Au-Pd supported nanocrystals prepared by a sol immobilisation technique as catalysts for selective chemical synthesis

Catalysis by gold and gold-palladium nanoparticles has attracted significant research attention in recent years. These nanocrystalline materials have been found to be highly effective for selective and total oxidation, but in most cases the catalysts are prepared using precipitation or impregnation. We report the preparation of Au-Pd nanocrystalline catalysts supported on carbon prepared via a sol-immobilisation technique and these have been compared with Au-Pd catalysts prepared via impregnation. The catalysts have been evaluated for two selective chemical syntheses, namely, oxidation of benzyl alcohol and the direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide. The catalysts have been structurally characterised using a combination of scanning transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The catalysts prepared using the sol immobilisation technique show higher activity when compared with catalysts prepared by impregnation as they are more active for both hydrogen peroxide synthesis and hydrogenation, and also for benzyl alcohol oxidation. The method facilitates the use of much lower metal concentrations which is a key feature in catalyst design, particularly for the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide.     

多金属氧酸盐催化苯甲醇的选择性氧化：一个绿色可循环的高效催化氧化体系

以Keggin结构的几类杂多酸和三乙胺（TEA）为原料,通过简单的酸碱反应合成了相应杂多酸的TEA盐。 并以它们作为催化剂,30％H2O2作氧化剂,在不使用长链相转移剂的条件下,研究了它们催化苯甲醇选择氧化制备苯甲醛的反应性能。 结果表明,该类催化剂在苯甲醇的选择氧化反应中具有比相应杂多酸更高的催化活性或选择性。 其中[TEAH]H2PW12O40为最佳催化剂,在适宜的反应条件下,该催化剂上苯甲醇转化率可达99.5％以上,苯甲醛选择性达~100％。 催化剂可以被分离和循环使用多次,活性、选择性基本不变。 用水作溶剂,避免了有机溶剂的使用,是一个高效、绿色的苯甲醛选择氧化体系。     

Efficient and Reusable Sn(II)‐containing Imidazolium‐based Ionic Liquid as a Catalyst for the Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol

A simple and efficient catalytic system [BBIM]Br–SnCl₂ for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant has been developed. Reaction conditions such as the catalyst dose, the solvents, reaction temperature, reaction time, and the amount of hydrogen peroxide were investigated. The optimum reaction conditions identified were 0.11 g of catalyst, no solvent, 65°C, 15 min, and 2 mmol of hydrogen peroxide. Oxidation of various alcohols was also investigated under the optimized conditions. The catalyst [BBIM]Br–SnCl₂ can be easily recovered and reused for six reaction runs without significant loss of catalytic activity, because the Sn species of the catalyst can be coordinated with the imidazole ring of the ionic liquid. The reused catalyst was further characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to evaluate its chemical properties. The results proved that the [BBIM]Br–SnCl₂ catalyst was stable and reusable for the oxidation reactions. A possible mechanism for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde is proposed.     

Liquid-phase oxidation with hydrogen peroxide of benzyl alcohol and xylenes on Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 – CaWO4

A W-containing apatite (W/HAp) catalyst was prepared following a hydrothermal synthesis route and served as a model catalyst. Crystallographic analysis indicated that the resulting material contained hydroxyapatite, Ca_10−3xW_x(PO₄)₆(OH)₂, W-hydroxyapatite, calcium tungstate, CaWO₄, and tricalcium phosphate, Ca₃(PO₄)₂. The catalyst was investigated in liquid phase oxidation of benzyl alcohol and xylenes using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant. For comparison, commercial calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite and CaWO₄ were tested in the same reaction. Calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite appeared as inactive and decomposed hydrogen peroxide non-selectively. A moderate activity but low hydrogen peroxide efficiency was observed for the CaWO₄ phase. In contrast, the W/HAp catalyst showed a reasonable activity and a better hydrogen peroxide efficiency in the oxidation of benzyl alcohol and xylenes. This new W/HAp catalyst showed, after six cycles, losses of the activity below 15% compared to the fresh catalyst with no effect on the selectivity. It is noteworthy that ICP-OES analyses showed no tungsten leaching that is the main advantage of this catalyst.     

