Spontaneous hydrolysis reactions of cis- and trans-beta-methyl-4-methoxystyrene oxides (Anethole oxides): buildup of trans-anethole oxide as an intermediate in the spontaneous reaction of cis-anethole oxide

Rates and products of the reactions of trans- and cis-beta-methyl-4-methoxystyrene oxides (1 and 2) (anethole oxides) and beta,beta-dimethyl-4-methoxystyrene oxide (3) in water solutions in the pH range 4-12 have been determined. In the pH range ca. 8-12, each of these epoxides reacts by a spontaneous reaction. The spontaneous reaction of trans-anethole oxide (1) yields ca. 40% of (4-methoxyphenyl)acetone and 60% of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1, 2-propanediols (erythro:threo ratio ca. 3:1). The spontaneous reaction of cis-anethole oxide is more complicated. The yields of diol and ketone products vary with pH in the pH range 8-11, even though there is not a corresponding change in rate. These results are interpreted by a mechanism in which 2 undergoes isomerization in part to the more reactive trans-anethole oxide (1), which subsequently reacts by acid-catalyzed and/or spontaneous reactions, depending on the pH, to yield diol and ketone products. The buildup of the intermediate trans-anethole oxide in the spontaneous reaction of cis-anethole oxide was detected by (1)H NMR analysis of the reaction mixture. Other primary products of the spontaneous reaction of 2 are (4-methoxyphenyl)acetone (73%) and threo-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,2-propanediol (ca. 3%). The rates and products of the spontaneous reaction of 2 and its beta-deuterium-labeled derivative were determined, and the lack of significant kinetic and partitioning deuterium isotope effects indicates that the isomerization of 2 to ketone and to trans-anethole oxide must occur primarily by nonintersecting reaction pathways.     

Selectivity in the electron transfer catalyzed Diels-Alder reaction of (R)-alpha-phellandrene and 4-methoxystyrene

Electron transfer catalysis is an effective method for the acceleration of Diels-Alder reactions between two substrates of similar electron density. The dependence of the selectivity of the Diels-Alder reaction between (R)-alpha-phellandrene and 4-methoxystyrene catalyzed by photoinduced electron transfer with tris(4-methoxyphenyl) pyrylium tetrafluoroborate is studied. Despite the fact that the radical ions involved are highly reactive species, complete regioselectivity favoring attack on the more highly substituted double bond is observed. The endo/exo selectivity and the periselectivity between [4 + 2] and [2 + 2] cycloaddition is found to be solvent-dependent. Stereochemical analysis showed that the periselectivity is correlated with the facial selectivity, with attack trans to the isopropyl group leading to the [4 + 2] product and cis attack leading to the formation of the [2 + 2] product. A good correlation between the dielectric constant of the solvent and the endo/ exo ratio is found, but more polar solvents lead to lower periselectivity. The effect of reactant and catalyst concentrations is found to be smaller. These results are rationalized in the context of the relative stability of the ion-molecule complexes and the singly linked intermediate of the reaction.     

Thermal degradation of blends of polystyrene and poly-4-methoxystyrene with bisphenol A polycarbonate

Blends of polystyrene (PS) and poly-4-methoxystyrene (PMeS) with bisphenol A polycarbonate (PC) (1:1 by weight) have been studied using thermogravimetry (TG) and thermal volatilisation analysis (TVA). The condensable volatile products obtained in the TVA experiments were separated by subambient TVA and the less-volatile liquids were examined by GC-MS. The cold ring fraction of products was characterised by IR spectroscopy.

On degradation, both PS-PC and PMeS-PC blends show an interaction which is observed as a destabilisation. It is suggested that in the degrading blends, the PC component is destabilised as a result of transport of small radical species from the other polymer phase. These radicals may abstract hydrogen atoms, leading to an increase in backbone scission reactions and consequently a lower degradation temperature than when the polymer is degraded alone.     

Alumina-mediated dealkylative dimerization of 4-aminobenzyl esters

Treatment of 4-aminobenzyl esters with Al₂O₃ in DCM at rt afforded the dealkylative dimerized 4,4′-diamino-diphenylmethanes in satisfactory yield. The reaction may proceed via a quinone methide iminium ion intermediate, which may then undergo Michael type addition followed by retro-aldol extrusion of a formaldehyde species.     

