冲刷腐蚀性能的影响,利用扫描电镜观察了试样冲刷腐蚀表面的微观形貌,探讨了其冲刷腐蚀机理. 结果表明:20Cr13不锈钢经淬火后250 ℃左右回火时硬度最高;经回火处理后20Cr13不锈钢冲刷腐蚀特征表现为腐蚀作用强于冲刷作用,而冲刷强烈促进腐蚀,冲刷与腐蚀的交互作用占冲刷腐蚀总失重率的80%左右. 随着回火温度的升高,20Cr13不锈钢组织由马氏体转变为屈氏体、索氏体,碳化物颗粒逐渐长大,腐蚀量增大,冲刷腐蚀总量也增大,250 ℃左右回火时,20Cr13不锈钢抗冲刷腐蚀性能最佳.      

时效处理温度对17-4PH铸造不锈钢在稀硫酸料浆中的冲刷腐蚀性能影响

采用自制料浆罐式冲刷腐蚀试验机研究了在含固相颗粒稀硫酸料浆介质中,时效处理温度对17-4PH铸造不锈钢的组织、硬度及冲刷腐蚀性能的影响,分析了不同时效温度下冲击速度对17-4PH铸造不锈钢冲刷腐蚀行为的影响,观察了冲刷腐蚀表面形貌,探讨了冲刷腐蚀机理.结果表明:17-4PH铸造不锈钢经固溶处理及460℃左右时效处理后其硬度达到最大值;经时效处理后17-4PH铸造不锈钢冲刷腐蚀特征表现为纯冲刷磨损为主,腐蚀为辅,腐蚀促进磨损;在冲刷速度较低时,时效处理温度对17-4铸造不锈钢的冲刷腐蚀率影响不大,而在冲刷速度较高时,460℃左右时效处理后,由于析出大量细小弥散分布的ε-Cu沉淀相而具有最佳的沉淀强化效果,抗冲蚀腐蚀性能最佳;在不降低耐腐蚀性能的前提下,利用沉淀析出硬化是一种提高材料抗冲刷腐蚀性能的有效方法.     

沙粒粒径和外电位对黄铜腐蚀磨损的影响

利用自制旋转圆盘式空蚀与冲蚀联合作用试验装置,在质量分数为3.5%的Na Cl溶液中试验研究了沙粒粒径和外电位对黄铜腐蚀磨损行为的影响.结果表明:在相同质量分数下,沙粒粒径对黄铜腐蚀性能的影响较小;但黄铜冲刷腐蚀的主要失重方式受沙粒粒径和外电位影响,沙粒粒径较小时,黄铜的流失形式为磨损腐蚀,沙粒粒径较大时,流失形式随外加电位正移由磨损腐蚀转变为磨损.在黄铜冲刷腐蚀中,腐蚀磨损交互作用是引起黄铜流失的主要原因,且以腐蚀对磨损的促进作用更为显著,同时随沙粒粒径的增加及外电位正移,腐蚀磨损交互作用更加突出;基于腐蚀磨损失重率、沙粒尺寸和外电位的冲腐蚀材料流失图表明:在低电位条件下,沙粒粒径对腐蚀磨损总失重率的影响较小,在高外电位条件下,腐蚀磨损总失重率随沙粒粒径的增加急剧增加.     

桥墩-冰塞-局部冲刷相关问题研究进展

桥梁建设改变了河流的边界条件、水流条件和河床泥沙的运动状态,冬季河流中有冰塞出现时则产生相互影响作用.近年来,基于冰塞稳定性力学分析,开展了桥墩影响下冰塞稳定性研究,所得桥墩影响下冰塞稳定性判别公式计算结果和实测资料能够较好得吻合;研究了桥墩对河道卡封以及临界流凌密度的影响,计算得到的临界流凌密度与实验值较为接近;介绍了明流、冰盖下桥墩周围局部冲刷等方面的相关研究工作,得出了冰盖条件下桥墩局部最大冲刷深度的回归经验公式,结果表明该公式具有很好的适用范围.对冰塞条件下桥墩附近局部冲刷问题探索性地开展了试验研究,研究表明,冰塞条件下的局部冲刷与冰盖条件下有着很大不同,不仅冲刷深度要大的多,而且桥墩周围局部冲刷过程与冰塞厚度变化相关.在冰塞条件下,桥墩处的最大冲刷深度和最大冲刷长度均随流速增大而增大,冲刷坑尾部淤积沙丘高度也受到流速的影响.就相关研究难点和今后需要进一步开展的研究工作进行了分析和展望.      

