新型SiBNC陶瓷先驱体——聚硼硅氮烷的合成与表征

以甲基氢二氯硅烷、三氯化硼、六甲基二硅氮烷为起始原料, 采用共缩合的方法合成了一种新型的可溶可熔的SiBNC陶瓷先驱体--聚硼硅氮烷(PBSZ). 该法合成工艺简单, 且合成收率约为91% (w%). 采用元素分析、傅立叶红外光谱、核磁共振波谱、X射线光电子能谱、动态热机械分析、热重分析等对PBSZ的组成、结构和性能进行了表征. 结果表明, 先驱体的主要骨架为-Si-N-B-, 其中, B, N以硼氮六环形式存在, 而C则以Si-CH₃形式存在. 该先驱体熔点为69 ℃, 数均分子量为10802, 分子量分散系数为1.50. 此外, 所合成的先驱体具有优良的成型性, 在80 ℃的N₂气氛中可纺丝得到15～20 μm的有机纤维, 1000 ℃时相应陶瓷产率约为63% (w%).     

含硅聚硼氮烷裂解转化制备氮化硼陶瓷纤维

以低活性含硅聚硼氮烷为先驱体,经熔融纺丝,BCl₃脱硅不熔化处理以及在氨气气氛中高温裂解制备的氮化硼纤维仍含有硅元素,这主要是含硅聚硼氮烷结构中的B-N(SiMe₃)₂和B-N(SiMe₃)-B由于位阻与BCl₃反应脱除SiMe₃不完全所致.而采用HCl首先与含硅聚硼氮烷反应减少其位阻,再通过BCl₃进一步脱硅不熔化处理制备的氮化硼陶瓷纤维经FT-IR、X射线衍射(XRD)分析表明纤维基本不含硅元素,并且扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表明得到的氮化硼陶瓷纤维直径约为11μm,断面致密无孔,室温下抗拉强度为0.45GPa.     

甲胺/二甲胺共取代合成氮化硼先驱体聚硼氮烷

将三氯环硼氮烷(TCB)与甲胺/二甲胺进行共胺解取代反应, 首先制得了不同胺基的取代单体, 经过进一步热聚合反应合成了聚硼氮烷先驱体. 通过对不同单体的聚合产物组成与结构分析, 探讨了不同取代基对热聚合反应及产物结构的影响. 研究表明, 当控制甲胺/二甲胺摩尔比为1∶2, 聚合温度180 ℃, 获得的聚硼氮烷数均分子量为7603, 分子量分散系数为1.80, 熔点为83 ℃, 组成为BC_0.76N_1.39H_2.5, 该聚合物具有近似线性分子结构, 表现出优良的可纺性, 可制得平均直径10～15 μm的先驱体纤维, 为制备氮化硼纤维奠定了基础.     

氮化硼纤维先驱体的制备与表征

以三氯环硼氮烷为原料, 将其与正丙胺/异丙胺进行共取代反应, 制得了不同结构的取代单体, 再经热聚合反应获得了相应的聚硼氮烷先驱体. 通过分析不同正丙胺/异丙胺配比制得的聚合产物的组成与结构, 探讨了不同单体的胺基取代基对先驱体的聚合反应性及对产物结构的影响. 结果表明, 当正丙胺/异丙胺摩尔比为2∶1, 聚合温度为150 ℃, 反应时间为10 h时, 合成产物具有近似线性分子结构, 熔点为90 ℃, 具有良好的成丝性, 可获得平均直径10~20 μm, 组成为BC_1.27N_1.52H_x的先驱体纤维, 先驱体纤维再经不熔化处理及1200 ℃氨气高温煅烧等工艺可获得近化学计量比的氮化硼纤维.     

基于环硼氮烷的高陶瓷产率SiBCN先驱体的合成与性能

聚合物先驱体转化法作为制备SiBCN陶瓷及其复合材料的重要途径,具有成型温度低、产物结构和组成可控等优点.设计合成合适的聚合物先驱体是提高陶瓷产率和性能的关键因素之一,本文采用三氯环硼氮烷(TCB)与乙炔基氯化镁进行反应,合成了乙炔基环硼氮烷,进而与二氯硅烷和二氯甲基乙烯基硅烷进行共氨解反应,制备了聚硼硅氮烷先驱体(PBSZ)并进行了高温裂解.采用综合热分析(TG-DSG)对其陶瓷化过程进行了分析,并采用XRD和SEM对陶瓷化产物的结构进行了表征.PBSZ在室温下是液态,易溶于二氯甲烷和氯仿等溶剂,可加工性优良.基于PBSZ先驱体的SiBCN陶瓷产率超过80%;陶瓷化产物在1400℃以下为无定形状态,在1500℃可形成由α-Si3N4,β-Si3N4,h-BN和SiO2晶体结构组成的陶瓷;陶瓷产物表面致密平整且具有优异的热稳定性和氧化性能,表明聚硼硅氮烷(PBSZ)有望成为高陶瓷产率和高性能陶瓷的重要先驱体.     

