黄精属中两种高异黄酮的理论计算研究

采用密度泛函理论M06-2x/6-311G(d,p)方法对黄精中两种高异黄酮进行结构优化和单点能计算。计算键解离能、电离势、质子离解能、质子亲和能、电子转移能。从三种自由基清除机制的能量比较来看,HAT是解释其自由基清除活性的主要机制。计算气相中两种高异黄酮的HOMO、LUMO、能隙、电负性、硬度与软度等分子描述符,化合物1和化合物2的HOMO与LUMO图相似,HOMO主要集中在A环,表现出A环较强的电子给予能力。LUMO主要集中在B环与C环,该区域得电子能力较强。绘制两种分子的静电势和福井函数图以考察其活性位点。     

褐煤模型化合物中含氧官能团脱出反应的理论研究

选取苯甲酸和苯酚作为褐煤含氧官能团模型化合物,采用密度泛函理论(DFT)中的B3LYP泛函和6-311+G(d,p)基组,研究了羧基和羟基可能的脱出反应机理.结果表明,不同含氧官能团脱出方式不同,脱出所需的能量也有差异;含有羧基物质的自催化交联脱羧是相对容易发生的反应;考虑到水分子对含氧官能团脱出的影响,选取甲酸和丙三醇作为褐煤含氧官能团模型,研究了水分子参与反应的过渡态结构及其反应活化能的变化,结果表明,反应中水分子作为质子传递介质能降低反应活化能,加快反应速率,一般1~2个水分子的催化效果较佳;同时研究了Na+,K+及其羧酸盐对丙三醇中羟基脱出反应过渡态结构和反应活化能的影响,表明Na+和K+均能与模型化合物形成络合物,稳定过渡态结构,降低活化能,其中Na+的催化效果更佳;与单纯的离子相比,K+羧酸盐催化效果变化不大,Na+羧酸盐催化能力降低幅度较大.     

半纤维素模型化合物热解机理的理论研究

针对半纤维素模型化合物4-O-甲基葡萄糖醛酸的热解,提出了六种可能的反应路径,对各种反应路径中的反应物、产物、中间体和过渡态的结构进行了几何结构全优化,计算了各步反应的标准动力学参数。结果表明,4-O-甲基葡萄糖醛酸热解时,首先通过分子内的氢原子转移发生开环反应而形成链状中间体,然后中间体进一步分解,主要产物是甲醇、乙醇醛、2-羟基-3-甲氧基丁醛酸、乙二醛和2-羟基丁醛酸等;主要的热解竞争产物是甲酸、CO_2、CO、4-羟基-3-丁烯酮和甲基乙烯醚等。在半纤维素的热解中,CO_2是通过不饱和反应物或中间体脱羧基反应而形成,乙酸则是通过脱O-乙酰基反应而形成。     

木聚糖单体热解机理的理论研究

采用Gaussian 03程序中的密度泛函（DFT）理论B3LYP/6-31＋＋G（d,p）方法,对木聚糖一个循环单元的热解机理进行了理论研究.设计了八条热解路径,对每条路径中反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物进行能量梯度全优化,并对过渡态进行了IRC验证,在298～1098 K温度范围内计算了每个路径的热力学及动力学参数....     

木质素二聚体模型化合物热解机理的量子化学研究

β-O-4连接是木质素主体结构单元之间的主要联结方式。采用密度泛函理论方法B3LYP,在6-31G (d, p)基组水平上,对β-O-4型木质素二聚体模型化合物(1-愈创木基-2-(2-甲氧基苯氧基)-1,3丙二醇)的热解反应机理进行了研究。提出了三种热解反应途径:C_β-O键均裂的后续反应、C_α-C_β键均裂的后续反应以及协同反应。对各种反应的反应物、产物、中间体和过渡态的结构进行了能量梯度全优化,计算了各热解反应途径的标准动力学参数。分析了各种主要热解产物的形成演化机理以及热解过程中温度对热解机理的影响。计算结果表明,C_β-O键的均裂反应和协同反应路径(1)和(3)是木质素二聚体热解过程中主要的反应路径,而C_α-C_β键的均裂反应和协同反应路径(2)和(5)是主要的竞争反应路径;热解的主要产物是酚类化合物如愈创木酚、1-愈创木基-3-羟基丙酮、3-愈创木基-3-羟基丙醛、愈创木基甲醛和乙烯等。在热解低温阶段协同反应是热解过程中的主要反应形式,而在高温阶段自由基均裂反应是热解过程的主要反应形式。     