两种金属材料腐蚀磨损的交互作用

金属材料的腐蚀磨损率不是其腐蚀率与磨损率之和，这是由于存在腐蚀与磨损交互作用的缘故．在腐蚀磨损系统中，若忽略温度和压力等环境因素的影响，则材料的腐蚀磨损就是电化学因素与力学因素交互作用的结果．在给定的试验条件下，４５＃钢和２Ｃｒ１３不锈钢在分别含硫酸、盐酸和硝酸的石英砂浆体冲击下的腐蚀磨损率均大于各自的腐蚀率与磨损率之和，证明有交互作用发生，而且交互作用值随腐蚀率或磨损率的增高而增大．在对影响腐蚀磨损交互作用的主要因素进行分析的基础上，建立了反映材料腐蚀磨损交互作用与腐蚀率及磨损率之间数量关系和变化规律的交互作用图．利用这种图可以分析腐蚀磨损中电化学因素和力学因素对腐蚀磨损交互作用的影响，比较不同材料的腐蚀磨损交互作用受这两种因素影响的敏感程度，评价金属材料的腐蚀磨损性能     

SOUND ABSORBING PROPERTY OF POROUS METAL MATERIAL AT HIGH TEMPERATURE AND HIGH SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL

在多孔金属材料的湍流统计理论的基础之上, 考虑温度高声压对多孔材料声学参数的影响, 得到适用于高温高声压条件下多孔金属材料的分析模型. 计算了不同温度和不同声压级条件下声压幅值与金属纤维直径、孔隙率等物理参数的关系. 研究发现其他参数不变, 在高温条件下, 随温度升高多孔金属材料的声压幅值增大; 在高声压条件下, 随着声压的升高多孔金属材料的声压幅值增大. 所得理论结果与已有的实验中的规律符合良好,为多孔金属材料在高温、高声压条件下的减振降噪设计提供了理论基础.     

腐蚀后铝自由表面微物质喷射实验研究

在40GPa压力下，采用压电石英传感技术,测量了腐蚀时间为1～7d的铅自由表面的微物质喷射。结果表明,微喷射量随着腐蚀时间的增加而增加．但腐蚀时间大于4d以后,微喷射量的增量减小。实验测量了粗糙度R2约为1．5和8．0μm样品表面的微物质喷射量．在腐蚀时间小于4d时，样品表面粗糙度Rz为8．0μm的微物质喷射量大．说明粗糙度对微喷射有影响。当铅的表面腐蚀4d以后．两种粗糙度的铅样品的微喷射量在实验误差范围内是一致的．说明此时的微物质喷射量只取决于腐蚀层的杂质和氧化物．而与表面原始粗糙度无关。     

液体药再生喷射燃烧特性的实验研究

利用逆向式再生环形喷射装置，研究了高速喷射条件下液体的点火燃烧性能。实验研究发现:喷射条件下液体药的点火燃烧性能较整装式液体装药容易实现一致性，且燃速大幅度增加。同时研究了伴随再生喷射燃烧过程所出现的高频压力振荡，分析了高频压力振荡产生的原因。提出了液体药喷射条件下点火延迟度的概念，它可作为评价ＲＬＰＧ点火器工作性能的指标之一。利用喷射点火延迟度的概念，比较了液体药喷射点火延迟性能对于喷口面积、活塞质量、液体药粘度及液体药能量等参量变化的敏感性。     

海洋环境下的材料摩擦学研究进展与展望

海洋是人类赖以生存的载体,与人类未来发展休戚与共.海洋科学领域的发展常常依赖于海洋专用材料的研究和展.海洋极端环境下的摩擦磨损是制约海洋材料应用与推广的关键问题之一,主要表现在材料在海洋苛刻环境下的腐蚀行为、电化学腐蚀以及材料在载荷和腐蚀环境下的耦合摩擦学行为.本文中分析了海洋环境的特点及其关键摩擦学问题,阐述了海洋环境下的材料摩擦学的研究内涵,对金属材料、高分子材料、陶瓷材料在海洋环境下的摩擦学问题进行了探讨,并结合海洋材料摩擦学现有研究进展及发展趋势,对海洋环境下的材料摩擦学相关研究前景进行了展望.     

