The Baylis–Hillman Adducts as Valuable Source for One‐Pot Multi‐Step Synthesis: A Facile Synthesis of Substituted Piperidin‐2‐ones

A facile, convenient, and one‐pot multi‐step synthesis of substituted piperidin‐2‐ones from the Baylis–Hillman alcohols derived from various aldehydes and acrylonitrile, involving Johnson–Claisen rearrangement, reduction of an α,β‐unsaturated nitrile moiety into the saturated amine‐skeleton, followed by cyclization, in an operationally simple procedure, is described.     

Novel Organocatalytic Activation of Unmodified Morita–Baylis–Hillman Alcohols for the Synthesis of Bicyclic α‐Alkylidene‐Ketones

The organocatalytic activation of Morita–Baylis–Hillman alcohols via H‐bonding‐iminium‐ion formation is demonstrated for the first time. This activation strategy enables the Morita‐Baylis–Hillman alcohols to undergo a formal S_N2′ reaction. In combination with the well‐established enamine reactivity, this creates a new reactivity pattern. The application of this new activation mode for the synthesis of bicyclic α‐alkylidene‐ketones is demonstrated. The developed reaction sequence proceeds efficiently affording nature‐inspired target products with four contiguous stereogenic centers in a highly stereoselective manner.     

A Mild and Efficient Method for Chlorination of Baylis–Hillman Adducts Using PPh3/Cl3CCONH2

A new and convenient stereoselective synthesis of (Z)‐2‐(chloromethyl)alk‐2‐enoates has been achieved from Baylis–Hillman adducts by treatment with PPh₃/Cl₃CCONH₂ at room temperature. The synthesis can proceed under mild and acid‐free conditions to form the products in high yields.     

Organocatalytic One‐Pot Synthesis of Highly Substituted Pyridazines from Morita–Baylis–Hillman Carbonates and Diazo Compounds

A biologically inspired organocatalytic one‐pot synthesis of highly functionalized pyridazines, which are ubiquitous structural units in a number of biologically active compounds, has been developed by starting from readily available diazo compounds and Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) carbonates. Under mild reaction conditions, this synthetic route tolerated significant substrate variation to deliver a broad range of substituted products, including CF₃‐substituted pyridazines derivatives. Moreover, the introduction of trifluoromethyl groups into the ring of pyridazine could be completed conveniently from 2,2,2‐trifluorodiazoethane.     

从Baylis-Hillman加成物合成1，2，3，4-四氢苯并萘啶-2-酮衍生物

本文介绍了（2）通过还原、两次环化的一锅串联反应制备了一系列1,2,3,4-四氢苯并萘啶-2-酮衍生物,反应条件温和,环境友好,产品易于分离,反应收率中等。起始原料可由Baylis－Hillman加成物通过Johnson-Claisen重排制备。     

Direct Umpolung Morita–Baylis–Hillman like α‐Functionalization of Enones via Enolonium Species

Herein we report on the umpolung of Morita–Baylis–Hillman type intermediates and application to the α‐functionalization of enone C?H bonds. This reaction gives direct access to α‐chloro‐enones, 1,2‐diketones and α‐tosyloxy‐enones. The latter are important intermediates for cross‐coupling reaction and, to the best of our knowledge, cannot be made in a single step from enones in any other way. The proposed mechanism is supported by spectroscopic studies. The key initial step involves conjugate attack of an amine (DABCO or pyridine), likely assisted by hypervalent iodine acting as a Lewis acid leading to formation of an electrophilic β‐ammonium‐enolonium species. Nucleophilic attack by acetate, tosylate, or chloride anion is followed by base induced elimination of the ammonium species to give the noted products. Hydrolysis of α‐acetoxy‐enones lead to formation of 1,2‐diketones. The α‐tosyl‐enones participate in Negishi coupling reactions under standard conditions.     

Enantioselective Synthesis of β‐Iodo Morita–Baylis–Hillman Esters by a Catalytic Asymmetric Three‐Component Coupling Reaction

A catalytic route toward chiral Morita–Baylis–Hillman esters by asymmetric coupling between α,β‐acetylenic esters, aldehydes, and trimethylsilyl iodide has been developed (see scheme). The reaction proceeds with high to excellent enantioselectivities, and the products can be transformed into β‐branched derivatives in a single step and with excellent retention of configuration. TMS=trimethylsilyl

     

An efficient synthesis of 3-arylmethyl-7,8-dihydro-6H-chromene-2,5-diones from Baylis–Hillman adduct acetates under solvent-free conditions

A simple, efficient synthesis of 3-arylmethyl-7,8-dihydro-6H-chromene-2,5-dione 4 from Baylis–Hillman adduct acetates derived from aromatic aldehydes and cyclohexane-1,3-diones under solvent-free conditions is described. Interestingly, when Baylis–Hillman adducts derived from aliphatic aldehydes were tested under the similar conditions, the unexpected stereoisomers 5 and 6 were obtained in moderate yields. A plausible mechanism for the formation of 4–6 is proposed.     

Dual Organocatalysis: Asymmetric Allylic–Allylic Alkylation of α,α‐Dicyanoalkenes and Morita–Baylis–Hillman Carbonates

The first highly enantioselective allylic–allylic alkylation of α,α‐dicyanoalkenes and Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonates by dual catalysis of (DHQD)₂AQN and (S)‐BINOL has been investigated. Excellent stereoselectivities have been achieved for a broad spectrum of substrates (d.r. > 99:1, up to 99 % ee). The multifunctional allylic products could be efficiently converted to a range of complex chiral cyclic frameworks. EWG=electron‐withdrawing group, (DHQD)₂AQN=hydroquinidine (anthraquinone‐1,4‐diyl) diether, (S)‐BINOL =(S)‐(?)‐1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol.

