Imidazoles: Effective Catalysts for Baylis-Hillman Reaction in Aqueous Media

β-Substituted enones have been considered less reactive in Baylis-Hillman reaction. The reaction of cyclic enones is sluggish or does not occur at all under traditional conditions. Various catalysts have been developed to pro mote the reaction of cyclic enones but with limited success. In previous study, we found that imidazole can catalyze the Baylis-Hillman reaction involving cyclic enones in aqueous THF solution.[1] In our continued efforts, we screened a variety of imidazoles to develop superior catalyst, and we found that the reaction could be greatly accelerated by adjusting the pH value of the water solution.     

Baylis-Hillman Reaction Involving Substituted Cyclic Enones in Aqueous Media

β-Substituted enones have been considered less reactive in Baylis-Hillman reaction. The reaction of cyclicenones is sluggish or does not occur at all under traditional conditions. [1] Therefore, substituted cyclic enones havebeen less explored in Baylis-Hillman reaction due to the extremely low reactivity. In this communication, we reported Baylis-Hillman reaction of substituted cyclic enones using our previously developed conditions with imidazole as catalyst. The reaction proceeded smoothly in aqueous media affording the desired product with good yields and moderate diastereoselectivity.     

The Aqueous Trimethylamine Mediated Baylis-Hillman Reaction

Aqueous trimethylamine mediated Baylis-Hillman coupling of alkyl acrylates with aldehydes is described.     

Aqueous Media for Effective Delivery of Tretinoin

Tretinoin, also known as vitamin A acid or all-transretinoic acid (t-RA), is a widely used dermatological and pharmaceutical agent. However, t-RAhas very low water solubility (< 0.2 g/ml), which restricts its use.Previous efforts have focused on using concentrated solutions of -cyclodextrin (BCD) derivatives to increase the aqueous solubility of t-RA. The present study demonstrates thatsubstantial enhancement to the t-RA solubility (e.g., > 2000 fold) can be achieved byusing low concentration of BCD (1.5%) plus a small amount of additives (0.1%–1%), such as carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium acetate and potassium phosphate. This simple yet effective approach can also improve the loading of t-RA up to 10 times over the previously published results using CD derivatives including hydroxypropyl BCD (HPBCD). The findings may lead to development of an oral t-RA formulation in an aqueous medium.     

水相钯催化Suzuki反应

钯催化的Suzuki反应是构建Csp2—Csp2键的主要方法之一,已广泛应用于医药、天然产物及先进功能材料等联芳类化合物的合成.近年来,水相Suzuki反应引起了人们的高度关注.对以纯水及水/有机混溶剂为介质的水相Suzuki反应的研究进展作一综述,特别是围绕如何解决水相Suzuki反应活性的问题,以催化体系为主线,重点介绍了水溶性配体/钯、表面活性剂、微波促进的非水溶性配体/钯及无配体钯等催化体系在水相Suzuki反应中的应用.     

水相Reformatsky反应研究进展

近30年来,在水介质中形成碳-碳键一直是有机合成的研究热点.本文综述了水相中Reformatsky反应的研究进展,并对反应机理和应用作了简要的阐述.     

Henry Reaction in Aqueous Media：Chemoselective Addition of Aldehydes

The chemoselective addition of aldehydes in aquoues medium was obtained under mild condition using improved Henry reaction.     

Chitosan-Based Magnetic Polymetallic Pd-Catalysts for Heck Reaction in Aqueous Media

Russian Journal of General Chemistry - A mechanochemical method was developed for the synthesis of ferromagnetic Pd–Fe–Co–Ni composites based on the natural biopolymer chitosan,...     

金属参与的水相烯丙基化反应

近30年来,水介质中碳-碳键的形成一直是研究的热点,其优越性也逐渐被人们所认知。在已发现的水相金属有机反应中,水相烯丙基化反应是研究得较多和较深入的反应之一。水相烯丙基化反应由于其发展速度较快,新的金属及金属体系参与的烯丙基化反应以及水相烯丙基化反应的机理研究不断被报道。本文综述了水相中金属参与烯丙基化反应的最新研究进展,并对新的反应机理作了简要的阐述。     

非传统介质中的Baylis-Hillman反应

Baylis-Hillman反应是一个为数不多的形成碳—碳键的原子经济反应, 因其产物富含官能团而成为非常有潜力的合成有机多功能分子的有力工具. 然而, 反应速度慢、反应产率低是该反应常遇到的问题. 为了克服这些缺点, 近年来, 许多新颖的溶剂被用于这个反应. 本文综述了这些方面的最新研究进展和发展趋势.     