双悬臂梁试样恒位移K_1计算公式

双悬臂梁(Double Cantilever Beam简称DCB)试样是一种单边裂纹、裂纹面弯曲加载的试样。早期用于测量材料的表面能,近来应用于断裂韧性的测量、裂纹体动态止裂和裂纹扩展动力学等研究工作中,恒位移的DCB试样尤其广泛用来研究金属材料应力腐蚀断裂性能和机理,因此需恒位移条件下的K_1表达式。     

Symmetric shapes of contact of a jet with the surface of a heavy liquid

The plane linearized problem of oblique impingement of a weightless jet of an ideal incompressible fluid on the surface of a heavy fluid is considered. Flows are sought with symmetric forms of the contact region. Mathematically we arrive at the problem of the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of an integral equation; solving this problem we obtain various contact forms. The fundamental result for the infinitesimally thin jet of finite intensity is derived by passing to the limit, yielding a result analagous with the forms of free vibrations of a string. Some results are presented for the problem under consideration in the nonlinear formulation.The two-dimensional problem on (vertical) impingement of a jet on a liquid was solved by Olmstead and Raynor [1]. Some results for oblique impingement of a sufficiently thin, slightly curved jet are presented by Frolov [2], Information on other studies, primarily experimental, is presented in [3].This problem is related to the model of a jet curtain of an air-cushion vehicle; in this regard we note the study of Stepanov [4] in which, in particular, a result is obtained for an infinitesimally thin jet curtain.     

The microtube heat sink with tangential impingement jet and variable fluid properties

This paper presents the numerical investigation of the microtube heat sink with impingement jet feeding. The inlet channel covers only the quarter of the tube perimeter so the swirl flow is settled in the tubes and the heat transfer between the liquid flow and silicon substrate is improved. The water with the variable physical properties is used as the working fluid and laminar flow regime is considered. The proposed microtube heat sink with impingement jet feeding is compared with classic microtube heat sink in terms of temperature variation along the heated surface and temperature difference. The influence of the temperature dependent physical properties on the fluid flow and heat transfer is analyzed.     

Effects of the surface roughness on heat transfer of perpendicularly impinging co-axial jet

Current work presents the comparison of the cooling characteristics of roughened and smooth heated surfaces subjected to co-axial impinging jet. The work fluid is air and the data runs are performed for jet Reynolds numbers for 10,000, 20,000 and 40,000, and non-dimensional surface to jet exit spacing, H/D, from 1 to 10. The co-axial jet configuration is based on a fully developed pipe flow encountering a double-pipe arrangement and splitting between the two pipes. The inner to outer diameter ratio is 0.5. A straight pipe without inner section is used as the circular jet. The impingement of circular jets to the roughened and smooth surfaces is also performed for comparison. Average Nusslet numbers were obtained to show the heat transfer enhancement from the surface. A good agreement between the literature and present paper was obtained. As a result, average Nusselt number with co-axial jet impingement to the roughened surface increased by up to 27% comparing to the circular jet impingement. In addition, the average Nusselt number increased with roughened surface by up to 6% over the whole surface area, comparing to the smooth surface.     

Heat transfer investigation of an array of jets impinging on a target plate with detached ribs

This combined experimental and numerical study focuses on impingement jet cooling in combination with detached rib turbulators on a flat target for turbomachinery applications. The investigated impingement array consists of an impingement plate with 9 × 9 jet holes with diameter D and a target plate with detached ribs installed beneath the jet hole. The effects of different separation distances (H/D=3-5), jet Reynolds numbers (15,000-35,000) and rib clearances (0.3D and 0.08D) are investigated. The heat transfer is investigated experimentally by the transient liquid crystal (TLC) method. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is carried out within the software package ANSYS CFX. This model uses a steady-state three-dimensional Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach with the Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model. Numerical simulations allow detailed insight into the fluid mechanics of the complex flow field and complement experimental measurements. Detached ribs in the impingement channel have a strong influence on the flow field and can increase the global Nusselt number by up to 4% if the ribs have adiabatic boundary conditions. The usage of the detached rib reduces the relative discharge coefficient by up to 11% compared to a smooth target.     

Pressure measurements on the impingement surface of sonic and sub-sonic jets impinging onto a flat plate at inclined angles

The flow field associated with a jet impinging onto a surface at an inclined angle is investigated using pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) and particle image velocimetry. The PSP yields continuous measurements of pressure on the jet impingement surface. The jet footprint on the impingement surface is visualized using the half-maximum pressure contour. The results indicate that the impingement angle of the jet is the dominant parameter in determining the footprint of the jet on the impingement surface. This contour is similar in shape to an ellipse that is created by projecting the nozzle through the impingement surface. The ellipse is centered at the location of maximum pressure and the width of the minor axis is just over one jet diameter. The location of maximum pressure is found upstream of the geometric impingement point and this location is a strong function of the impingement angle. A curve fit for the location of maximum pressure can be constructed using an exact solution of the Navier–Stokes equations for a non-orthogonal stagnation flow. The maximum value of pressure is a function of impingement angle and varies as the sine of the impingement angle squared; the maximum pressure is also a function of jet impingement distance. Using these results, a simple procedure for predicting the overall structure of the jet on the impingement surface is presented.     

