硫代磷酸二乙酯类农药半抗原设计及抗体识别特性

通过分析硫代磷酸二乙酯类农药的结构特点, 设计并合成了系列半抗原; 采用活泼酯法将半抗原分别与牛血清蛋白(BSA)和卵清蛋白(OVA)偶联制备了系列免疫原和包被原; 通过免疫新西兰大白兔获得了相应抗硫代磷酸二乙酯类农药的类特异性抗体. 建立检测硫代磷酸二乙酯类农药的间接竞争酶联免疫分析(ELISA)方法, 分析探讨了免疫半抗原结构对抗体特性的影响, 并阐述了包被半抗原结构对ELISA灵敏度的影响规律. 结果表明, 手臂取代位置在苯环对位且手臂较短的免疫原具有较好的免疫效果, 同时异源包被可以显著提高ELISA方法的灵敏度. 由抗体PAb-H1和包被原H6-OVA建立的间接竞争ELISA方法可以同时检测7个广泛使用的有机磷农药, 其半抑制浓度(IC50)分别为蝇毒磷(0.013 mg/L)、对硫磷(0.348 mg/L)、喹硫磷(0.022 mg/L)、三唑磷(0.035 mg/L)、甲拌磷(0.751 mg/L)、除线磷(0.850 mg/L)及辛硫磷(1.301 mg/L), 最低检测限符合国内外相关有机磷药物最大允许残留限量标准(MRLS)的检测要求.     

生鲜牛乳中农药多残留分析方法研究

本文报道生鲜牛乳中不同类型农药的多残留同时快速检测方法。样品经乙腈、丙酮(1：1,V／V)混合溶剂提取,离心,C18固相萃取柱纯化、富集,采用毛细管气相色谱法,电子捕获检测器检测,进行定性、定量检测有机氯、有机磷和拟除虫菊酯等14种农药的残留量。本法的加标回收率为78．5％～104．6％(敌敌畏为63．2％);检出限为0．5～14．0μg／L;线性相关系数,r^2≥0．9922。     

蔬菜、水果中16种有机磷类农药多残留GC-MS分析

建立了蔬菜、水果中16种农药的气相色谱-离子阱质谱多残留检测方法。采用乙腈作为提取剂,经过Florisil柱净化,用ITQ700气相色谱-离子阱质谱联用仪进行分析。以保留时间和特征离子定性、峰面积定量,确定了16种有机磷农药的线性回归方程、相关系数及最低检出限。结果表明,16种有机磷农药线性关系良好。农药添加浓度为0.5μg/mL,回收率为70%～120%,相对标准偏差20%,最低检出限在0.0012～0.02μg/g之间,符合农药多残留检测要求。此方法具有良好的回收率、精确度和准确度,干扰少,可用于实际检测。     

对硫磷化学发光酶联免疫吸附分析方法的建立和评价

建立了基于多克隆抗体的对硫磷间接竞争化学发光酶联免疫吸附分析方法(icCLEIA)。以三氯硫磷为原料,经三步取代反应合成对硫磷半抗原,通过活泼酯法将半抗原分别与牛血清蛋白(BSA)和卵清蛋白(OVA)偶联,制备免疫抗原和包被抗原。经免疫新西兰大白兔,获得对硫磷抗血清。通过优化条件参数,建立了对硫磷的icCLEIA分析方法。本方法的检测线性范围为0.24～15.83!g/L;半抑制浓度IC50为1.14!g/L;检出限为0.09!g/L;对蔬菜样品和水样品的平均添加回收率为74.6%～121.0%。本方法可用于实际样品中痕量对硫磷残留检测。     

用于测量农药残留的小麦酯酶的选择

为研制探测农药残留的生物传感器，研究了农药乐果[O,O-二甲基S－（N－甲基胺基甲酰甲戎）二硫代磷酸酯]对各种小麦植物酯酶的抑制，从小麦中提取植物酶，以农药乐果为抑制剂，采用分光光度法研究了乐果对各种小麦酯酶活性的影响；研究显示，不同品种小麦酯酶对农药乐果的敏感度不同，在所研究的品种中，豫麦39和小麦周9对乐果较敏感，研究结果说明了选择小麦酶源的必要性。     

酶免疫分析技术在农药残留分析中的应用

介绍了水、土壤和食品中农药残留的酶免疫分析技术的原理、类型及方法的开发与应用。引用文献22篇。     

固相微萃取在有机磷农药残留分析中的应用

将固相微萃取与其它样品前处理技术进行比较，并对其在有机磷农药残留分析中的应用进行了综述，还就固相微萃取技术及其发展的一些最新动态进行介绍和展望。     

GC-MS法测定拟除虫菊酯类农药残留

介绍了蔬菜水果中8种拟除虫菊酯农药残留的快速检测方法。采用选择离子-气相色谱-质谱联用(SIM-GC-MS)方式,依据保留时间和特征离子丰度比对农药进行确证。此方法可以在13.50 min内快速检测拟除虫菊酯农药残留,并可同时定性和定量,用于蔬菜水果等多种作物的检验。回收率在75%~108%间,相对标准偏差<10%,检出限为0.000 90~0.008 4 mg.kg-1。     

