甲烷氧化偶联W-Mn/SiO2催化剂上O2-脉冲频率效应(PFE)的研究

采用频率脉冲反应方法,以Mn-Na2WO4/S iO2催化剂上甲烷氧化偶联为探针反应,通过实时、原位的四极质谱检测手段,研究氧物种对甲烷C-H键选择性活化的微观历程.首次发现了Mn-Na2WO4/S iO2催化剂上O2-脉冲频率效应,即脉冲反应产物量随氧脉冲注入频率的增加而增加.研究结果表明,在反应条件下,Mn-Na2WO4/S iO2催化剂上有两种活化甲烷的氧物种同时存在,它们活化甲烷的方式不同。     

表面氧浓度对负载型金属催化剂活化甲烷反应性能的影响

 利用脉冲－质谱在线分析技术考察了无气相氧条件下负载型金属催化剂上脉冲CH4的反应结果表明，对于Rh／SiO2催化剂，不管是氧化态还是还原态，除第1次脉冲生成较多的CO2外，从第2次脉冲开始，只有CO生成；对于Ru／SiO2催化剂，无论是氧化态还是还原态，每次脉冲均有一定量的CO2生成．这可能是由于Rh和Ru两种金属对氧的亲合力不同所致．甲烷在负载型催化剂表面的活化以及产物的选择性主要受催化剂表面活性氧物种覆盖度的影响．     

Rh／SiO2催化剂上甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应

 利用程序升温脱附、程序升温还原、程序升温表面反应、程序升温反应和化学捕获反应等手段，对Rh／SiO2催化剂上甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应进行了研究．结果表明，Rh／SiO2催化剂上甲烷部分氧化制合成气机理属于热解－氧化反应机理．甲烷首先在催化剂上发生解离吸附，产生具有不同H／C比的化学吸附物种CHx（x＝1～3）．其中，具有较高H／C比的CHx可能是甲烷部分氧化反应的活性物种，而具有较低H／C比的CHx可能是催化剂上积碳并导致催化剂失活的来源．活性物种CHx在活性氧物种的作用下，生成含氧中间体物种CHxO或继续脱氢．含氧中间体物种进一步分解，即生成CO和H2；CO2也可由CHx或CHxO物种进一步氧 化生成．     

钙钛矿型La0.8Sr0.2FeO3中的晶格氧用于甲烷选择氧化制取合成气

 用自燃烧法制备了钙钛矿型La0．8Sr0．2FeO3催化剂．用H2－TPR考察了催化剂表面的氧消耗过程，用程序升温表面反应（TPSR）研究了甲烷与催化剂表面氧物种的反应，用在线质谱脉冲反应和甲烷／氧切换反应研究了催化剂的晶格氧选择氧化甲烷制合成气．结果表明，催化剂上存在两种氧物种，无气相氧存在时，强氧化性氧物种首先将甲烷氧化为CO2和H2O；而后提供的氧化性较弱的晶格氧具有良好的甲烷部分氧化选择性，可将甲烷氧化为合成气CO和H2（选择性可达95％以上）．在900℃下的CH4／O2切换反应结果表明，甲烷能与La0．8Sr0．2FeO3中的晶格氧反应选择性地生成CO和H2，失去晶格氧的La0．8－Sr0．2FeO3能与气相氧反应恢复其晶格氧．在合适的反应条件下，用La0．8Sr0．2FeO3催化剂的晶格氧代替分子氧按Redox模式实现甲烷选择氧化制合成气是可能的．     

甲烷与二氧化碳在Na2WO4—Mn／SiO2催化剂上反应制C2烃及其反应机理的 …

考察了Ｎａ２ＷＯ４－Ｍｎ／ＳｉＯ２催化剂上甲烷与二氧化碳反应制Ｃ２烃及其反应机理，８２０℃时，Ｃ２烃选择性可达９４．５％，随着着温度继续升高，虽然甲烷的转化增加，但Ｃ２烃选择性逐渐降低。Ｏ２－ＴＰＤ，ＣＨ４及脉冲实验表明，８００℃脱附的表面昌格氧为活性氧物种，在催化甲烷活化的同时，ＣＯ２可在该催化剂上活化分解为活性氧物种。     

Mn-Na_2WO_4/SiO_2催化剂表面活性中心结构的DFT研究

利用密度泛函方法(DFT)研究了Mn-Na2WO4/SiO2催化剂表面的活性中心结构.计算表明,在α-方石英的(111)面上,W能以单个或三个桥氧与载体作用形成稳定的四面体配位结构,Mn则能以单个桥氧与载体配位或形成不同结构的氧化物团簇;以单个桥氧担载的[WO4]四面体是最可能的甲烷活化中心.     

