Diffraction of homogeneous and inhomogeneous plane waves on a doubly corrugated liquid/solid interface

This paper extends the theory of the diffraction of sound on 1D corrugated surfaces to 2D corrugated surfaces. Such surfaces, that are egg crate shaped, diffract incoming sound into all polar directions, which is fundamentally different from 1D corrugated surfaces. A theoretical justification is given for extending the classical grating equation to the case of incident inhomogeneous waves, for 1D corrugated surfaces as well as for 2D corrugated surfaces. Even though the present paper presents a theory which is valid for all angles of incidence, special attention is given to the particular case of the stimulation of surface waves by normal incident sound. The most interesting conclusion is that, depending on the frequency and the incident inhomogeneity, Scholte-Stoneley waves and leaky Rayleigh waves can be generated in different directions. This effect might be of particular interest in the development of surface acoustic wave devices and the basic idea of this steering effect can be of importance for planar actuators.     

Reflection of structural waves at a solid/liquid interface

This paper investigates the reflection characteristics of structural or guided waves in rods at a solid/liquid interface. Structural waves, whose wavelengths are much larger than the diameter of the rod, are described in a first approximation by classical one-dimensional wave theory. The reflection characteristics of such waves at a solid/liquid (melting) interface has been reported by two different ultrasonic measurement techniques: first, measuring the fast regression rate of a melting interface during the burning of metal rod samples in an oxygen-enriched environment, and second, monitoring the propagation of the solid/liquid interface during the slow melting and solidification of a rod sample in a furnace. The second work clearly shows that the major reflection occurs from the solid/liquid interface and not the liquid/gas interface as predicted by plane longitudinal wave reflectivity theory. The present work confirms this observation by reporting on the results of some specially designed experiments to identify the main interface of reflection for structural waves in rods. Hence, it helps in explaining the fundamental discrepancy between the reflection characteristics at a solid/liquid interface between low frequency structural waves and high frequency bulk waves, and confirms that the detected echo within a burning metallic rod clearly represents a reflection from the solid/liquid interface.     

Effect of viscosity on ultrasound wave reflection from a solid/liquid interface

A study of the simulated reflection of a wideband ultrasound shear wave from the solid/viscous fluid interface is presented. Various parameters affecting reflection factors including the material properties of the solid, fluid properties like density and viscosity, and the operating frequency are discussed. Simulated ultrasonic response waveforms are compared with the experimentally obtained data for NIST traceable calibration standards of viscosity. A good agreement was observed between the simulated and experimental waveforms at various viscosities and for different solid substrates.     

有限入射声束在液固界面声反射的数值研究

采用将有限声束分解为一系列平面波的方法，对液固界面声束的声反射问题进行了数值研究，结果表明，当声束入射角为瑞利疲激角时，反射声速有明显位移；当声束在液固界面“掠射”时，反射声速显著变宽，文中还讨论了束宽对反射声速横截面上声场分布的影响。     

Investigation of solid/solid interface waves with laser ultrasonics

A new method for detection of the soild/soild interface wave with laser ultrasonics is introduced in this paper. Based on the interaction between the acoustic wave and the probe laser beam of an interferometer in a transparent solid, the Stoneley waves propagated along the quartz/steel interface are detected successfully. The dispersion properties of Leaky Rayleigh wave are studied when the boundary conditions are described by interface spring mode. The Leaky Rayleigh wave at Plexiglas/aluminum interface is also detected and the experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical results. It shows that the interface wave should be a powerful technique for evaluation of the interface properties.     

弱界面固体附层媒质中的类Rayleigh波

当半无限大固体媒质上有一层固体附加层时表面波是频散的。由界面的“准弹簧”模型,本文导出了有各向同性固体附加层时半无限大各向同性均匀媒质中弱界面情况下的类Rayleigh波的特征方程。文中给出了典型复合结构具有刚性联接界面、滑移联接界面和弱界面时类 Rayleigh波的色散曲线,分析了界面刚度系数对类 Rayleigh波传播速度的影响。数值计算的结果表明选择合适的参数可以由低频超声类Rayleigh进行涂层结构界面特性的无损评价。     

Surface chemistry at the liquid/solid interface

In this Prospective, a critical overview is provided on the status and future of the analytical techniques available for the study of chemistry at liquid/solid interfaces. A number of spectroscopies already available are identified, including infrared absorption, surface-enhanced Raman (SERS) and sum frequency generation (SFG) to obtain vibrational information, and second harmonic generation (SHG) and X-ray absorption (XAS) to provide electronic details of surfaces and adsorbates. X-ray scattering and X-ray diffraction techniques are also used for structural characterization, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) to follow adsorption uptakes and kinetics. Finally, optical and scanning microscopies add a spatial dimension to these studies. Overall, a number of surface-sensitive techniques do already exist to address chemical issues at liquid/solid interfaces, but those are still limited, and have perhaps not been exploited to their fullest yet. There is also a need for more cross collaboration among different research communities, and for new and clever developments to augment the toolbox of liquid/solid interface characterization.     