紫外光固化含硼氮六环的硅硼氮碳烷陶瓷单源先驱体的合成、表征及性能研究

以氯甲基三氯硅烷、三氯化硼和六甲基二硅氮烷为原料经过一步法合成出一种新型的端基为Si-Cl 基团的含硼氮六环的硼硅氮碳烷单体: B,B',B"-三[(三氯硅基)-亚甲基]环硼氮烷(TSMB), 用2-羟基丙烯酸乙酯和乙烯基乙二醇醚对TSMB 进行功能化改性, 得到可UV 固化的陶瓷单源先驱体a-TSMB 和e-TSMB; a-TSMB 和e-TSMB 经UV 固化、1400℃下裂解2 h 最后制备出陶瓷材料C1 和C2. 采用红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振波谱(NMR)、等温差示光量热分析(DPC)、实时红外光谱(RT-IR)、热失重分析(TGA)、X 射线光电子能谱(XPS)和X 射线衍射法(XRD)分别对TSMB, e-TSMB 和a-TSMB 以及陶瓷C1 和C2 的结构、组成、UV 反应性、陶瓷产率和耐高温性能进行了研究. 结果表明: a-TSMB 和e-TSMB 两种陶瓷单源先驱体分子中含有硼氮六环结构, 分子末端为丙烯酸酯或乙烯基醚官能团, 与理论设计完全相符; a-TSMB 和e-TSMB 的光聚合反应在25 s 内分别完成82%和67%, 最终双键转化率可达到90.0%和74.0%, 其陶瓷产率在1300 ℃时为57.9%和48.5%; 陶瓷材料C1 和C2 中含有Si, B, C, N, O 五种元素, 且B 元素的含量达到4.4%和4.9%, 达到耐高温陶瓷对B 元素含量的要求, 在1400 ℃时陶瓷C1 和C2 均可保持非晶态具有优异的耐高温性能.     

先驱体转化法制备Si-B-N-C陶瓷纤维及表征

以聚硼硅氮烷为先驱体, 经熔融纺丝、不熔化处理及氮气中高温热解、烧结得到Si-B-N-C陶瓷纤维. 利用元素分析、FTIR、XRD、高温热重分析等手段对Si-B-N-C纤维的组成、结构以及高温稳定性和抗氧化性等进行了表征. 结果表明, 纤维主要由Si3N4, BN和SiC等相组成, 其室温抗拉强度为2.1 GPa, 弹性模量为230 GPa, 具有很好的非晶稳定性和高温抗氧化性, 惰性气氛中可保持非晶至1700 ℃, 空气中加热至1100 ℃以下时无增重, 在1100-1400 ℃温度范围内增重约3.3％.     

高硼含量的SiC陶瓷先驱体的合成和表征

采用经典硼氢化反应, 通过硼烷二级硫醚(BH₃·SMe₂)与二甲基二乙烯基硅烷(DVS)反应, 合成了聚硼碳硅烷(PBCS)陶瓷先驱体, PBCS在氮气中经高温裂解得到了高硼含量的SiC陶瓷.利用红外光谱、核磁共振波谱和热重分析对聚合物的结构和性能进行了表征; 利用元素分析、X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜对聚合物的裂解产物进行了分析.结果表明, 聚合物的结构中含有B—C, Si—C和C—H键, 在1000℃氮气气氛中, 其陶瓷产率在50%以上.陶瓷产物在1100℃以无定形态存在, 硼含量高达6.46%, 在1300℃时出现明显结晶, 形成B₂O₃, C和β-SiC三相组成的多元复相陶瓷, 在1500℃以下陶瓷产物表面光滑, 结构致密.     