Synthesis of Antiviral Acyclic C-nucleosides Incorporating 4-Thiazolinones Structure

Carbohydrates are useful molecules to creatures. They take part in life processes in different ways. [ 1] C-nucleo sides are well known nucleoside analogues. A number of nucleoside analogues have been found to show a broad spectrum of biological activity, some of posses important anticancer and antiviral activities. [2]     

A theoretical study of the [4 + 4] dimerization of thioformylketene

[reaction and structure: see text] A theoretical study (B3LYP and G3MP2B3) of the dimerization of thioformylketene (1) was performed. Four pathways-two [4 + 2] pathways with thioformylketene (1), one [4 + 4] pathway with 1, and one [4 + 2] pathway involving 1 and thietone (11)-were considered. Interestingly, the [4 + 4] pathway with 1 had the lowest barrier (3.8 kcal/mol). The geometry of the transition state TS14 is unusual, with the forming bonds in the plane of the ketene. This suggests that the reaction is pseudopericyclic.     

Hydrolysis and dimerization of Th4+ ion

Hydrolysis of Th(4+) in aqueous solution was studied by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. First, stable coordination numbers (CNs) of Th(4+) hydrolysis products were studied systematically, and it was found that the CN significantly decreases as a stepwise hydrolysis reaction proceeds. The fourth hydrolysis product Th(OH)4(0) has CN6 with an octahedron coordination. Th(OH)4(OH2)2(0) can readily form a dimer complex Th 2(OH)8(0) via a Th-OH-Th bridging through an exergonic reaction with a Gibbs energy change of -24.0 kJ/mol. Consequently, dimerization inhibits Th(OH)4(0) to stay as stable aqueous species. The calculated result is in agreement with the fact that there is no direct evidence to confirm the presence of Th(OH)4(0) while oligomeric species such as Th 4(OH)16(0) are presumably present. Similar calculations on the Th(4+) disulfato complex reveal that the CN and the average Th-O distance of Th(SO4)2(0) remain almost the same as those in the Th(4+) aquo ion, which is also in agreement with experimental data.     

Self-sorting dimerization of tetraurea calix[4]arenes

Calix[4]arenes substituted by four urea functions are self-complementary molecules that spontaneously combine in apolar solvents in the presence of an ammonium salt to form dimeric capsules held together by a belt of hydrogen bonds. In the presence of tetraethylammonium salts, the Et4N+ cation is included as a guest. The sorting between dimeric capsules formed in a mixture of calix[4]arenes directly depends on the steric crowding of the substituents grafted on the urea groups whether aromatic derivatives or aliphatic chains linking urea functions in mono-, di-, or tetraloop structures. Simple rules allow one to anticipate which capsules will be exclusively formed when calix[4]arenes are mixed in different proportions. The stabilization of the dimeric structures by hydrogen bonds is thwarted by the overlaps of aliphatic loops and/or by bulky groups that cannot pass through these loops. Despite the structural similarity of the calixarenes, the exclusive formation of dimers of well-defined compositions and clear titration breaks are observed by electrospray mass spectrometry. This technique yields reliable information on stoichiometries and composition despite measurements in the gas phase rather than in solution and it does not suffer from excessive peak overlaps in contrast with NMR.     

Diastereodivergent Hydroxyfluorination of Cyclic and Acyclic Allylic Amines: Synthesis of 4-Deoxy-4-fluorophytosphingosines

A diastereodivergent hydroxyfluorination protocol enabling the direct conversion of some conformationally biased allylic amines to the corresponding diastereoisomeric amino fluorohydrins has been developed. Sequential treatment of a conformationally biased allylic amine with 2 equiv of HBF(4)·OEt(2) followed by m-CPBA promotes epoxidation of the olefin on the face proximal to the amino group under hydrogen-bonded direction from the in situ formed ammonium ion. Regioselective and stereospecific epoxide ring-opening by transfer of fluoride from a BF(4)(-) ion (an S(N)2-type process at the carbon atom distal to the ammonium moiety) then occurs in situ to give the corresponding amino fluorohydrin. Alternatively, an analogous reaction using 20 equiv of HBF(4)·OEt(2) results in preferential epoxidation of the opposite face of the olefin, which is followed by regioselective and stereospecific epoxide ring-opening by transfer of fluoride from a BF(4)(-) ion (an S(N)2-type process at the carbon atom distal to the ammonium moiety). The synthetic utility of this methodology is demonstrated via its application to a synthesis of 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-l-xylo-phytosphingosine and 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-l-lyxo-phytosphingosine, each in five steps from Garner's aldehyde.     