苯甲醛在光催化反应中氧化还原选择性的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论方法在M06-2X/6-311G^*水平上模拟了不同反应条件下, TiO₂对苯甲醛的光催化还原和氧化的反应. 计算结果表明, 苯甲醛的光催化还原和氧化反应均可在常温下发生; 在缺氧但有乙醇存在的条件下, 乙醇分子可与氧化性物质发生反应, 生成醇自由基, 苯甲醛主要发生光催化还原反应生成苯甲醇; 在有氧气但无乙醇存在条件下, 还原性的光生电子被氧气捕获, 避免了苯甲醛被还原, 主要发生光催化氧化反应生成苯甲酸.     

己烷催化异构化反应中氢溢流机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)在B3LYP/6-311++ G**//B3LYP/6-311G*水平下, 对正己烷(C6H14)催化异构化反应中的氢溢流机理进行了理论探讨. 通过对振动模式分析和内禀反应坐标(IRC)计算确认了各可能反应的过渡态. 同时在MP2/6-311++G**水平上对各驻点做了单点能计算和零点能校正, 计算出各反应通道的活化能, 进而确定了该反应的主反应通道, 其活化能为42.52 kJ/mol.     

密度泛函理论研究SiN与ClO反应的产物通道

利用量子化学从头算和密度泛函理论研究了SiN和ClO的反应机理。在B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)水平上优化得到了反应势能面上各驻点的几何构型;通过频率分析和内禀反应坐标计算对过渡态与反应物和产物的连接关系进行确认。在CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ水平上对各物种的能量进行校正,得到了反应势能面。计算结果表明,该反应体系存在单态和三态势能面,其中单态势能面上反应通道(1)和(2)是主反应通道,1P4为主产物。     

木质素模化物紫丁香酚热解机理的量子化学研究

采用密度泛函理论方法B3LYP/6-31G++(d,p),对木质素模化物紫丁香酚的热解反应机理进行了量子化学理论研究。提出了三种可能的热解反应途径,对各种反应的反应物、产物、中间体和过渡态的结构进行了能量梯度全优化。计算了各热解反应途径的标准动力学参数,分析了各种主要热解产物的形成演化机理。键离解能计算结果表明,紫丁香酚中CH₃-O键的键离解能最小,各种键离解能的大小顺序为CH₃-O < O-H < CH₃O-C_aromatic < CH₂-H < HO-C_aromatic < C_aromatic-H。在反应路径(1)中,主要热解产物是3-甲氧基邻苯二酚,其形成反应的总能垒为366.6 kJ/mol;在反应路径(2)中主要热解产物是2-甲氧基-6-甲基苯酚,其形成反应的总能垒为474.8 kJ/mol;在反应路径(3)中形成邻甲氧基苯酚的总能垒很低,为21.4 kJ/mol,这表明,在连接甲氧基的碳原子上加氢后能够有效地降低木质素芳环模化物紫丁香酚去甲氧基反应的反应能垒。     

苯甲撑肼基二硫代甲酸甲酯热裂解的机理研究

采用密度泛函理论对苯甲撑肼基二硫代甲酸甲酯的热裂解反应机理进行了研究. 计算结果表明, 烯胺碳上氢的六元环迁移途径比硫酰胺氢的四元环迁移途径更容易发生. 同时, 从机理上解释了苯环上的取代基电子效应对该类化合物裂解的影响, 即吸电子基抑制裂解反应的发生, 而推电子基则产生相反的效果.     

The Reaction Pathway of Cellulose Pyrolysis to a Multifunctional Chiral Building Block: The Role of Water Unveiled by a DFT Computational Investigation

