Adsorption of CO on oxygen preadsorbed neutral and charged gas phase Pd4 clusters: A density functional study

We present the results of a density functional calculation on adsorption of O₂, CO, and their coadsorption at various sites of neutral, cationic, and anionic Pd₄ clusters. For all the clusters, the dissociative adsorption of oxygen sitting on Pd bridge sites is found to be preferable. Both O₂ and CO binding energies are found to be higher for the anionic Pd₄ cluster followed by cationic and neutral cluster. However, binding energies of O₂ or CO in the coadsorption complexes follow the trend: anionic > neutral > cationic. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010     

Density functional theory study of p‐chloroaniline adsorption on Pd surfaces and clusters

The adsorption mode of aromatic molecules on transition metal surfaces plays a key role in their catalytic transformation. In this study, by means of density functional theory calculations, we systematically investigate the adsorption of p‐chloroaniline on a series of Pd surfaces, including stepped surfaces, flat surfaces, and clusters. The adsorption energies of p‐chloroaniline on these substrates [Pd(221), Pd(211), Pd(111), Pd(100), Pd₁₃‐icosahedral, Pd₁₃‐cubo‐octahedron, Pd₅₅] are ?1.90, ?2.13, ?1.70, ?2.11, ?2.53, ?2.65, ?2.23 eV, respectively. Benzene ring is adsorpted on catalyst rather than amine group in p‐chloroaniline molecular. A very good linear relationship is further found between the adsorption energies of p‐chloroaniline and the d‐band center of both Pd surfaces and clusters. The lower of d‐band center of Pd models, the stronger adsorption of p‐chloroaniline on catalysts. In addition, the frontier molecular orbital and density of states analysis explain the adsorption energy sequence: cluster Pd₁₃ > stepped Pd(221) surface > flat Pd(111) surface. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The H and H2 interaction with Pd3Cu,Pd4, and Cu4 fcc (111) clusters: A DFT comparative study

A comparative study of adsorption of H atoms and H₂ molecules on Pd₃Cu, Cu₄, and Pd₄ clusters has been performed through density functional calculations, using the hybrid B3LYP exchange‐correlation functional as implemented in the Gaussian98 program. For Pd atoms the relativistic small‐core effective core potential LANL and LANL2DZ basis set was used and for hydrogen a 6‐31G** basis set was used. The main emphasis is set in the reaction behavior of the different clusters with hydrogen atoms and molecules. We find that full geometry optimization does not appreciably change the metal cluster geometry either for certain reaction modes or the H and H₂ capture parameters, but increases the number of reactive sites of the metal clusters. Also, we found that there is charge transfer competition between H and Cu atoms, which drastically diminishes H₂ adsorption energy, related to the Pd cluster observed value. Edges and threefold sites are the principal hydrogen adsorption sites. Hydrogen has a great mobility over the metal clusters for different minima, especially when Cu is present; many initial pathways end in the same adsorption site. The observed hydrogen adsorption and binding energies are well reproduced by the calculations. Also, the adsorption mechanisms were determined. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005     

Ab initio molecular orbital theory study of GaAs clusters: The geometry

We have studied the structure and geometry of neutral and charged atomic clusters consisting of Ga and As atoms via ab initio Hartree–Fock (HF) and second‐order Møller–Plesset methods. The Ga_mAs_n cluster with m≠n composition prefers a nontetrahedral geometry in the charge neutral (q=0) state. These clusters tend to be stable in tetrahedral geometry when appropriately charged. The Ga_mAs_n cluster with m=n composition (1:1 ratio of Ga to As atoms) tends to be stable in a tetrahedral geometry in the charge neutral (q=0) state. With increasing size of the cluster, the geometry of Ga_nAs_n cluster approaches the zinc‐belende‐type crystalline structure. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 77: 563–573, 2000     

Pd6簇与H2分子相互作用的密度泛函理论研究

通过相对论有效核势密度泛函理论计算,优化了Pd6(H)2和Pd6(H)4等簇的平衡几何结构,预测了氢分子在Pd6簇表面上的吸附行为与活化解离性质.计算结果表明,单态的Pd6簇可以活化两个氢分子;第一个H2和第二个H2吸附解离过程速率决定步骤的能垒分别是66.4和24.5kJ/mol、在形成的分子氢配合物Pd6(H2)和Pd（H)2H2中,H2主要作为给电子配体.在最稳定的二氢簇合物Pd6(H)2中,H倾向与3个Pd相互作用,形成面位氢的多核成键吸附方式.     