Tetrathiafulvalene radical cation dimerization in a bistable tripodal [4]rotaxane

The template-directed synthesis of a bistable tripodal [4]rotaxane, which has cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT4+) as the pi-electron-deficient rings, and tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and 1,5-dioxynaphthalene units as the pairs of pi-electron-rich recognition sites located on all three legs of the tripodal dumbbell, is described. The chemical and electrochemical oxidation of the [4]rotaxane and its tripodal dumbbell have allowed us to unravel an unprecedented TTF.+ radical cation dimerization. In fact, two types of TTF dimers, namely, the radical cation dimer [TTF.+]2 and the mixed-valence one [(TTF)2].+, have been observed at room temperature for the tripodal dumbbell, whereas, in the case of the [4]rotaxane, only the radical cation dimer [TTF.+]2 is formed. This anomaly can be explained if it is accepted that most of the neutral TTF units in the [4]rotaxane are encircled by CBPQT4+ rings, which renders the formation of the mixed-valence dimer [(TTF)2].+ highly unfavorable.     

Bivalent ligands of CXCR4 with rigid linkers for elucidation of the dimerization state in cells

To date, challenges in the design of bivalent ligands for G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have revealed difficulties stemming from lack of knowledge of the state of oligomerization of the GPCR. The synthetic bivalent ligands with rigid linkers that are presented here can predict the dimer form of CXCR4 and be applied to molecular probes in cancerous cells. This "molecular ruler" approach would be useful in elucidating the details of CXCR4 oligomer formation.     

Acyclic isoprenoid 1,3-dieneamines in the Diels-Alder reaction

The dieneamines obtained from 3-methyl-2-butenal and citral (Ia) and (Ib, c) enter into [4 + 2]-cycloaddition with monoethyl citrylidenemalonate (II) and prenylidenemalonate (III), respectively, forming the esters of substituted 1,3-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylic acids with side chains of the isoprenoid type. The same or analogous cyclohexadiene can be obtained from citral dieneamine (Ib, c) and typical dienophiles (methyl acrylate, diethyl fumarate, etc.) in a two-stage path, including the initial production of derivatives of 2-amino-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid in the Diels-Alder reaction and then elimination of the amino group from the cyclic adducts. The isomeric composition of the mixture of cyclic adducts formed in the reaction of (Ib + Ic) with diethyl fumarate under strictly aprotic conditions correlates with the ratio of the structural isomers with a ³ and ³(9) bond (Ib, c) in the citral dieneamine. In the reaction of the dieneamine with the less reactive methyl acrylate the obtained mixture of cyclic adducts contains a significantly larger fraction of the isomer corresponding to the minor ³⁽⁹⁾ isomer of the dieneamine.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 1089–1100, May, 1991.     

药物中间体4-苄氧基-3-氯苯胺的合成

选用无水碳酸钾做缚酸剂,DMF做溶剂,由4-硝基-2-氯苯酚和氯苄制备4-苄氧基-3-氯硝基苯,进而,4-苄氧基-3-氯硝基苯在催化剂六水合三氯化铁/活性炭,还原剂80%水合肼,溶剂乙醇的作用下得到目标产物,着重考察了反应时间,反应温度,物料物质的量配比对目标产物收率的影响,确定了合成最佳条件为反应温度80℃,反应时间3 h,n(4-苄氧基-2-氯硝基苯)∶n(水合肼)=8∶1,在此条件下,目标化合物收率83.6%,两步总收率收率77.8%,产物经过1HNMR和MS确认.     

Oxidative dimerization of 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-(2-hydroxyethyl)phenol

2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-(2-hydroxyethyl)phenol undergoes oxidative self-coupling by the action of K₃Fe(CN)₆ in alkaline medium at room temperature to give 7,9-di-tert-butyl-4-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-hydroxymethyl-2-oxaspiro[4.5]deca-6,9-dien-8-one. The composition of the reaction products has been determined, and the mechanism of their formation is discussed.     

An unexpected bispericyclic transition structure leading to 4+2 and 2+4 cycloadducts in the endo dimerization of cyclopentadiene

The stereospecific endo dimerization of cyclopentadiene takes place through an asynchronous and symmetrical bispericyclic transition structure, which shows a merging of the 4+2 and 2+4 cycloaddition paths. The shape of the transition structure testifies to the presence of attractive Salem/Houk secondary orbital interactions assisting the endo approach.