Mn-Al和Cu-Mn-Al复合氧化物催化苯甲醇选择氧化反应

用溶胶-凝胶法制备了不同组成的Mn-Al和Cu-Mn-Al复合氧化物两组催化剂,用于苯甲醇选择氧化反应.用X射线衍射(XRD)、N2物理吸附(BET)、扫描电镜(SEM)、H_2程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)、O_2程序升温脱附(O_2-TPD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)技术对催化剂进行了结构表征,考察了催化剂组成对催化活性的影响.结果表明:以甲苯为溶剂,O_2为氧化剂,353 K反应5 h,Mn_2Al和Cu_(0.3)Mn_(0.7)Al_2催化剂上的苯甲醇转化率分别为36.6%和40.9%,苯甲醛选择性均为100%.进一步研究表明:催化剂活性与其H2还原性和O_2吸附性有关,高活性的催化剂吸附氧多,生成的活性氧易参与反应.     

磷钨反应控制相转移催化剂的制备及表征

制备了三缺位Keggin型反应控制相转移催化剂[C7H7(CH3)3N]9PW9O34(记为Q9PW9),利用FT-IR、31P NMR、XRD和TG对催化剂进行了表征,并确定了反应的催化活性中心。 分析结果表明,催化剂Q9PW9在反应后其结构仍然得到了很好的保持,反应中形成的[C7H7(CH3)3N]9PW9O34 (O2)x活性中心使催化剂具有反应控制相转移功能。以H2O2水溶液为氧化剂,在氧化苯甲醇制备苯甲醛反应中,发现该催化剂具有良好的催化活性。当H2O2与苯甲醇的物质的量比为0.9时,苯甲醇的转化率为86.2%,苯甲醛的选择性≥99%。反应结束后催化剂以沉淀的形式析出,催化剂的回收率保持在86%左右。将催化剂循环使用三次,苯甲醇的转化率和催化剂的回收率均无明显变化,说明Q9PW9具有良好的稳定性。     

Catalytic oxidation of organic substrates with hydrogen peroxide in two-phase systems in the presence of peroxo-polyoxotungstates containing organic ligands

The prospects of using bifunctional homogeneous metal-complex catalysts based on peroxo-polyoxotungstates with organic ligands (tertiary phosphine oxides) were exemplified by oxidation of benzyl alcohol and cyclooctene with hydrogen peroxide in two-phase systems (organic phase — liquid phase).     

Phosphotungstic acid supported on mesoporous carbon as a catalyst for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol

Phosphotungstic acid (PTA) was successfully supported on synthesized mesoporous carbon (MC) through impregnating method to yield a series of PTA/MC catalysts, the content of PTA from 16 to 43 wt %. The catalysts were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm tests and transmission electron microscopy. The characterization data revealed that intact Keggin ion of PTA is kept in the support, and PTA is located equably inside the pores of MC. The catalytic activities of these catalysts were tested in selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde using 30% hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. The results indicated that 28 wt % PTA/MC catalyst with high specific surface area (474 m²/g) and uniform pore size (6.4 nm) possess the best catalytic activity (conversion of 82.6% and selectivity of 94.0%) among all prepared catalysts.     

Solvent-free oxidation of alcohols by hydrogen peroxide over chromium Schiff base complexes immobilized on MCM-41

A series of chromium(III) Schiff base complexes immobilized on MCM-41 were prepared and characterized by various physicochemical and spectroscopic methods. The complexes were used for the selective oxidation of alcohols by 30% hydrogen peroxide without any organic solvent, phase transfer catalyst or additive. The immobilized complexes proved to be effective catalysts and generally exhibited much higher catalytic performance than their corresponding homogeneous analogs. The catalytic performance of the immobilized complexes was also found to be closely related to the Schiff base ligands used. Under the optimal reaction conditions, secondary alcohols, cyclic alcohols and benzyl alcohol were prevailingly oxidized to their corresponding ketones or aldehydes.     