Density functional study of AgnPd and AgnPdH clusters

Small Ag_nPd (n = 5) clusters and their hydrides Ag_nPdH (n = 5) have been studied by density functional theory calculations. For bare clusters, the structures in which the Pd atom has a maximum number of neighboring Ag atoms tend to be energetically favorable. Hydrogen prefers binding to Ag? Pd bridge site of Ag_nPd clusters except for Ag₅Pd. The binding energy has a strong odd–even oscillation. The electron transfers are from Ag atoms to Pd in bare clusters and are from metal clusters to H in cluster hydrides. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011     

Ab initio investigation of water clusters (H2O)n (n = 2–34)

Various properties of typical structures of water clusters in the n = 2–34 size regime with the change of cluster size have been systematically explored. Full optimizations are carried out for the structures presented in this article at the Hartree–Fock (HF) level using the 6‐31G(d) basis set by taking into account the positions of all atoms within the cluster. The influence of the HF level on the results has been reflected by the comparison between the binding energies of (H₂O)_n (n = 2–6, 8, 11, 13, 20) calculated at the HF level and those obtained from high‐level ab initio calculations at the second‐order Møller–Plesset (MP2) perturbation theory and the coupled cluster method including singles and doubles with perturbative triples (CCSD(T)) levels. HF is inaccurate when compared with MP2 and CCSD(T), but it is more practical and allows us to study larger systems. The computed properties characterizing water clusters (H₂O)_n (n = 2–34) include optimal structures, structural parameters, binding energies, hydrogen bonds, charge distributions, dipole moments, and so on. When the cluster size increases, trends of the above various properties have been presented to provide important reference for understanding and describing the nature of the hydrogen bond. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010     

Theoretical study of NO adsorption/dissociation on Pd (100) and (111) surfaces

Both adsorption and dissociation of the diatomic molecular NO on Pd (100) and (111) surfaces are studied using the extended London‐Eyring‐Polyani‐Sato (LEPS) method constructed by means of 5‐MP (the 5‐parameter Morse potential). All critical characteristics of the system that we obtain, such as adsorption geometry, binding energy, eigenvalues for vibration, are in good agreement with the experimental results. On Pd (100) surface, NO prefers to adsorb in fourfold hollow site (H) uprightly at low coverage. With increase in the coverage NO gradually tilts in fourfold hollow and bridge sites. For NO? Pd (111) system, two adsorption states are found at low coverage, of which one adsorption state is the B(tilt) state that the centroid of NO projects at bridge site, another (H? B? H state) that NO almost parallels to the (111) surface with the vibration frequency of 610 cm^?1, but the frequency is near to that of the atoms, which is easy to be ignored in experiments. At high coverage, two transitional states (BH and HT) are found. NO is difficult to dissociate on Pd (100) and (111) surfaces. Especially for NO? Pd (111) system, the three‐well‐potential dissociation mode is initially put forward to show the remarkable dissociation process with two dissociation transitional states of NO on Pd (111). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

负载Pd催化剂的表面碱性和NO吸附关系

催化消除汽车尾气中氮氧化物（ＮＯｘ）物种在大气环境保护方面有着重要意义．随着环保法规的越来越严格,研制活性更高,稳定性更好的 ＮＯｘ催化剂势在必行．贵金属 Ｐｔ、Ｐｄ、Ｒｈ三效催化剂（ＴＷＣ）能够同时去除 ＮＯｘｓ、ＣＯ、ＨｘＣｙ三种污染物,生产工艺比较成熟．其中Ｒｈ是公认的促使ＮＯｘ还原为Ｎ２的最有效组分,但Ｒｈ的价格较高且资源贫乏,限制了其实际应用．所以人们一直尝试采用一种廉价的替代品．单Ｐｄ的三效催化剂,由于其相对低廉的价格,较好的耐高温性能,有可能是合适的选择［１－２］．此外,以ＮＨ３为还…     

Ab initio studies on the polarizability of lithium clusters: Some unusual results