钙钛矿型La0.8Sr0.2FeO3中的晶格氧用于甲烷选择氧化取合成气

用自燃烧法制备了钙钛矿型La0.8Sr0.2FeO3催化剂。用H2－TPR考察了催化剂表面的氧消耗过程，用程序升温表面反应（TPSR）研究了甲烷与催化剂表面氧物种的反应，用在线质谱脉冲反应和甲烷／氧切换反应研究了催化剂的晶格氧选择氧化甲烷制合成气。结果表明，催化剂上存在两种氧物种，无气相氧存在时，强氧化性氧物种首先将甲烷氧化为CO2和H2O；而后提供的氧化性较弱的晶格氧具有良好的甲烷部分氧化选择性，可将甲烷氧化为合成气CO和H2（选择性可达95％以上）。在900℃一的CH4／O2切换反应结果表明，甲烷能与La0.8Sr0.2FeO3中的晶格氧反应选择性地生成CO和H2，失去晶格氧的La0.8Sr0.2FeO3能与气相氧反应恢复其晶格氧。在合适的反应条件下，用La0.8Sr0.2FeO3催化剂的晶格氧化替分子氧按Redox模式实现甲烷选择氧化制合成气是可能的。     

硫酸钠对Mn/SiO2催化剂结构及其甲烷氧化偶联反应性能的影响

 采用等体积浸渍法制备了Na2SO4改性的Mn/SiO2催化剂,考察了Mn-Na2SO4/SiO2催化剂中各组分对甲烷氧化偶联合成C2产物(C2H4+C2H6)的影响,并采用X射线衍射、 X射线光电子能谱、 Raman光谱和程序升温还原等手段表征了催化剂中的物相结构、表面组分价态与含量以及氧化还原性能. 结果表明,在Mn/SiO2催化剂中添加Na2SO4可使载体SiO2由无定形转变为α-方石英相,使催化剂表面的Mn物种由Mn3O4转变为Mn2O3, 从而大大提高了甲烷转化率和目标产物C2的选择性. 因此,推测Mn2O3物种在反应条件下构成了甲烷氧化偶联反应的活性中心.     

甲烷催化部分氧化制合成气的反应机理

借助脉冲反应、质谱-程序升温表面反应（MS-TPSR）等技术研究了Ni／α-Al2O3催化剂上甲烷催化部分氧化制合成气（POM）的反应机理．结果表明,NiO上CH4不能解离产生H2只有当NiO被CH4还原为Ni0后,CH4才能解高产生H2,Ni0是CH4活化和POM反应的活性相;POM反应机理遵循直接氧化机理,CH4和O2均在Ni0上活化,活化过程形成的Ni…C和Niδ…Oδ物种是反应历程中的关键物种,Niδ …Oδ物种高选择性地与CH4解离产生的碳物种Ni…C反应生成CO．     

WO3-TiO2/SiO2的制备、表征及光催化甲烷和水的反应性能

以表面改性法制备出TiO2／SiO2，进而以浸渍法制备出负载型复合半导体材料WO3-TiO2／SiO3，利用XRD、BET、TPR、UVDRS、IR和TPD等技术对材料的表面性质与构造、光响应性能和化学吸附性能进行了表征，并研究了该材料光催化甲烷和水合成甲醇和氢的反应性能．结果表明：载体有效分散表面物种并使其能隙增大；WO3与TiO2复合所形成的组合活性基元可调变吸光带边并促进对甲烷和水的化学吸附；在100℃以上，光激发WO3-TiO2／SiO2表面产生的光生空穴，促使分子吸附态的甲烷解离并向甲醇转化，形成一定的“光-表面-热”协同作用促使反应顺利进行，对甲醇的选择性达到83％以上．     

Experimental investigation of fluidized-bed reactor performance for oxidative coupling of methane

Performance of the oxidative coupling of methane in fluidized-bed reactor was experimentally investigated using Mn-Na2WO4/SiO2,La2O3/CaO and La2O3-SrO/CaO catalysts.These catalysts were found to be stable,especially Mn-Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst.The effect of sodium content of this catalyst was analyzed and the challenge of catalyst agglomeration was addressed using proper catalyst composition of 2%Mn2.2%Na2WO4/SiO2.For other two catalysts,the effect of Lanthanum-Strontium content was analyzed and 10%La2O 3-20%SrO/CaO catalyst was found to provide higher ethylene yield than La2O3/CaO catalyst.Furthermore,the effect of operating parameters such as temperature and methane to oxygen ratio were also reviewed.The highest ethylene and ethane (C2) yield was achieved with the lowest methane to oxygen ratio around 2.40.5% selectivity to ethylene and ethane and 41% methane conversion were achieved over La2O3-SrO/CaO catalyst while over Mn-Na2WO4 /SiO2 catalyst,40% and 48% were recorded,respectively.Moreover,the consecutive effects of nitrogen dilution,ethylene to ethane production ratio and other performance indicators on the down-stream process units were qualitatively discussed and Mn-Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst showed a better performance in the reactor and process scale analysis.     

Ce-promoted Mn/Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst for oxidative coupling of methane at atmospheric pressure

A series of Ce-promoted Mn-Na2WO4/SiO2 catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method, and their catalytic performance for oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) was investigated at atmospheric pressure in a micro-quartz-tube reactor. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature program reduction (TPR) and BET surface area. Ce promoter increased surface area and Na2WO4 species dispersion, which enriched the amount of the surface species. In addition, Ce promoter in...     