Ag/SBA-15低温气相选择性催化氧化苯甲醇合成苯甲醛

以SBA-15为载体,采用浸渍法制备了不同Ag含量的Ag/SBA-15,通过N₂吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、高分辨透射电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱和电感耦合等离子体质谱对催化剂进行了表征。将Ag/SBA-15用于苯甲醇气相选择性催化氧化合成苯甲醛,研究了反应条件对转化率和选择性的影响。结果表明,Ag/SBA-15具有均一的一维孔道结构、较厚的孔壁（3-5 nm）及较大的比表面积（411-541 m²/g）,其规整纳米空间的限域作用使一定负载量的Ag以纳米尺寸均匀分散于介孔SBA-15孔道内,增加了活性组分的比表面积。亲核性氧物种从Ag到SBA-15表面的氧溢流,提高了低温下Ag/SBA-15对苯甲醇气相选择性氧化合成苯甲醛的催化性能。5.3% Ag/SBA-15中的Ag粒径为5-6 nm,且均匀分散于载体孔道中,反应温度为220℃时,苯甲醇转化率为87%,苯甲醛选择性为95%;240℃时,苯甲醇转化率和苯甲醛选择性分别高达94%和97%;并在240-300℃范围内,其催化活性和选择性保持不变,表现出了良好的温度耐受能力。催化剂经活化再生可以连续使用40 h,选择性基本保持不变。     

富氮空心蠕虫状碳材料的合成及其苯甲醇非金属选择性催化氧化的高活性

Carbon materials have become one of the research hotspots in the field of catalysis as a typical representative of non-metallic catalytic materials. Herein, a facile synthetic strategy is developed to fabricate a series of hollow carbon nanoworms (h-NCNWs) that contain nitrogen up to 9.83 wt% by employing graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) as the sacrificing template and solid nitrogen source. The h-NCNWs catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM), N₂ adsorption-desorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermal gravimetric (TG), Raman spectra, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies (XPS). The catalytic activities of the h-NCNWs catalysts for selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol with O₂ were also evaluated. The characterization results revealed that the h-NCNWs catalysts displayed a unique hollow worm-like nanostructure with turbostratic carbon shells. The nitrogen content and shell thickness can be tuned by varying the relative ratio of resorcinol to g-C₃N₄ during the preparation process. Furthermore, nitrogen is incorporated to the carbon network in the form of graphite (predominantly) and pyridine, which is critical for the enhancement of the catalytic activity of carbon catalysts for the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol. At a reaction temperature of 120 ℃, a 24.9% conversion of benzyl alcohol with > 99% selectivity to benzaldehyde can be achieved on the h-NCNWs catalyst prepared with a mass ratio of resorcinol to g-C₃N₄ of 0.5. However, the catalytic activities of the h-NCNWs catalysts were dependent on the amount of N dopants, in particular graphitic nitrogen species. The conversion of benzyl alcohol markedly decreased to 13.1% on the h-NCNWs catalyst prepared with a mass ratio of resorcinol to g-C₃N₄ of 1.5. Moreover, the h-NCNWs catalyst showed excellent stability during the reaction process. The conversion of benzyl alcohol and the high selectivity to aldehyde can be kept within five catalytic runs over the h-NCNWs0.5 catalyst. These results indicate that rationally designed carbon materials have great potential as highly efficient heterogeneous catalysts for oxidation reactions.     

石墨烯负载的金属氧化物纳米颗粒的可控制备及催化性能

采用直接浸渍法、过氧化氢均相氧化沉积法和氨水催化水解法制备了石墨烯负载的铁、钴、镍金属氧化物纳米颗粒.研究了三种沉积方法对颗粒尺寸分布的影响;采用透射电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射和X射线光电子能谱表征了催化剂的形貌与结构.用过氧化氢均相氧化沉淀法可制得粒径分布最均匀的纳米颗粒.过氧化氢的氧化作用可使石墨烯表面的氧化基团含量最大化,为纳米颗粒提供了足够的吸附与成核点.氨水加速了金属离子的水解与成核,导致纳米颗粒的粒径增大与不均.以苯甲醇氧化为探针反应考察了催化剂的性能.催化剂的活性按以下顺序逐渐下降:过氧化氢辅助沉积法>直接浸渍法>氨水催化水解法,与纳米颗粒尺寸增长趋势一致.纳米催化剂颗粒尺寸与其活性的良好关联性显示,发展石墨烯负载尺寸可控的纳米催化剂的方法具有重要意义.     