不对称Baylis-Hillman反应研究进展

综述了光学活性的活化烯、亲电试剂、催化剂和溶剂对Baylis_Hillman反应的不对称诱导效果     

MgO‐ZrO2 Mixed Oxides as Effective and Reusable Base Catalysts for Glucose Isomerization into Fructose in Aqueous Media

MgO‐ZrO₂ mixed oxides prepared with different Mg/Zr atomic ratios (denoted as xMZ: where x is the atomic ratio of Mg/Zr) are investigated for the glucose isomerization to fructose in water at 95 °C. The highest fructose yield of 33 % is obtained over 0.76MZ with ≈74 % selectivity after 3 h. To gain insight into the structure–activity relationships, the prepared catalysts are characterized by N₂ physisorption, XRD, FTIR and CO₂‐TPD. The results indicate that the addition of MgO drastically changed the textual property of ZrO₂ and increased the number of basic sites. The kinetic studies revealed that the Lewis basic sites (cus‐O^2?) generated from the highly dispersed MgO are the active sites responsible for the enhanced isomerization activity. Notably, MZ is reusable for four runs without a significant decrease in catalyst activity. Accordingly, this study provides an easily prepared, cheap, and recyclable catalyst that may hold great potential for fructose production.     

Novel Octapeptide as an Asymmetric Catalyst for Michael Reaction in Aqueous Media

In this work, three forms of a novel octapeptide have been evaluated as asymmetric catalysts for the Michael reaction. Low quantity catalyst loading, ecofriendly solvents, and reusability of organocatalyst successfully applied to attain excellent yields and moderate enantioselectivities in the Michael reaction.

[Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Synthetic Communications® for the following free supplemental resources: Full experimental and spectral details.]     

Diethyl Ketomalonate: A Fast Reacting Substrate for Baylis-Hillman Reaction

Diethyl ketomalonate reacts fast with acrylic acid esters, acrylonitrile and methyl vinyl ketone under the catalytic influence of 1,4-diazabicyclo(2.2.2)octane (DABCO) to provide the corresponding multifunctional molecules.     

水相中锌促进的羰基化合物频哪醇偶联反应实验设计

介绍水相中锌促进的羰基化合物频哪醇偶联反应的实验设计。通过苯甲醛频哪醇偶联反应得到相应的1,2-二苯基．1,2-乙二醇,学习水相有机反应和微量反应的基本操作,加强基础研究、绿色化学与有机化学实验之间的紧密联系。     

Terminal Hydroxyalkyl Acrylates as Substrates for Baylis-Hillman Reaction

Terminal hydroxyalkyl acrylates couple with aldehydes under the catalytic influence of DABCO producing the desired multifunctional molecules.     

Development of Ionic Liquids as Green Reaction Media and Catalysts

A brief review of the work carried out at Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences for development of ionic liquid as green reaction media and catalysts is presented. This includes the processes of ionic liquid to be used as catalyst, reaction media, development of functional ionic liquid and methods for synthesis of immobilized ionic liquid. In the end, some prospects for development of ionic liquid are also addressed.     

金属锌促进羰基化合物水相嚬呐偶合反应

报道了一种简便、有效的水相嚬呐偶合反应。在含有少量季铵盐或季磷盐的氯化铵水溶液中,用金属锌促进羰基化合物进行水相嚬呐偶合反应,其中加入的少量季铵盐或季磷盐有助于显著提高反应产率,嚬呐醇产率由53%提高到87%。但嚬呐偶合反应的产率受羰基周围环境的立体位阻影响较大,在此条件下,金属锌可有效地促进芳香族醛化合物进行水相嚬呐偶合反应,得到产率较高的嚬呐醇,但非对映异构体选择性差,而脂肪族醛化合物得到的嚬呐醇产率较低,在同样条件下,酮类化合物不能顺利进行嚬呐偶合反应。     

金属锌促进羰基化合物水相嚬呐偶合反应

报道了一种简便、有效的水相噤呐偶合反应。在含有少量季铵盐或季磷盐的氯化铵水溶液中．用金属锌促进羰基化合物进行水相噘呐偶合反应，其中加入的少量季铵盐或季磷盐有助于显著提高反应产率，噘呐醇产率由53％提高到87％。但噘呐偶合反应的产率受羰基周围环境的立体位阻影响较大，在此条件下，金属锌可有效地促进芳香族醛化合物进行水相噘呐偶合反应，得到产率较高的噘呐醇，但非对映异构体选择性差，而脂肪族醛化合物得到的噘呐醇产率较低，在同样条件下，酮类化合物不能顺利进行噘呐偶合反应。