各向同性固体界面非线性反射的实验研究

实验测量了SV波入射到玻璃-空气,玻璃-铁、铜、铝界面上时反射的二次谐波SV波,研究了非线性反射效率与入射角以及材料的线性和非线性特性的关系,发现在某些入射角下,反射的二次谐波会有较大的振幅,报道了实验结果并和理论进行了比较。     

Experimental studies of nonlinear reflection on isotropic solid interface

1lntroductionTheboundaryisinevitablebecauseofthelimitedsizeofthesolidsample.Thebondedinterfacesalsoexistinvariouskindsofcompositematerials.Meanwhiletherearesomeinterfacesoriginatedfromcracksinfatiguedmaterials.Itisobservedthattheexistenceofinterfaceshasprominentinfluenceonthenonlinearpropagationofacousticwaveinsolidmaterials.Therefore,thenonlinearreflectionattheinterfacehasattractedmanyattentionsI1-5].Theinterestscomealsofromthefactthattheresearchinthisfieldmayfindwidepotentialapplicationsin…     

Volume Fresnel reflection of electromagnetic waves in three-dimensionally inhomogeneous media

Eikonal approximation is used to derive equations describing propagation of monochromatic electromagnetic waves in a three-dimensionally inhomogeneous medium, including volume Fresnel reflection from inhomogeneities. The analysis is based on a locality principle. Separation into reflection and transmission effects is performed. The former effects are found to be isotropic, whereas the latter are anisotropic and depend on interference phenomena. Interference effects lead to violation of the Rytov law of polarization rotation. Brewster phenomena in layered and three-dimensionally inhomogeneous media are shown to occur under different conditions.     

流体-镀层基底界面波的传播特性

理论分析了脉冲激光激发的流体-分层固体结构声场,在此基础上数值计算了流体-慢层快底固体和流体-快层慢底固体结构液-固界面Scholte波的频散特性与瞬态响应.数值结果显示,对于流体-慢层快底结构,Scholte界面波呈现出正常频散特性;而对于流体-快层慢底结构,Scholte波在较小的频厚积范围呈反常频散特性.理论瞬态信号也显示了同样的特性.采用脉冲激光激励,用水听器接收的方式进行了Scholte界面波的实验测量.实验测量和分析结果与理论结果有很好的一致性.此工作可为水浸检测条件下镀层与薄膜材料参数的超声无损表征、海底沉积物参数反演等应用提供理论基础.     

Capillary waves in an inhomogeneous three-layer liquid with a free surface

In the domain of capillary waves, a bicubic dispersion relation is derived and analyzed for surface and internal capillary–gravitational waves in a three-layer liquid with a free surface. It is shown that the ratio of the internal wave amplitudes to the surface wave amplitudes is fairly large if the trivial condition of a “homogeneous liquid” is discarded. The amplitude ratio between the internal waves themselves (generated at different interfaces) may be both greater and smaller than unity depending on the physical parameters of the system. Specifically, it strongly depends on the densities of the layers and their thicknesses.     

The phenomenon of wetting at solid/solid interface

When a V₂O₅ crystallite is placed on an anatase pellet and heated at 823–923 K, vanadium ions migrate over the surface of anatase grains enveloping them in a thin overlayer. XPS, X-ray and EPR studies show that at 823 K a very thin layer is formed, its properties being strongly modified by interaction with the anatase support. At 923 K, on top of this inner layer an outer layer migrates, whose properties are similar to V₂O₅. As in the same conditions no migration is observed on rutile, it is concluded that this phenomenon is a manifestation of wetting of one oxide by another oxide, the difference in the surface free energy being the driving force of the migration.     

Surface acoustic waves at the vacuum-thermoviscoelastic solid interface

The present investigation concerns the propagation of surface waves at the vacuum-solid interface of a solid which is isotropic and thermoviscoelastic, i.e., for which the effects of heat conductivity need to be taken into account. Calculations show that, in addition to the Rayleigh wave, a thermal surface wave propagates that couples both the thermal and the elasticity effects. This latter wave is interpreted in terms of evanescent plane waves. The displacement field associated with this wave is calculated and interpreted. Some experimental results are also presented.     

Nonlinear analysis of interaction between finite-amplitude capillary waves in a layered inhomogeneous liquid

The nonlinear capillary wave motion in a two-layer liquid with a free surface is analytically investigated accurate to the second order of smallness in ratio of the wave amplitude to the layer thickness. The layers differ in physicochemical properties. A capillary analogue to the “dead water” effect is observed in the system in both linear and quadratic approximations. In the absence of an electric charge at the interfaces, internal nonlinear resonance interaction between capillary waves is also absent regardless of the place of their origination. When there is a charge at the interlayer boundary, capillary waves resonantly interact with each other.     

Determination of the regression rate of a fast moving solid/liquid interface using ultrasonics

This paper reports on an ultrasonic measurement system and its application for in situ real-time measurement of very fast regression rates (>200 mm/s) of the melting interface (RRMI) produced when burning particular metals such as aluminium at high pressures. The RRMI is referred to as the rate at which a solid/liquid interface moves along a metallic rod while burning in an oxygen-enriched atmosphere. The ultrasonic transducer and associated equipment used to drive and record the transducer's output signal and conversion of this output into a regression rate is described. Aluminium rods were burned in pure gaseous oxygen at pressures up to 69 MPa (10,000 psia) where the RRMI was calculated at 204+/-2 mm/s. Other tests with a variety of sample materials, geometric shapes and test conditions were also conducted. The resulting RRMI's calculated with the ultrasonic measurement system compare excellently with rates obtained using a visual review of the same tests and with published results (where available).