The polarizability of lithium clusters was studied using ab initio as well as Density Functional Theory (DFT)‐based methods. The electron correlation was found not to play any major role in the evaluation of polarizability of the lithium clusters, contrary to the case of sodium and other types of clusters. The theoretical methods used in the present study are not able to reproduce the unusual features in the size evolution of the polarizability observed experimentally. An interesting feature is that the polarizability of lithium clusters calculated by various methods at 0K temperature is found to be higher than the experimental results measured at higher temperature, which is quite unusual. The significance of these issues is highlighted and the need of highly accurate DFT exchange‐correlation functionals and ab initio methods in the study of the electronic properties of lithium clusters is emphasized. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005     

Ab initio study of the mechanism of the atmospheric reaction: NO2 + O3 --> NO3 + O2

The atmospheric reaction NO2 + O3 --> NO3 + O2 (1) has been investigated theoretically by using the MP2, G2, G2Q, QCISD, QCISD(T), CCSD(T), CASSCF, and CASPT2 methods with various basis sets. The results show that the reaction pathway can be divided in two different parts at the MP2 level of theory. At this level, the mechanism proceeds along two transition states (TS1 and TS2) separated by an intermediate, designated as A. However, when the single-reference higher correlated QCISD methodology has been employed, the minimum A and the transition state TS2 are not found on the hypersurface of potential energy, which confirms a direct reaction mechanism. Single-reference high correlated and multiconfigurational methods consistently predict the barrier height of reaction (1) to be within the range 2.5-6.1 kcal mol(-1), in reasonable agreement with experimental data. The calculated reaction enthalpy is -24.6 kcal mol(-1) and the reaction rate calculated at the highest CASPT2 level, of k = 6.9 x 10(-18) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). Both results can be regarded also as accurate predictions of the methodology employed in this article.     

Theoretical study on the interaction of neutral and charged Tin (n = 1–7) clusters with one oxygen molecule

The interactions between the neutral and charged (?2, ?1, +1, and +2) Ti_n (n = 1–7) clusters and one O₂ molecule were investigated by density functional theory. The calculated results show that the oxygen molecule is dissociative on the neutral Ti_n clusters. Geometrically, the two O atoms are distributed at the two sides across the neutral Ti_n cluster for n = 1–4 and the oxygen atom favors the three‐fold hollow site for n = 5, 6, and 7. The binding energy per atom (E_b) and energy gap (E_gap) show higher stability and lower chemical activity of the neutral Ti_nO₂ (n = 1–7) systems compared with the corresponding Ti_n clusters. The adsorption energies (E_ad) exhibit a continuously ascending tendency except for n = 4. The results of the addition of different charges (?2, ?1, +1, and +2) on the most stable neutral Ti_nO₂ (n = 1–7) systems indicate that their geometries are usually perturbed. The stabilities of the neutral Ti_nO₂ systems are enhanced by adding one negative charge. The strongest interaction of the charged Ti_n clusters (?2, ?1, +1, and +2) with O₂ molecule is found at charge +2. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011     

Tautomerism and isomerism of guanine–cytosine DNA base pair: Ab initio and density functional theory approaches

The relative stabilities of guanine–cytosine (G–C) DNA base pairs are theoretically investigated with a focus on the keto–enol tautomerism as well as on the cis–trans enol isomerism by using both ab initio method and the density functional theory. The G–C pairs of the keto tautomers turn out to be in general more stable than those of the enol tautomers, 9H-guanine pair, 9KK (see the notation below), being the most stable one. The stability of the G–C pairs appears to be affected by various factors including the keto–enol tautomerization, cis–trans enol isomerization, and the steric hindrance between two tautomeric pairs. Although the B3LYP calculations tend to underestimate the binding energies, in addition, it is shown that the binding energy of G–C pairs interacting through hydrogen bonds can be reasonably calculated with the DFT method, contrary to the base pairs with stacked configurations.     

Density functional study of structural and electronic properties of AlnN (1 ≤ n ≤ 12) clusters

Low‐lying equilibrium geometric structures of Al_nN (n = 1–12) clusters obtained by an all‐electron linear combination of atomic orbital approach, within spin‐polarized density functional theory, are reported. The binding energy, dissociation energy, and stability of these clusters are studied within the local spin density approximation (LSDA) and the three‐parameter hybrid generalized gradient approximation (GGA) due to Becke–Lee–Yang–Parr (B3LYP). Ionization potentials, electron affinities, hardness, and static dipole polarizabilities are calculated for the ground‐state structures within the GGA. It is observed that symmetric structures with the nitrogen atom occupying the internal position are lowest‐energy geometries. Generalized gradient approximation extends bond lengths as compared with the LSDA lengths. The odd–even oscillations in the dissociation energy, the second differences in energy, the highest occupied molecular orbital–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO–LUMO) gaps, the ionization potential, the electron affinity, and the hardness are more pronounced within the GGA. The stability analysis based on the energies clearly shows the Al₇N cluster to be endowed with special stability. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006     

