Proving an algorithm for calculation of acoustic field intensity

We propose, and prove mathematically, an algorithm for calculation of the acoustic field intensity of a point monochromatic source in an inhomogeneous medium. This algorithm is based on the notion of ray-beam concentration introduced here. Comparative calculations using the proposed and previously known algorithms are performed. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 42, No. 12, pp. 1172–1180, December, 1999.     

Wave propagation characteristics of helically orthotropic cylindrical shells and resonance emergence in scattered acoustic field. Part 1. Formulations

The method of wave function expansion is adopted to study the three dimensional scattering of a plane progressive harmonic acoustic wave incident upon an arbitrarily thick-walled helically filament-wound composite cylindrical shell submerged in and filled with compressible ideal fluids. An approximate laminate model in the context of the so-called state-space formulation is employed for the construction of T-matrix solution to solve for the unknown modal scattering coefficients. Considering the nonaxisymmetric wave propagation phenomenon in anisotropic cylindrical components and following the resonance scattering theory which determines the resonance and background scattering fields, the stimulated resonance frequencies of the shell are isolated and classified due to their fundamental mode of excitation, overtone and style of propagation along the cylindrical axis (i.e., clockwise or anticlockwise propagation around the shell) and are identified as the helically circumnavigating waves.     

Shape reconstruction of metallic objects from intensity scattered field data only

We address an inverse scattering problem using only amplitude information of the scattered field. In particular, we are concerned with the reconstruction of the shape of a metallic planar obstacle, located in a known plane (aperture plane), starting from the knowledge of the intensity of the scattered field over two measurement planes in near zone and parallel to the aperture plane, when a single-frequency incident plane wave is exploited. The formulation of the inverse scattering problem is given under the physical optics approximation, and thus the resulting phase retrieval problem is quadratic. This allows us to apply some phase retrieval techniques already developed for antenna diagnostics. Reconstruction results with synthetic data indicate the feasibility of the proposed approach.     

Spatial correlation of the high intensity zone in deep-water acoustic field

The spatial correlations of acoustic field have important implications for underwater target detection and other applications in deep water. In this paper, the spatial correlations of the high intensity zone in the deep-water acoustic field are investigated by using the experimental data obtained in the South China Sea. The experimental results show that the structures of the spatial correlation coefficient at different ranges and depths are similar to the transmission loss structure in deep water. The main reason for this phenomenon is analyzed by combining the normal mode theory with the ray theory. It is shown that the received signals in the high intensity zone mainly include one or two main pulses which are contributed by the interference of a group of waterborne modes with similar phases. The horizontal-longitudinal correlations at the same receiver depth but in different high intensity zones are analyzed. At some positions, more pulses are received in the arrival structure of the signal due to bottom reflection and the horizontal-longitudinal correlation coefficient decreases accordingly.The multi-path arrival structure of receiving signal becomes more complex with increasing receiver depth.     

An alternative approach for measuring the scattered acoustic pressure field of immersed single and multiple cylinders

The form function of an elastic target can be obtained from the scattered signal through a deconvolution process. The deconvolution process uses the signal measured from an acoustically hard target (reference signal) to compensate for the impulse response of the measurement system. In this paper, it is shown that this approach limits the usable frequency range of the signal and leads to inaccuracies in the final results. An alternative approach is proposed in which the reference signal is replaced by the specular echo. A procedure is described for extracting the specular echo from the measured signal even in cases where it is not completely isolated from the resonant components. Modifications are made to the existing deconvolution formulation and it is further extended to be applicable to multiple scattering measurements. Experimental results show that the new approach provides improved accuracy and wider usable frequency range in both single and multiple scattering experiments.     

Wave propagation characteristics of helically orthotropic cylindrical shells and resonance emergence in scattered acoustic field. Part 2. Numerical results

In the present work as the second part of the research work on wave propagation characteristics of helically orthotropic cylindrical shells, the main aim is to use the developed solution for resonance isolation and identification of an air-filled and water submerged Graphite/Epoxy cylindrical shell and quantitative sensitivity analysis of excited resonance frequencies to the perturbation in the material’s elastic constants. The physical justifications are presented for the singular features associated with the stimulated resonance frequencies according to their style of propagation and polarization, induced stress-strain fields and wave type. For evaluation purposes, the wave propagation characteristics of the anisotropic shell and the far-field form function amplitude of a limiting case are considered and good agreement with the solutions available in the literature is established.     

Properties of the acoustic intensity vector field in a shallow water waveguide

Acoustic intensity is a vector quantity described by collocated measurements of acoustic pressure and particle velocity. In an ocean waveguide, the interaction among multipath arrivals of propagating wavefronts manifests unique behavior in the acoustic intensity. The instantaneous intensity, or energy flux, contains two components: a propagating and non-propagating energy flux. The instantaneous intensity is described by the time-dependent complex intensity, where the propagating and non-propagating energy fluxes are modulated by the active and reactive intensity envelopes, respectively. Properties of complex intensity are observed in data collected on a vertical line array during the transverse acoustic variability experiment (TAVEX) that took place in August of 2008, 17 km northeast of the Ieodo ocean research station in the East China Sea, 63 m depth. Parabolic equation (PE) simulations of the TAVEX waveguide supplement the experimental data set and provide a detailed analysis of the spatial structure of the complex intensity. A normalized intensity quantity, the pressure-intensity index, is used to describe features of the complex intensity which have a functional relationship between range and frequency, related to the waveguide invariant. The waveguide invariant is used to describe the spatial structure of intensity in the TAVEX waveguide using data taken at discrete ranges.     

The effect of acoustic absorber's physical parameters on estimating acoustic intensity in high intensity focused ultrasound field using infrared thermometry

The physical parameters of acoustic absorber play an important role in estimating acoustic intensity in high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) using infrared ...     