有机磷农药半抗原设计及多特异性抗体识别机制研究

基于抗原-抗体特异性识别、可同时检测多个对象的多残留免疫分析技术因具有简便、低成本、高通量等特点成为研究热点。作者前期以二乙氧基硫代磷酸酯类有机磷农药为对象,通过设计一系列半抗原,制备了有机磷农药多特异性抗体,并借助分子模拟、光谱分析、基因工程技术等手段从构效关系、弱相互作用及空间识别模型等方面研究了抗体识别机制,建立"半抗原-赖氨酸偶联物"模型用于研究半抗原与载体蛋白偶联后的空间构象及静电势能变化;提出"抗体与有机磷农药的识别与其最低空轨道能量和油水分配系数呈线性相关"的理论基础.本文对课题组近年来在该领域取得的研究成果进行了归纳总结,期望对指导小分子化合物半抗原的设计、多残留免疫分析方法的建立等提供借鉴.     

呋喃唑酮代谢物单克隆抗体制备及酶联免疫吸附分析方法

本研究针对呋喃唑酮代谢物(AOZ),设计合成了系列半抗原,进一步通过偶联牛血清白蛋白(BSA)免疫Balb/c小鼠、细胞融合、筛选和亚克隆等过程成功获得了源于新颖半抗原H3的具有高亲和力(亲和力常数6.68× 1010L/mol)和高特异性(与其它功能类似物交叉反应小于0.1％)抗AOZ单克隆抗体.同时,基于设计合成的系列同/异源半抗原/包被抗原,考察了不同结构包被原对ELISA方法灵敏度的影响.另外,采用最佳的特征结构异源包被原H5 -OVA,建立了以对硝基苯甲醛(p-NP)为衍生剂的AOZ间接竞争ELISA(icELISA)和直接竞争ELISA(deELISA)检测方法.结果表明:icELISA模式的AOZ检测IC50为0.503 μg/L,定量检测线性范围(IC20～IG80)为0.06～14.0 μg/L,检出限(IC10)达0.017 μg/L; dcELISA模式的AOZ检测IC50为1.19 μg/L,定量检测线性范围为0.14～23.6 μg/L,检出限为0.056 μg/L.两种方法对AOZ的检测灵敏度和定量线性范围均达到相关检测限量要求,可满足不同需求的实际样品检测.     

噬菌体展示技术制备甲氧基有机磷农药抗独特型抗体

抗独特性抗体可用于建立针对农药等小分子物质的非竞争免疫检测模式.本研究将甲氧基有机磷农药通用半抗原(S-羧甲基-O,O-二甲基二硫代磷酸酯,CMP)连接至琼脂糖凝胶,进而对甲氧基有机磷农药广谱特异性抗体进行纯化;以纯化抗体为固相抗原,以人源scFv抗体库(Tomlinson I+J)为抗体源,进行抗独特型抗体的筛选;利...     

Synthesis of three haptens for the class-specific immunoassay of O,O-dimethyl organophosphorus pesticides and effect of hapten heterology on immunoassay sensitivity

A general and broad class-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for the O,O-dimethyl organophosphorus pesticides, including malathion, dimethoate, phenthoate, phosmet, methidathion, fenitrothion, methyl parathion and fenthion. Three haptens with different spacer-arms were synthesized. The haptens were conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) for immunogens and to ovalbumin (OVA) for coating antigens. Rabbits were immunized with the immunogens and six polyclonal antisera were produced and screened against each of the coating antigens using competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for selecting the proper antiserum. The effect of hapten heterology on immunoassay sensitivity was also studied. The antibody-antigen combination with the most selectivity for malathion was further optimized and tested for tolerance to co-solvent, pH and ionic strength changes. The IC₅₀ values, under optimum conditions, were estimated to be 30.1 μg L⁻¹for malathion, 28.9 μg L⁻¹ for dimethoate, 88.3 μg L⁻¹ for phenthoate, 159.7 μg L⁻¹ for phosmet, 191.7 μg L⁻¹ for methidathion, 324.0 μg L⁻¹ for fenitrothion, 483.9 μg L⁻¹ for methyl parathion, and 788.9 μg L⁻¹ for fenthion. Recoveries of malathion, dimethoate, phenthoate, phosmet and methidathion from fortified Chinese cabbage samples ranged between 77.1% and 104.7%. This assay can be used in monitoring studies for the multi-residue determination of O,O-dimethyl organophosphorus pesticides.     

醚型菊酯类农药通用抗原的合成及鉴定

以2-(4-乙氧基苯基)-2-甲基丙醇和氯乙酸钠为原料,合成了醚型菊酯类农药通用半抗原Hapten I,经1 H-NMR及13C-NMR鉴定后,分别与牛血清蛋白(BSA)和卵清白蛋白(OVA)偶联,制得免疫原和包被原,经紫外光谱分析法计算得其偶联比分别为14∶1和35∶1,说明人工抗原合成成功.免疫Balb/c小鼠制备多克隆抗体,效价达1.28×105,用半抗原经间接竞争ELISA检测人工抗原的免疫原性,IC50和IC10值分别为0.2653和0.0012 mg/L,证明人工抗原具有较好的免疫原性.交叉反应表明此多克隆抗体具有良好的特异性.     