Synthese et caractérisation de catalyseurs a base de cuivre: application a la réaction d'oxydation du phénol

Synthesis and characterization of copper catalysts: application to the oxidation of phenol. The catalytic oxidatin of organic pollution has already been treated several publications reporting the use of ozone, air or hydrogen peroxide as oxidants. These systems require very severe conditions of temperature and pressure. It was thus useful to develop active, stable and inexpensive oxidizing systems. For this purpose we prepared catalysts by impregnation of copper on a natural clay; these catalysts were characterized, then used in the reaction of oxidation of phenol in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, at atmospheric temperature and pressure. The results showed a very significant activation of hydrogen peroxide by the catalyst, the phenol depletion percentage reaching 65 % after 4 h, and very significant stability of the catalyst.     

K-MnO／y-A1203和Cu／SiO2催化剂应用于苯甲酸甲酯连续加氢合成无氯苯甲醇

以K—MnO／F—Al2O3和Cu／SiO2为催化剂，利用固定床串联反应器实现了苯甲酸甲酯连续加氢合成无氯苯甲醇反应过程．K-MnO/y-Al2O3和Cu／SiO2催化剂对于苯甲酸甲酯连续加氢合成苯甲醇具有良好的加氢活性，反应转化率可达89．2％，苯甲醇的选择性为84．1％．在苯甲酸甲酯加氢连续步骤中的氢醛比得到提高，有效地抑制了副产物甲苯的生成．XRD，SEM和TPR表征结果表明：采用吸附沉淀法制备的Cu／SiO2-C15．2催化剂，氧化铜在载体上具有良好的分散性能，并且易于还原，表现出最佳的苯甲醛加氢活性．     

聚苯并噁嗪固载钯基纳米催化剂在芳香醇氧化反应中的应用

以球状聚苯并噁嗪为载体, 采用浸渍热解法合成了钯炭纳米催化剂. 通过透射电子显微镜观察发现, 钯纳米粒子几乎全部均匀分布在载体上, 且尺寸均一, 平均直径约为3.5 nm. 结果表明, 载体表面含有丰富的含氮含氧官能团, 氮和氧原子与钯之间存在相互作用, 从而使聚苯并噁嗪能够有效固载钯纳米粒子. 采用相同的方法进一步合成Pd-Au/C和Pd-Pt/C双金属催化剂, Pd-Au和Pd-Pt纳米粒子也展现出良好的分散性, 无明显团聚现象, 平均直径分别为4.3和4.2 nm, 进一步说明聚苯并噁嗪对金属活性组分的有效固载. 将催化剂应用于苯甲醇氧化反应, 其中Pd₁-Au₁/C在2 h的转化率为98%, 对产物苯甲醛的选择性大于99%, 该催化剂经过焙烧可恢复催化活性, 表现出良好的循环稳定性, 并能将不同取代基的芳香醇氧化为相应的醛, 是一种良好的醇氧化催化剂.     

钨过氧酸盐离子液体催化过氧化氢氧化苯甲醇制苯甲酸

用甲基三辛基氯化铵和钨酸钠一步法合成甲基三辛基季铵钨酸盐离子液体[(CH3)N(n-C8H17)3]2W2O11,以该离子液体为催化剂,在无反应溶剂条件下催化过氧化氢氧化苯甲醇生成苯甲酸。 考察了反应温度、催化剂用量以及氧化剂过氧化氢用量对苯甲酸产率的影响。 确定优化条件：反应温度70 ℃,苯甲醇用量5 mmol,催化剂用量是底物的0.4%(摩尔分数),30%过氧化氢用量2 mL,苯甲醇的转化率可达99%,苯甲酸选择性为98%。 该方法具有反应条件温和、产率高和选择性好的优点。     