A simple acoustic model to characterize the internal low frequency sound field in centrifugal pumps

Conventional centrifugal pumps with volute casing generate fluid-dynamic noise particularly at the so-called blade-passing frequency, which is attributed to the interaction of the flow exiting the pump impeller with the volute tongue. Following previous work by the authors to characterize the effect of that blade–tongue interaction on the tonal sound produced, this paper presents a simple acoustic model for centrifugal pumps that considers ideal sound sources of arbitrary position and properties. The model is to be implemented in a software code that applies it systematically to a pump previously tested at laboratory, until identifying the set of ideal sources that best reproduce the pressure fluctuation measurements. In this model, the ideal sources are assumed to radiate plane sound waves along the impeller channels, volute, and outlet diffuser. The volute was considered to be composed by a succession of slices, each of them equivalent to a linear 3-port acoustic system with individual sound transmission and reflection coefficients. A series of tests was conducted to check the validity of the acoustic model, by applying an external acoustic load onto the pump outlet duct and measuring the noise reflected. The resulting reflection coefficient was in good agreement with the predictions of the acoustic model. Finally, the model was used to investigate the pump internal sound field at the blade-passing frequency when operating at 70% of nominal flow rate. It was concluded that the sound field can be characterized reasonably by a dipole-like source located at the tongue region.     

A high-temperature acoustic field measurement and analysis system for determining cavitation intensity in ultrasonically solidified metallic alloys

A high-temperature acoustic field measurement and analysis system (HTAFS) was self-designed and developed to achieve real-time acoustic field analysis and quantitative cavitation characterization within high-temperature liquids. The acoustic signal was acquired by a high-temperature resistant waveguide and calibrated by separate compensation of line and continuous spectra to eliminate frequency offsets. Moreover, a new method was proposed to derive from the continuous-spectrum sound intensity and line-spectrum sound intensity in the frequency band above 1.5 times the fundamental frequency to characterize the intensity of transient cavitation and stable cavitation. The acoustic field characteristics within solidifying liquid Al-7 %Si alloy were successfully determined by this system. With the increase of ultrasound amplitude, the acoustic pressure in the alloy melt increased to be stable, the transient cavitation intensity first rose and then declined, and the stable cavitation intensity remained unchanged. Combined with the structural evolution of the primary α(Al) phase, the transient cavitation intensity was determined to be the dominant factor for the ultrasound-induced grain refinement effect.     

Magnetic field dependence of cyclotron resonance linewidth for acoustic polarons in the extreme quantum limit

The magnetic field dependence of cyclotron resonance linewidth (CRLW) due to electron-acoustic phonon interactions in the extreme quantum limit is obtained on the basis of Kubo's formula and Fujita's diagram method. The 2-dimensional electron-piezoelectric phonon interaction generates a finite maximum CRLW as a function of magnetic field while CRLW for all other acoustic polarons increase with the magnetic field.     

Analytical and numerical study of acoustic intensity field in irregularly shaped room

The modal expansion method has been used to formulate expressions for real and imaginary parts of the complex sound intensity inside enclosures. Based on theoretical results, the computer program has been developed to simulate the acoustic intensity vector field inside the irregular room whose shape resembles the capital letter L. Calculation results have shown that a low-frequency distribution of the acoustic intensity is strongly influenced by the modal localization and the characteristic objects in the active intensity field are energy vortices and saddle points positioned irregularly inside the room. It was found that for small sound damping the vortex centers lie exactly on the lines corresponding to zeros of the eigenfunction for a dominant mode. An increase in a sound attenuation results in the change of vortex positions and can cause the formation of new vortices. Finally, an influence of the wall impedance on the quantitative relation between the acoustic and reactive intensities was studied and it was concluded that for very small sound damping the behavior of the sound intensity is basically only oscillatory.     

A simple quark model for resonance electroproduction

A quark model for resonance electroproduction is developed which is based on the successful photoproduction model of Kubata and Ohta. A detailed comparison is made between the predictions of the model and the results of recent phenomenological analyses of electroproduction data.     

Magnetic resonance imaging of acoustic streaming: absorption coefficient and acoustic field shape estimation

In this study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to visualize acoustic streaming in liquids. A single-shot spin echo sequence (HASTE) with a saturation band perpendicular to the acoustic beam permits the acquisition of an instantaneous image of the flow due to the application of ultrasound. An average acoustic streaming velocity can be estimated from the MR images, from which the ultrasonic absorption coefficient and the bulk viscosity of different glycerol-water mixtures can be deduced. In the same way, this MRI method could be used to assess the acoustic field and time-average power of ultrasonic transducers in water (or other liquids with known physical properties), after calibration of a geometrical parameter that is dependent on the experimental setup.     

球形粒子相对折射率对散射光场强度最大峰值分布的影响

根据Mie散射理论,采用理论计算与实验对比的方法研究了球形粒子相对折射率对散射光场强度最大峰值分布的影响.发现,光强度的最大峰值所对应的散射角,随相对折射率实部的变化而变化(除散射角0°和180°),但并不随相对折射率虚部的变化而变化,也不随尺度参数的变化而变化.     

Space intensity correlations in the near field of the scattered light: A direct measurement of the density correlation function g(r)

We show that the two point intensity correlation in the near field of the scattered light is directly related to the two point density correlation g(r). Preliminary measurements on two sets of calibrated random pinholes of 140 and 300 &mgr;m diameters, and on aqueous solutions of latex spheres of 5, 10, and 40 &mgr;m are reported. A discussion on the desirability of the technique as a simple and powerful alternative to low angle scattering will be presented.