三氯环硼氮烷和聚硼氮烷的合成与表征

以三氯化硼和氯化铵为原料,甲苯为溶剂,高产率(98%)地合成了具有硼和氮的六元环结构的三氯环硼氮烷(1);1分别与正丙胺(Ⅰ)和异丙胺(Ⅱ)反应制得正丙胺基环硼氮烷(1~Ⅰ)和异丙胺基环硼氮烷(1~Ⅱ);1~Ⅰ和1~Ⅱ经过脱胺和热聚合反应制得聚硼氮烷先驱体(2和3).用IR,NMR和XRD等对2和3的组成与结构进行了分析,探讨了聚硼氮烷的胺基取代基对聚硼氮烷聚合反应性及产物结构的影响.研究结果表明,3具有更强的热聚合特性.     

胺源对“一锅法”合成聚硼硅氮烷结构及性能的影响

以六甲基二硅氮烷(MM^N)、四甲基二乙烯基二硅氮烷(MM^NVi)和四甲基二硅氮烷(MM^NH) 3种不同结构的二硅氮烷为胺源,通过与氯硅烷和三氯化硼反应,制备出具有不同封端结构的聚硼硅氮烷.其中,以MM^N、MM^NVi为胺源可获得液态产物;以MM^NH为胺源时,因合成过程中发生活性基团间的过度交联导致产物凝胶.采用核磁共振波谱仪、红外光谱仪对液态前驱体聚合物及其热解产物的结构进行了表征.研究结果表明：通过“一锅法”制备的液态聚硼硅氮烷主链具有较多的支化和环状结构,随着封端结构中乙烯基含量的增加,所得前驱体的固化温度降低,固化反应活化能降低.与以MM^N为胺源和封端剂合成的聚硼硅氮烷相比,以MM^NVi为胺源所得前驱体固化前后陶瓷产率分别提高了14.9%及8.1%.并且,通过改变胺源的种类和比例可以调节热解产物的元素组成,合成的液态前驱体聚合物热解所得SiBCN陶瓷结晶温度高于1700℃.     

Low-temperature approach to synthesize iron nitride from amorphous iron

Iron nitride was prepared by a nitridation reaction in NH 3 using amorphous iron as precursor. The precursor was prepared at ambient temperature through the process of reducing ferrous sulfate by potassium borohydride, followed by the nitridation at different temperatures. The nitridation reaction occurred at 548 K, and -Fe 2-3N was formed at 573 K. The reaction temperature was much lower than that using crystallized iron because of the characteristics of the amorphous materials. The existence of a small quantity of boron (1.6 wt.%) improved the stability of the amorphous precursor, which guaranteed an amorphous iron precursor at nitriding temperatures in excess of 548 K.     

硼烯化学合成进展与展望

硼烯是由硼原子构成的单原子层厚的二维材料,具有丰富的化学和物理性质。本文集中介绍近年来硼烯在合成方面的理论与实验研究进展,重点分析基底、生长温度、生长前驱物等因素对硼成核选择性的影响,探讨能够促进硼烯成核的潜在方法。进一步将分析硼烯生长机制及理论研究方法,以此展望通过在基底上化学气相沉积合成硼烯的可能途径。本文旨在促进大面积、高质量硼烯样品的制备以推动硼烯的实际应用。     

Novel borothermal process for the synthesis of nanocrystalline oxides and borides of niobium

A new process has been developed for the synthesis of nanocrystalline niobium oxide and niobium diboride using an amorphous niobium precursor obtained via the solvothermal route. On varying the ratio of niobium precursor to boron and the reaction conditions, pure phases of nanostructured niobium oxides (Nb(2)O(5), NbO(2)), niobium diboride (NbB(2)) and core-shell nanostructures of NbB(2)@Nb(2)O(5) could be obtained at normal pressure and low temperature of 1300 °C compared to a temperature of 1650 °C normally used. The above borothermal process involves the in situ generation of B(2)O(2) to yield either oxide or diboride. The niobium oxides and borides have been characterized in detail by XRD, HRTEM and EDX studies. The core-shell structure has been investigated by XPS depth profiling, EFTEM and EELS (especially to characterize the presence of boron and the shell thickness). The niobium diboride nanorods (with high aspect ratio) show a superconducting transition with the T(c) of 6.4 K. In the core-shell of NbB(2)@Nb(2)O(5), the superconductivity of NbB(2) is masked by the niobium oxide shell and hence no superconductivity was observed. The above methodology has the benefits of realizing both oxides and borides of niobium in nanocrystalline form, in high purity and at much lower temperatures.     