Bimetallic Au-Pd NPs Embedded in MOF Ultrathin Nanosheets with Tuned Surface Electronic Properties for High-performance Benzyl Alcohol Oxidation

Bimetallic Au-Pd nanoparticles(NPs) with synergistic effect between Au and Pd atom have shown excellent catalytic activity toward benzyl alcohol oxidation. The catalytic activities of metal NPs supported within metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are affected by the electronic interactions between metal NPs and MOFs. Taking the advantages of ultrathin nanosheets, we confine the highly dispersed Au-Pd NPs within ultrathin nanosheets of MOF-Ni(NMOF-Ni) to fabricate Au_xPd_y@NMOF-Ni as catalysts. Under base-free and atmospheric pressure conditions, the as-prepared Au_xPd_y@NMOF-Ni catalysts exhibit superior activity and selectivity for benzyl alcohol oxidation. This work highlights the synergistic effects among different components in composite catalysts effectively improving the activity and offers a new way for designing efficient catalysts toward benzyl alcohol oxidation.     

The Role of Vanadia for the Selective Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol over Heteropolymolybdate Supported on Alumina

A series of 12-molybdophosphoric acid (MPA) supported on V2O5 dispersed γ-Al2O3 catalysts with different vanadia loadings were prepared by impregnation and characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption,X-ray diffraction,temperature-programmed reduction,in situ laser Raman spectroscopy,UV-Vis diffused reflectance spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy,and temperature-programmed desorption of NH3 techniques.Their catalytic activities were evaluated for the vapor phase aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol.The catalysts exhibited high catalytic activity and the conversion of benzyl alcohol depended on the vanadia content while the catalyst with 15 wt％ V2O5 content showed optimum activity.The characterization results suggest the presence of well-dispersed V2O5 and partially disintegrated Keggin ions of MPA on the support.In situ Raman studies showed a reduced Mo(IV) species when the catalysts were calcined at high temperatures.The high oxidation activity of the catalysts is related to the synergistic effect between MPA and V2O5.     

磷钼酸盐作为反应控制相转移催化剂催化氧化醇

以磷钼酸盐[C₇H₇N(CH₃)₃]₃{PO₄[MoO(O₂)₂]₄}为反应控制相转移催化剂, 用过氧化氢水溶液为氧化剂, 在液相选择性氧化醇制备醛的反应中, 发现该催化剂具有良好的催化活性. 在H₂O₂与醇的物质的量比为0.75的条件下, 产物中未检测到任何副产物, 基于H₂O₂的醇转化率最高达到95.2%. 反应结束时, 催化剂以沉淀的形式析出, 回收率不低于78%. 以苯甲醇的氧化为探针反应, 详细考察催化剂的反荷阳离子和溶剂种类对反应控制相转移现象和催化活性的影响. 结果表明, 选择 [C₇H₇N(CH₃)₃]^＋作为反荷阳离子和乙腈为溶剂, 体系出现了反应控制相转移催化的特征. 催化剂循环使用三次, 在保持较高回收率的同时其催化活性无明显降低, 说明该催化剂具有良好的稳定性.     

Fe2O3/CNT催化湿法H2O2氧化苯酚

通过化学沉积法和热处理得到多壁碳纳米管负载Fe2O3催化剂 Fe2O3/CNT, Fe2O3的负载质量分数约为15.1%,XRD表征显示,负载的Fe2O3存在α和γ这2种晶型。考察了Fe2O3/CNT催化湿式H2O2氧化去除废水中苯酚催化性能,通过苯酚的去除率及反应过程中催化剂活性组分的溶出总量,研究了催化剂制备过程中添加聚乙烯醇对催化剂性能的影响。在苯酚和H2O2初始浓度分别为350和1 500 mg/L、催化剂投加量为1.0 g/L、温度80 ℃条件下,经过240 min的反应,苯酚去除率达100％,COD去除率为86.1％。