Entrainment of fine particles from surfaces by gas jets impinging at oblique incidence

This paper describes an experimental study of the removal of fine (12 μm) polystyrene particles from a glass substrate, using a gas jet that impinges obliquely onto a particle-laden surface. In order to avoid transient affects associated with jet start-up, the sample was slowly translated under a steady jet. The translating gas jet produces a long, clean path that provides very good statistics for exploring the effect of jet parameters. This study focuses on the dependence of the spatial distribution of removal on the jet pressure ratio and impingement angle. The jet is translated over the sample both longitudinally and transversely to determine both the width and the length of the particle removal footprint. The width of the removal footprint increases and the length decreases as the impingement angle is increased. Previous researchers have reported seemingly contradictory results regarding the dependence of removal efficiency on impingement angle; this paper seeks to resolve these differences. For the steady jet, the threshold jet pressure ratio required for 50% particle removal increases with decreasing impingement angle. In addition, studies of the entrainment of well-characterized particles from well-characterized substrates provide insight into the surface shear stress imposed by the oblique jet. Received: 15 December 1998/Accepted: 15 March 2000     

Optimization of an inclined elliptic impinging jet with cross flow for enhancing heat transfer

This work presents a parametric study and optimization of a single impinging jet with cross flow to enhance heat transfer with two design variables. The fluid flow and heat transfer have been analyzed using three-dimensional compressible Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations with a uniform heat flux condition being applied to the impingement plate. The aspect ratio of the elliptic jet hole and the angle of inclination of the jet nozzle are chosen as the two design variables, and the area-averaged Nusselt number on a limited target plate is set as the objective function. The effects of the design variables on the heat transfer performance have been evaluated, and the objective function has been found to be more sensitive to the angle of inclination of the jet nozzle than to the aspect ratio of the elliptic jet hole. The optimization has been performed by using the radial basis neural network model. Through the optimization, the area-averaged Nusselt number increased by 7.89% compared to that under the reference geometry.     

Vortex shedding induced by a solitary wave propagating over a submerged vertical plate

Experimental study was conducted on the vortex shedding process induced by the interaction between a solitary wave and a submerged vertical plate. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used for quantitative velocity measurement while a particle tracing technique was used for qualitative flow visualization. Vortices are generated at the tip of each side of the plate. The largest vortices at each side of the plate eventually grow to the size of the water depth. Although the fluid motion under the solitary wave is only translatory, vortices are shed in both the upstream and downstream directions due to the interaction of the generated vortices as well as the vortices with the plate and the bottom. The process can be divided into four phases: the formation of a separated shear layer, the generation and shedding of vortices, the formation of a vertical jet, and the impingement of the jet onto the free surface. Similarity velocity profiles were found both in the separated shear layer and in the vertical jet.     

Local jet impingement boiling heat transfer with R113

An experimental study was performed to characterize the boiling heat transfer of impinging circular submerged jets on simulated microelectronic chips with a nominal area of 5 mm × 5 mm. The heat transfer modes included natural convection, partially developed nucleate boiling, fully developed nucleate boiling and critical heat flux. The study included the effects of jet parameters and fluid subcooling on the nucleate boiling. The results showed that the nucleate boiling data varied only with fluid subcooling regardless of jet parameters and that both the pool and impingement nucleate boiling curves at the same subcooling condition were well correlated. The high heat flux portions of the boiling curves with jet exit velocities greater than 10 m/s were corrected for the elevated saturation temperature. A new expression was developed with an interpolation method to construct the partially developed nucleate boiling curve.     

Effect of nozzle thickness on the self-excited impinging planar jet

The self-excited oscillation of a large aspect ratio planar jet impinging on a flat plate is investigated experimentally at a single transonic jet velocity to clarify the effect of varying the jet thickness on pattern of jet oscillation and frequency of resulting acoustic tone. The study has been performed for a series of jet thicknesses, 1 mm to 4 mm, each of which is tested for the complete range of plate position, i.e. impingement distance, over which acoustic tones are generated. The results reveal that the jet oscillation is controlled by a fluid-dynamic mechanism for small impingement distances, where the hydrodynamic flow instability controls the jet oscillation without any coupling with local acoustic resonances. At larger impingement distances, a fluid-resonant mechanism becomes dominant, in which one of the various hydrodynamic modes of the jet couples with one of the resonant acoustic modes occurring between the jet nozzle and the impingement plate. Within the fluid-resonant regime, the acoustic tones are found to be controlled by the impingement distance, which is the length scale of the acoustic mode, with the jet thickness having only minor effects on the tone frequency. Flow visualization images of the jet oscillation pattern at a constant impingement distance show that the oscillation occurs at the same hydrodynamic mode of the jet despite a four-fold increase in its thickness. Finally, a feedback model has been developed to predict the frequency of acoustic tones, and has been found to yield reasonable predictions over the tested range of impingement distance and nozzle thickness.