LAC (hydroxylactone (1R,5S)‐1‐hydroxy‐3,6‐dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan‐2‐one) is one of the most interesting products of the pyrolysis of cellulose and represents a useful chiral building block in organic synthesis. A computational investigation at the DFT level on the mechanism of formation of LAC shows that this species can be obtained following two reaction paths, path A and path B , starting from a well‐known pyrolysis product (ascopyrone P). A series of internal rearrangements involving in all cases a proton transfer leads directly to LAC ( path B ). An alternative path ( path A ) can be also followed. From this path, via a “gate” connecting the two reaction channels, it is possible to reach path B and form LAC. In both cases, the rate‐determining step of the process is the initial keto‐enol isomerization. We found that water, which is present in the reaction mixture, “catalyzes” the reaction by assisting the proton transfers present in all the steps of the process. In particular, water lowers the barrier of the rate‐determining step that becomes 40.9 kcal mol^?1 (79.4 kcal mol^?1 in the absence of water). The corresponding computed rate constant is 4.3×10 s^?1 at 500 °C, a value which is consistent with the presence of LAC in the absence of metal catalysts. The results of this study on the non‐catalyzed process underpin the important role played by water in the formation of pyrolysis products of cellulose where proton transfer is a key mechanistic step.     

高温高压水中干酪根热解的拉曼光谱原位研究

利用对顶砧压腔装置,以金刚石作为顶砧,通过观测和采用拉曼光谱对干酪根在高温高压水中热解的具体过程进行了原位研究.由于金刚石顶砧只在约1 332 cm-1波数出现一个很强很尖锐的峰,因此用于压 标的石英、介质水以及样品干酪根的拉曼峰都未受影响.测试了在450℃和850 MPa条件下干酪根变化的拉 曼峰.随着温度和压力的增加,干酪根在1 600 cm-1波数附近由于芳香环振动引起拉曼峰的最大峰位置 (vmax)和半高宽(FWHM)存在转折变化.在干酪根热解之前,其芳香环结构和无序结构之间的缺陷向有序化变化.而对于干酪根的热解过程,先是热解为液相碳氢化合物,随后进一步热解为更小分子的成分,如 CH4.干酪根的热解过程与压力密切相关,增加压力对热解存在抑制作用.     

Fe3O4(111)面上的水煤气变换反应机理

水煤气变换是一重要的制备氢气的反应, 采用密度泛函理论(DFT), 对水煤气变换反应在Fe₃O₄ (111)面上的催化反应作了深入研究. 结果表明: 氧化还原机理的活化能明显高于结合机理的活化能, 中间步骤应以结合机理进行|氢原子结合生成氢气为整个反应的速控步骤, 理论计算其活化能与水煤气变换实验数据一致, 高达1.29 eV, 还对迄今有关水煤气变换机理研究中的各种实验现象作了合理的解释, 并对Fe₃O₄ (111)催化剂的改性设计作了讨论.     

Density Functional Study on the Mechanism of Collision Reaction among Protons, N2 and Water Vapor

The mechanism of collision reaction among protons, N2 and water vapor was theoretically studied using Density Functional Theory. The geometries of reactants, transition states, intermediates and products were optimized at the B3LYP/6-311 G^** level by the BERNY gradient analysis method. Transition states and intermediates have been identified by vibrational frequency analysis. The relationship among reactants, intermediates, transition states and products was affirmed by IRC calculation. The variations of energy and geometry along the IRC-determined reaction paths were described. The possible reaction pathways were represented and the optimal one was decided from the viewpoint of energy.     

吡哆胺对1,4-二羰基化合物清除机理的密度泛函理论研究

吡哆胺（PM）能够清除生物体新陈代谢过程中产生的活性二羰基化合物,此类化合物能与体内的氨基酸作用生成有毒的吡咯类化合物。本文用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法在6-31G*基组水平上,研究了PM与OPA反应的机理。计算结果表明,该反应可通过两个连续的步骤完成。首先,通过竞争反应生成一个四氢吡咯类化合物;随后,该化合物经过平行反应脱水生成最终产物。理论上,反应过程中还有可能生成亚胺类化合物,但计算结果表明其为副反应。最后,本文讨论了空间位阻效应对反应性质的影响。所有计算结果与实验结果非常吻和。     