     

Facile Synthesis of Substituted Ethyl 2‐(Chloromethyl)‐2‐hydroxy‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐3‐carboxylates

Ethyl 2‐(chloromethyl)‐2‐hydroxy‐2H‐chromene‐3‐carboxylates 2a – 2j have been synthesized by reaction of substituted salicylaldehydes with ethyl 4‐chloro‐3‐oxobutanoate, in the presence of piperidine in CH₂Cl₂ at room temperature, in good yields.     

Asymmetric Baylis–Hillman Reactions Promoted by Chiral Imidazolines

The coupling of electrophiles with activated alkenes by using tertiary amines or phosphines is generally known as the Baylis–Hillman reaction. It is a useful and atom‐economical carbon–carbon bond‐forming reaction that generates multifunctionalized products. This reaction is notoriously slow; yields are often low and substrate‐dependent. The asymmetric reaction is still limited especially for unactivated olefins such as acrylates. Imidazolines have been developed as ligands in metal‐catalyzed reactions and have also been used as privileged structures in diversity‐oriented synthesis. A series of novel chiral imidazolines were prepared and used to develop asymmetric Baylis–Hillman reactions. These imidazolines promote the reactions of various aromatic aldehydes with unactivated acrylates. Enantiomeric excesses of up to 60 % and high yields were obtained by using stoichiometric amounts of the promoter. Furthermore, the imidazolines are also suitable promoters for the reactions between aromatic aldehydes and alkyl vinyl ketones. Enantiomeric excesses of up to 78 % and high yields were obtained with 50 mol % of an imidazoline with a chiral methylnaphthyl group. These chiral imidazolines are easily prepared from commercially available amino alcohols and can be easily recovered for reuse without loss of product enantioselectivity.     

DFT study on the role of methanol solvent in Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction

B3LYP/6‐311++G** calculations have been carried out to study the role of methanol solvent in the trimethylamine‐catalyzed Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman reaction between acraldehyde and formaldehyde with CPCM solvent method and supramolecular model with one explicit CH₃OH solvent molecule, respectively. The optimized geometries and energies of the reactant complexes, intermediates, transition states, and products of the two reaction channels (corresponding to the scenarios of syn‐ and anti‐acraldehyde, respectively) were obtained, and the relative energy profiles were completed. The results reveal that CH₃OH solvent molecules can stabilize the zwitterionic intermediates and largely reduce the barrier of H transfer process by taking part in the formation of the transition state in this process. C? C bond formation step is the rate‐determining step of the whole reaction cycle. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009     

Density Functional Study of Proline‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Baylis–Hillman Reactions

A rationalization of stereoselectivity : The mechanisms of proline‐catalyzed and imidazole‐co‐catalyzed intramolecular Baylis–Hillman reactions have been studied by using density functional theory methods. The computational data has allowed us to rationalize the experimental outcome, validating some of the mechanistic steps proposed in the literature, as well as to propose new ones that considerably change and improve our understanding of the full reaction path (see scheme).

     

Use of MEKC for the analysis of reactant and product of Baylis–Hillman reaction

A facile, fast and high efficiency micellar EKC has been explored for the analysis and UV detection of p‐nitrobenzaldehyde and 2‐[hydroxy(4‐nitrophenyl)methyl]‐2‐cyclopenten‐1‐one with a buffer electrolyte of 30.0 mM tetraborate and 50.0 mM sodium taurodeoxycholate at pH 9.3. Under the optimal conditions, a linear range from 7.8×10^–2 to 5.0×10² mM for those analytes (r² > 0.99) was achieved. The LOD was 3.9 μM for 2‐[hydroxy(4‐nitrophenyl)methyl]‐2‐cyclopenten‐1‐one and 7.8 μM for p‐nitrobenzaldehyde, respectively (S/N = 3). The applicability of this new method for the analysis of reactants (p‐nitrobenzaldehyde and cyclopent‐2‐enone), catalysts (imidazole or N‐methyl imidazole or 1‐benzyl‐imidazole) and product (2‐[hydroxy(4‐nitrophenyl)methyl]‐2‐cyclopenten‐1‐one) on offline Baylis–Hillman reaction was examined. The relationship between the reaction time and the amount of product has been studied. Meanwhile, three different kinds of catalysts were investigated for getting the desired moderate to good amount products. It was found that comparing with N‐methyl imidazole or 1‐benzyl‐imidazole catalyst, imidazole‐catalyzed reaction could produce more products within the same reaction time. Furthermore, the results indicated that the rate law for the investigated Baylis–Hillman reaction was second‐order reaction. The rate constant for the reaction is 1.34 (±0.01)×10^–3 mol^–1 m³/s.     

Synthetic Applications of the Baylis–Hillman Reaction: Simple and Convenient Synthesis of Five Important Insect Pheromones

A simple and convenient synthesis of five important insect pheromones by means of Baylis–Hillman adducts is described, i.e., of (2E,4S)‐2,4‐dimethylhex‐2‐enoic acid ( 1 ), a mandibular‐gland secretion of the male carpenter ant in the genus Camponotus, of (+)‐(S)‐manicone ( 2 ) and (+)‐(S)‐normanicone ( 3 ), two mandibular‐gland constituents of Manica ants, and of (+)‐dominicalure‐I ( 6 ) and (+)‐dominicalure‐II ( 7 ), two aggregation pheromones of the lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica (F). For the first time, the potential of the Baylis–Hillman chemistry for the stereoselective synthesis of trisubstituted olefins was successfully applied to the synthesis of these pheromone compounds.