有孔虫中硼的分离及其正热电离质谱法测定

针对大洋钻探计划(0DP)钻孔中有孔虫数量少、硼含量低的特点，改进了硼特效树脂和阴、阳混合离子交换树脂相结合进行分离硼的方法，成功地实现了硼的分离，并且首次采用正热电离质语法测定了有孔虫中硼同位素的比值。由于硼的分离过程不产生同位素分馏，测定结果令人满意。     

Metathetical conversion of Nd2O3 nanoparticles into NdS2 polysulfide nanoparticles at low temperatures using boron sulfides

A new simple metathetical sulfidation method using boron sulfides has been developed to prepare nanoparticles of NdS(2) via conversion of ca. 50-nm-sized nanoparticles of Nd(2)O(3) at 450 degrees C, in which boron and sulfur powders form boron sulfides in situ and evaporate to sulfidize the oxide. The X-ray powder diffraction analysis revealed that the products were purely NdS(2), and the atomic absorption spectrometric analysis confirmed nonexistence of boron in the products after washing with water. The detailed TEM studies showed that the NdS(2) nanoparticles maintained the original size of the oxide particles without fusion during the low-temperature sulfidation process.     

Folding Construction of a Pentacyclic Quadruply fused Polymer Topology with Tailored kyklo‐Telechelic Precursors

A pentacyclic quadruply fused polymer topology has been constructed for the first time through alkyne–azide addition (click) and olefin metathesis (clip) reactions in conjunction with an electrostatic self‐assembly and covalent fixation (ESA‐CF) process. Thus, a spiro‐type, tandem tetracyclic poly(tetrahydrofuran), poly(THF), precursor having two allyloxy groups at the opposite positions of the four ring units was prepared by the click‐linking of one unit of an eight‐shaped precursor having alkyne groups at the opposite positions with two units of a single‐cyclic counterpart having an azide and an alkene group at the opposite positions. Both are obtainable through ESA‐CF. The subsequent metathesis clip‐folding of the tetracyclic precursor could afford a pentacyclic quadruply fused polymer product, of “shippo” form, in 19 % yield.     

Ir-catalyzed direct borylation at the 4-position of pyrene

The first direct borylation of a C-H bond at the 4-position of pyrene was achieved using [Ir(COD)Cl](2)/dtbpy as the catalyst precursor and B(2)pin(2) as the boron source. The position-related photophysical properties of pyrene derivatives are reported.     

The complex spectrum of a "simple" free radical: the Ã-X̃ band system of the jet-cooled boron difluoride free radical

The near-ultraviolet band system of the jet-cooled boron difluoride free radical has been studied by a combination of laser-induced fluorescence and single vibronic level wavelength resolved emission spectroscopies. The radical was produced in a supersonic discharge jet using a precursor mixture of 1%-3% of BF(3) or (10)BF(3) in high pressure argon. A large number of bands were found in the 340-286 nm region and assigned as transitions from the X?(2)A(1) ground state to the lower Renner-Teller component of the A?(2)Π excited state, based on our previous ab initio potential energy surface predictions, matching the emission spectra Franck-Condon profiles of (11)BF(2) and (10)BF(2), and comparison of observed and calculated boron isotope effects. Several bands have been rotationally analyzed providing ground state structural parameters of r(0)(') (BF) = 1.3102(9) ? and θ(0)(') (FBF) = 119.7(6)°. The ground state totally symmetric vibrational energy levels of both boron isotopologues have also been measured and assigned up to energies of more than 8000 cm(-1). Although BF(2) might be considered to be a "simple" free radical, understanding the details of its electronic spectrum remains a major challenge for both theory and experiment.     

Structure,Composition, Mechanical,and Tribological Properties of BCN Films Deposited by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition

In this work thin BCN films were deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) using chloridic precursors. Through adjusting the BCl₃ content in the inlet gas mixture the chemical composition of the deposited films was changed from carbon rich to boron rich. Based on optical emission spectroscopy (OES) measurements, a correlation between film composition and precursor species concentration in the plasma was established. The films were amorphous as detected by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD). The hardness and the elastic modulus have maximal values of 25.5±1.2 and 191±6 GPa, respectively, for the films with a boron concentration of 45.2 at.%. GIXRD data suggest that a depletion in boron content may initiate the formation of graphitic domains in the amorphous matrix. The observed degradation of the mechanical properties is associated with the graphitization. The tribological behavior was studied with a tribometer operated in pin-on-plate configuration at the temperatures 25 and 400°C. The wear mechanisms were discussed with respect to the formation of a boric acid surface layer which was detected by reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy (REELS) analysis.