二乙氧基硫代磷酸酯类有机磷农药单链抗体的制备及广谱特异性

从分泌抗二乙氧基硫代磷酸酯类有机磷农药(DPPs)单克隆抗体(MAb)的杂交瘤细胞系(12C2)中提取了总RNA, 经RT-PCR反转录成cDNA, 设计带linker引物, 采用重叠延伸PCR制备单链抗体(scFv)基因, 将其克隆到噬菌体载体p3MH中, 构建成噬菌体单链抗体表达载体, 转化大肠杆菌表达出噬菌体表面展示scFv, 对经过Phage-ELISA鉴定的阳性克隆进行噬菌体外壳蛋白基因geneⅢ的去除, 用IPTG诱导其可溶性表达, 对表达产物进行SDS-PAGE, Western-Blot及ELISA鉴定, 并与亲本MAb进行性能对比. 结果表明, 可溶性表达的scFv分子量为27000; scFv与DPPs的交叉反应率比其亲本MAb提高了1.3~3.5倍, 表明其广谱特异性有所提高. 由于scFv与MAb相比具有诸多优点, 因此本研究为有机磷农药多残留检测方法的建立提供了一种更广谱、 更灵敏的新型识别分子.     

一种有机磷农药的新型光学分子探针

本文设计合成了四核环金属化钯-偶氮配合物(MOP)作为有机磷农药的分辨性光学分子探针, 应用于硫磷类农药组分的分辨性光谱识别.     

Synthesis of haptens of organophosphorus pesticides and development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for parathion-methyl

A simple synthetic method for haptens of organophosphorus (OP) pesticides with a spacer arm (aminocarboxylic acid) attached at the pesticide thiophosphate group was developed. While the previous synthetic approach for this type of haptens requires seven steps, the present method involves only two steps. Using this method, four haptens of the OP insecticide parathion-methyl were synthesized. Rabbits were immunized with either one of the two haptens coupled to bovine serum albumin for production of polyclonal antibodies. Using the serum with the highest specificity, an antigen-coated ELISA was developed, which showed an IC₅₀ of 6.4 ng/ml with a detection limit of 0.2 ng/ml. An antibody-coated ELISA using an enzyme tracer was also developed, which showed an IC₅₀ of 3.5 ng/ml with a detection limit of 0.3 ng/ml. The antibodies showed negligible cross-reactivity with other OP pesticides tested except with the insecticides parathion and paraoxon only in the antigen-coated ELISA.     

Production and characterization of a broad-specificity polyclonal antibody for O,O-diethyl organophosphorus pesticides and a quantitative structure-activity relationship study of antibody recognition

Polyclonal antibody (PAb) with broad-specificity for O,O-diethyl organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) against a generic hapten, 4-(diethoxyphosphorothioyloxy)benzoic acid, was produced. The obtained PAb showed high sensitivity to seven commonly used O,O-diethyl OPs in a competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ciELISA) using a heterologous coating antigen, 4-(3-(diethoxyphosphorothioyloxy)phenylamino)-4-oxobutanoic acid. The 50% inhibition value (IC₅₀) was 348 ng mL⁻¹ for parathion, 13 ng mL⁻¹ for coumaphos, 22 ng mL⁻¹ for quinalphos, 35 ng mL⁻¹ for triazophos, 751 ng mL⁻¹ for phorate, 850 ng mL⁻¹ for dichlofenthion, and 1301 ng mL⁻¹ for phoxim. The limit of detection (LOD) met the ideal detection criteria of all the seven OP residues. A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was constructed to study the mechanism of antibody recognition using multiple linear regression analysis. The results indicated that the frontier-orbital energies (energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital, E_HOMO, and energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, E_LUMO) and hydrophobicity (log of the octanol/water partition coefficient, log P) were mainly responsible for the antibody recognition. The linear equation was log(IC₅₀) = −63.274E_HOMO + 15.985E_LUMO + 0.556 log P − 25.015, with a determination coefficient (r²) of 0.908.     

键合固定相气相色谱法分离测定蔬菜中有机磷农药的残留量

本文采用ＰＥＧ－２０Ｍ键合固定相色谱柱气相色谱法分离测定蔬菜中十种有机磷农药的残留量。对色谱分析条件,标准工作曲线,回收率等进行试验,结果表明方法简单,快速,灵敏度高,线性关系良好,能同时测定多种有机磷农药残留量。     

Developments in the Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides

Abstract

In this paper, a review is given of some recent developments in organophosphorus pesticides residue methodology. Enrichment on XAD-resins or C₁₈ bonded phases, clean-up by gel permeation and determination by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with specific detectors can be considered as the major fields of development in the past years.

Despite of the progress made, there is still a further need for procedures which reduce handling time, e.g. by automation, and/or increase specificity of the HPLC determination in matrices of practical interest, such as food, animal and human tissues and environmental samples.