Studies on the structure and catalytic performance of S and P promoted Na-W-Mn-Zr/SiO2 catalyst for oxidative coupling of methane

A series of Na-W-Mn-Zr/SiO2 catalysts promoted by different contents of S or/and P were prepared and their catalytic performance for oxidative coupling of methane was investigated to clarify the effect of S and P on the Na-W-Mn-Zr/SiO2 catalyst. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). From the characterization results, it is found that the addition of S and P to the Na-W-Mn-Zr/SiO2 catalyst helps the formation of active phases, such as α-cristo...     

Na-W-Mn/SiO_2催化剂中Na对甲烷氧化偶联制乙烯的作用(英文)

采用常规浸渍法制备了一系列Na（wt％）含量不同的Na－W－Mn／SiO_2催化剂,在流动态微型固定床常压反应装置上评价了这些催化剂的甲烷氧化偶联（OCM）制乙烯催化反应性能,并进行了XPS、XRD表征。实验结果表明,Na含量为0．39wt％－2．34Wt％的Na－W－Mn／SiO_2催化剂具有好的甲烷氧化偶联制乙烯性能,此时Mn以对反应有利的晶相存在,同时由于Na的表面富集,引起W、Mn向催化剂表面发生迁移。由此可见,在Na－W－Mn／SiO_2催化剂中,Na是甲烷转化和乙烯生成不可缺少的活性组分之一。     

Oxidative coupling of methane over （Na2WO4＋Mn or Ce）/SiO2 catalysts： In situ measurement of electrical conductivity

The effects of manganese oxide or ceria promoters on the performance of Na2WO4/SiO2 catalysts for oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) are reported. The OCM reaction was performed in a continuous-flow microreactor at 800 ℃, atmospheric pressure and under GHSV = 13200 ml gC-1at h-1. Catalysts were characterized by in situ conductivity measurement, FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD, SEM and temperature programmed reduction analysis. Manganese oxide promoted Na2WO4/SiO2 is considered as one of the active and selective ca...     

甲烷氧化偶联Mn_2O_3-Na_2WO_4/SiO_2催化剂——Ⅲ.高温(700—800℃)XRD和XPS研究

在本工作的研究报导Ⅰ和Ⅱ(见本期477页和481页)中,已对Mn_2O_3-Na_2WO_4/SiO_2催化剂活性相的表面分散状态、表面氧种和表面结构进行了详细表征。但甲烷氧化偶联反应在高温(700—800℃)下进行。本文进一步对该催化剂在此反应高温下的XRD和XPS研究表明,其表面状态较室温下有显著变化,结合前文的室温下表征结果,使我们对高温反应条件下该催化剂组分间协同作用、表面活性氧种和活性位结构性质有了进一步的理解,并有可能对其甲烷催化活化机理进行较为深入的探讨。     

碱金属和氯离子对Mn_2O_3－Na_2WO_4／SiO_2催化剂甲烷氧化偶联反

本文考察了碱金属和氯离子对Ｍｎ２Ｏ３－Ｎａ２ＷＯ４／ＳｉＯ２催化剂甲烷氧化偶联反应性能的影响，结果表明，只有在氯离子和碱金属的共同作用下才能有效地提高Ｃ２烃的收率及其选择性．催化剂经ＮａＣｌ改性后，Ｃ２烃收率为２２％，并可获较高的烯烷比．在考察范围内增加接触时间（Ｗ／Ｆ），催化剂选择性保持不变，但乙烯的选择性呈上升趋势．钠盐Ｎａ２ＷＯ４、Ｎａ４Ｐ２Ｏ７、Ｎａ２ＳＯ４、Ｎａ２ＣＯ３及Ｎａ２Ｂ４Ｏ７对稳定催化剂的贡献按上述顺序逐渐减小．对ＮａＣｌ－Ｍｎ２Ｏ３－Ｎａ２ＷＯ４／ＳｉＯ２催化剂进行了稳定性考察，使用ＸＰＳ、ＸＲＤ和红外光谱对经历不同反应时间的催化剂进行了表征．     

Kinetic studies of the oxidative coupling of methane over the Mn/Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst

Oxidative coupling of methane is a direct way to obtain C2 hydrocarbon,and Mn-Na-W/SiO2 catalyst is the most promising among all the catalysts.The 2%Mn/5%Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst was prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method.A 7-step heterogeneous reaction model of the oxidative coupling of methane to C2 hydrocarbons was conducted by co-feeding methane and oxygen at a total pressure of 1 bar over the catalyst.The kinetic measurements were carried out in a micro-catalytic fixed bed reactor.The kinetic data were obtained at the appropriate range of reaction conditions (4 kPa＜Po2 ＜20 kPa,20 kPa＜PCZH4 ＜80 kPa,800℃＜T＜900℃).The proposed reaction kinetic scheme consists of three primary and four consecutive reaction steps.The conversions of hydrocarbons and carbon oxides were evaluated by applying Langrnuir-Hinshelwood type rate equations.Power-law rate equation was applied only for the water-gas shift reaction.In addition,the effects of operating conditions on the reaction rate were studied.The proposed kinetic model can predict the conversion of methane and oxygen as well as the yield of C2 hydrocarbons and carbon oxides with an average accuracy of ±15%.