Heck‐Type Reactions of Imine Derivatives: A DFT Study

The mechanism of a recently discovered intramolecular Heck‐type coupling of oximes with aryl halides (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007 , 46, 6325) was systematically studied by using density functional methods enhanced with a polarized continuum solvation model. The overall catalytic cycle of the reaction was found to consist of four steps: oxidative addition, migratory insertion, β‐H elimination, and catalyst regeneration, whereas an alternative base‐promoted C? H activation pathway was determined to be less favorable. Migratory insertion was found to be the rate determining step in the catalytic cycle. The apparent activation barrier of migratory insertion of the (E)‐oxime was +20.5 kcal mol^?1, whereas the barrier of (Z)‐oxime was as high as +32.7 kcal mol^?1. However, (Z)‐oxime could isomerize to form the more active (E)‐oxime with the assistance of K₂CO₃, so that both the (E)‐ and (Z)‐oxime substrates could be transformed to the desired product. Our calculations also indicated that the Z product was predominant in the equilibrium of the isomerization of the imine double bond, which constituted the reason for the good Z‐selectivity observed for the reaction. Furthermore, we examined the difference between the intermolecular Heck‐type reactions of imines and of olefins. It was found that in the intermolecular Heck‐type coupling of imines, the apparent activation barrier of migratory insertion was as high as +35 kcal mol^?1, which should be the main obstacle of the reaction. The analysis also revealed the main problem for the intermolecular Heck‐type reactions of imines, which was that the breaking of a C?N π bond was much more difficult than the breaking of a C?C π bond. After systematic examination of a series of substituted imines, (Z)‐N‐amino imine and N‐acetyl imine were found to have relatively low barriers of migratory insertion, so that they might be possible substrates for intermolecular Heck‐type coupling.     

Water effect on peroxy radical measurement by chemical amplification: Experimental determination and chemical mechanism

The water effect on peroxy radical measurement by chemical amplification was determined experimentally for HO2 and HO2 OH, respectively at room temperature (298±2) K and atmospheric pressure (1×105 Pa). No significant difference in water effect was observed with the type of radicals. A theoretical study of the reaction of HO2·H2O adduct with NO was performed using density functional theory at CCSD(T)/6-311 G(2d, 2p)//B3LYP/6-311 G(2d, 2p) level of theory. It was found that the primary reaction channel for the reaction is HO2·H2O NO→HNO3 H2O (R4a). On the basis of the theoretical study, the rate constant for (R4a) was calculated using Polyrate Version 8.02 program. The fitted Arrenhnius equation for (R4a) is k = 5.49×107 T 1.03exp(?14798/T) between 200 and 2000 K. A chemical model incorporated with (R4a) was used to simulate the water effect. The water effect curve obtained by the model is in accordance with that of the experiment, suggesting that the water effect is probably caused mainly by (R4a).     

Understanding the Regioselectivity and the Molecular Mechanism of [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions between Nitrous Oxide and Conjugated Nitroalkenes: A DFT Computational Study

Regiochemical aspects and the molecular mechanism of the [3 + 2] cycloaddition between nitrous oxide and conjugated nitroalkenes were evaluated on the basis of the wb97xd/6-311 + G(d) (PCM) computational study. It was found that, independently of the nature of the nitroalkene, all considered processes are realized via polar, single-step mechanisms. All attempts at the localization of hypothetical zwitterionic intermediates were unsuccessful. Additionally, the DFT computational study suggested that, in the course of the reaction, the formation of respective Δ²-4-nitro-4-R₁-5-R₂-1-oxa-2,3-diazolines was preferred from the kinetic point of view.     

On the Mechanism of Au-Catalyzed Enynamide-yne Dehydro-Diels-Alder Reactions: An Experimental and Computational Study

Gold-catalyzed dehydro-Diels-Alder reactions of ynamide derivatives allow efficient access to a variety of N-containing aromatic heterocycles. A dual gold catalysis mechanism was postulated for transformations involving the formation of C−C bonds by reaction between a terminal alkyne and an enynamide fragment. In this article, complete experimental and computational investigations into the mechanism of such a transformation are reported. Support for a dual gold catalysis was found and it was shown that the concerted or stepwise nature of the cyclization event depends on the substitution of the ynamide moiety. The reaction was found to proceed in three stages: 1) formation of a σ,π-digold complex from the terminal alkyne, 2) cyclization to produce a gem-diaurated aryl complex, and 3) catalyst transfer to free the product and regenerate the σ,π-digold complex.     

苯乙烯阴离子高温本体聚合引发机理的新发现(二)

采用创建的一种研究方法,以正丁基锂(n-BuLi)为引发剂,研究了苯乙烯(St)在60℃至140℃下的阴离子本体聚合.结果表明,低温下(＜20℃)以六元缔合结构形式存在的非活性正丁基锂在高温下(≥60℃)会转化为活性种.随机分布在该六元结构上的平均1.3个离子对可以引发St的阴离子聚合.然而从六元缔合结构上增长出的超分...