Reactivity of molecular oxygen with aluminum clusters: Density functional and Ab Initio molecular dynamics simulation study

Dissociative adsorption of molecular oxygen (O₂) on aluminum (Al) clusters has attracted much interest in the field of surface science and catalysis, but theoretical predictions of the reactivity of this reaction in terms of barrier height is still challenging. In this regard, we systematically investigate the reactivity of O₂ with Al clusters using density functional theory (DFT) and atom‐centered density matrix propagation (ADMP) simulations. We also calculate potential energy surfaces (PESs) of the reaction between O₂ and Al clusters to estimate the barrier energy of this reaction. The M06‐2X functional gives the barrier energy in agreement with the one calculated by coupled cluster singles and doubles with perturbed triples (CCSD(T)) while the TPSSh functional significantly underestimates the barrier height. The ADMP simulation using the M06‐2X functional predicts the reactivity of O₂ with the Al cluster in agreement with the experimental findings, that is, singlet O₂ readily reacts with Al clusters but triplet O₂ is less reactive. We found that the ability of a DFT functional to describe the charge transfer appropriately is critical for calculating the barrier energy and the reactivity of the reaction of O₂ with Al clusters. The M06‐2X functional is relevant for investigating chemical reactions involving Al and O₂. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Significant nonlinear‐optical switching capacity in atomic clusters built from silicon and lithium: A combined ab initio and density functional study

Starting from a hypothetical but fundamental charge/discharge sequence, the topic of nonlinear optical switching in atomic clusters built from silicon and alkali metals is opened up. The outcomes presented in this work, obtained with ab initio methods of exceptional predictive capabilities, offer strong evidences that sizable hyperpolarizability contrasts between neutral and charged alkali metal doped cluster forms might be simultaneously accomplished. The observed switching procedure involves redox polyatomic clusters formed by Si atoms. These centers function as electron acceptors at the ground state and as electron donors at the excited states facilitating low energy charge transfer transitions upon electronic excitation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Electronic and magnetic properties of small RhnCa (n = 1–9) clusters: A DFT study

The equilibrium geometries, relative stabilities, electronic and magnetic properties of small Rh_nCa (n = 1–9) clusters have been investigated by DFT calculations. The obtained results show that the three‐dimensional geometries are adopted for the lowest‐energy Rh_nCa clusters, and the doped Ca atom prefers locating on the surface of the cluster. Based on the analysis of the second‐order difference of energies, fragmentation energies and the HOMO‐LUMO energy gaps, we identify that the Rh₄Ca, Rh₆Ca, and Rh₈Ca clusters are relatively more stable than their neighboring clusters, and the doping of Ca enhances the chemical reactivity of the pure Rh_n clusters, suggesting that the Rh_nCa clusters can be used as nanocatalysts in many catalytic reactions. The magnetic moment for these clusters is mostly localized on the Rh atoms, and the doping Ca atom has no effect on the total magnetic moment of Rh_nCa clusters. The partial density of states, VIP, VEA, and η of these clusters in their ground‐state structures were also calculated and discussed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Ab initio and density functional study of substituent effects in halogenated cations of alkenes

A theoretical study of the halogenated cations of mono-, di-, tri- and tetramethyl-substituted ethylenes, C₃H₆X⁺, C₄H₈X⁺, C₅H₁₀X⁺ and C₆H₁₂X⁺, X=F, Cl, Br, have been studied at the ab initio MP2 and density functional B3LYP levels of theory implementing 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The potential energy surfaces of all molecules under investigation have been scanned and the ¹³C and ¹H NMR chemical shifts for all the bridged halonium ions studied have been calculated using the GIAO method at the B3LYP level. The calculated halogen binding energies in the halonium ions have been correlated with the experimental rates of chlorination and bromination of the corresponding alkenes. The computed hydride affinities and the NICS values for the bridged cations show that the bromo cations are more stable than the analogous chloro and fluoro cations.