岛礁海域海洋环境噪声垂直分布和垂直指向性

依据岛礁海域复杂海底地形、海试期间航船分布和实测风速数据,应用射线声传播理论,建立岛礁海域海洋环境噪声三维模型。在海试岛礁海域深海声道条件下,采用射线3D算法,仿真计算了32元垂直测量阵所处265~885 m负声速梯度深度范围内1 kHz风关和50 Hz远处航船海洋环境噪声级垂直分布,以及50 Hz航船海洋环境噪声垂直指向性,并与实测分析进行比较。结果表明,仿真结果与海试实测数据一致性良好。在本例海底起伏、接收点周边存在众多岛礁和海底山的三维环境中,1 kHz风关海洋环境噪声级随深度分布较近于均匀;西南方向较远处航道区海域海底较平坦,航道区至接收阵为缓斜坡海底,50 Hz远处航船海洋环境噪声级随深度有所增加,其噪声垂直指向性无明显水平凹槽。文中建立的岛礁海域海洋环境噪声三维模型,可较好地表征本例岛礁复杂地形海底起伏海域的风关和航船海洋环境噪声级的垂直分布、及航船环境噪声的垂直指向性,实测和仿真的岛礁海域海洋环境噪声相关数据,可供实际应用及相关研究参考。      

The effects of the ocean surface wave spectrum on low frequency ambient noise in deep water

An ocean surface wave spectrum which is used for low frequency ambient noise in deep water is proposed. It explains the mechanism of low frequency ambient noise from the theoretical relation between the spectrum of sound pressure and wave. Combining the surface wave spectrum and local wind speed in deep water, a theoretical expression of low frequency ambient noise is obtained with wave generated noise theory. Simulation results show that the wave spectrum is crucial to the intensity and the spectral slope of radiated noise spectrum,and the theoretical noise spectrum could be used to predict the ambient noise in deep water.The predicting results axe verified through the experimental data recorded by an ocean bottom seismometer that was deployed on the floor of deep water in April 2016. It is observed that the statistical noise levels from the experimental data for frequencies from 1 Hz to 100 Hz are larger than 70 dB, and the low frequency ambient noise spectrum follows the shape of inverted"N",the valley of noise spectrum is at 3-4 Hz, and the noise intensity is 70 dB. The peak of noise spectrum is at 50 Hz, and the noise intensity is 92 dB. The correlation coefficient is 0.95 between the model spectrum and measured data.     

The effect of ocean wave on the vertical spatial correlation of ocean ambient noise

The effect of the correlation function of noise sources derived from the ocean wave spectrum on the vertical spatial correlation of ocean ambient noise is investigated. The spatial correlation models of ocean ambient noise usually assume that the surface noise sources are uncorrelated. This assumption can be used to explain some physical phenomena, but it is not consistent with the real situation. Considering the relation between the ocean wave motion and the ambient noise generated by wind, the spectrum of ocean wave is introduced to calculate the vertical correlation of ocean ambient noise as the correlation function of noise sources by using the Kuperman-Ingenito(K/I) noise model. The comparison of the simulations and the experimental data shows that the simulations of vertical correlation of ambient noise have some differences with the experimental data by assuming the noise sources are uncorrelated and the simulations of vertical correlation of ambient noise have a good agreement with the experimental data by using the correlation function of noise sources derived from the ocean wave spectrum under the situation of high wind speed.     

海面波浪谱对深海低频环境噪声的影响

提出了一种适用于深海低频环境噪声的波浪谱,通过声压谱和波浪谱的理论关系,分析了深海低频噪声在百赫兹以下的谱特征,解释了不同频段噪声谱的主要产生机理。将深海传播条件下海面波浪谱与海面风速相结合,利用波浪发声理论得到一种低频海洋环境噪声理论表示方法。仿真结果表明,波浪谱决定着辐射噪声谱的强度和斜率,本模型得到的理论噪声谱可以对低频海洋环境噪声进行预报。2016年的深海实验观测数据分析显示,统计的环境噪声谱级在1 Hz至100 Hz频段范围内大于70 dB,并且噪声谱在低频段呈倒“N”型,在34 Hz处为噪声谱的谷值,噪声级为70 dB,在50 Hz处为噪声谱的峰值,噪声级为92 dB,通过理论计算和实验对比,相关系数为0.95,理论结果和实验测量对比结果符合较好。      

Short- and long-term changes in right whale calling behavior: the potential effects of noise on acoustic communication

The impact of anthropogenic noise on marine mammals has been an area of increasing concern over the past two decades. Most low-frequency anthropogenic noise in the ocean comes from commercial shipping which has contributed to an increase in ocean background noise over the past 150 years. The long-term impacts of these changes on marine mammals are not well understood. This paper describes both short- and long-term behavioral changes in calls produced by the endangered North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) and South Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena australis) in the presence of increased low-frequency noise. Right whales produce calls with a higher average fundamental frequency and they call at a lower rate in high noise conditions, possibly in response to masking from low-frequency noise. The long-term changes have occurred within the known lifespan of individual whales, indicating that a behavioral change, rather than selective pressure, has resulted in the observed differences. This study provides evidence of a behavioral change in sound production of right whales that is correlated with increased noise levels and indicates that right whales may shift call frequency to compensate for increased band-limited background noise.     

确定峰度非高斯海洋环境噪声模型研究

针对非高斯海洋环境噪声仿真问题,利用对衰减正弦信号均匀采样方法,产生了具有特定谱特性同时具有特定峰度值的非高斯海洋环境噪声序列。在理论仿真条件下,通过对低峰度值和高峰度值的分别讨论发现,当峰度值高于3.0时总可以仿真得到较好的结果,而当峰度值低于3.0时,需通过降采样或降阶的方法解决不能仿真的问题。4种海上试验条件下的仿真结果表明,在安静环境、单一航船干扰环境、气枪声源干扰环境以及冲击性干扰环境下,都可以产生与目标谱特性、统计特性几乎相同的非高斯海洋环境噪声序列。      

Increases in deep ocean ambient noise in the Northeast Pacific west of San Nicolas Island, California

Recent measurement at a previously studied location illustrates the magnitude of increases in ocean ambient noise in the Northeast Pacific over the past four decades. Continuous measurements west of San Nicolas Island, California, over 138 days, spanning 2003-2004 are compared to measurements made during the 1960s at the same site. Ambient noise levels at 30-50 Hz were 10-12 dB higher (95% CI = 2.6 dB) in 2003-2004 than in 1964-1966, suggesting an average noise increase rate of 2.5-3 dB per decade. Above 50 Hz the noise level differences between recording periods gradually diminished to only 1-3 dB at 100-300 Hz. Above 300 Hz the 1964-1966 ambient noise levels were higher than in 2003-2004, owing to a diel component which was absent in the more recent data. Low frequency (10-50 Hz) ocean ambient noise levels are closely related to shipping vessel traffic. The number of commercial vessels plying the world's oceans approximately doubled between 1965 and 2003 and the gross tonnage quadrupled, with a corresponding increase in horsepower. Increases in commercial shipping are believed to account for the observed low-frequency ambient noise increase.     

台风“启德”对南海深海海洋环境噪声特性的影响研究

研究台风“启德”经过南海北部对南海深海海洋环境噪声的影响,表明台风导致的风速增减、降雨强弱以及形成的长波涌浪均会影响海洋环境噪声级的大小变化,海洋环境噪声显著受到台风的影响。相同风级下,台风期间海洋环境噪声级与风速的相关性明显好于非台风期间。分析测量的415 h海洋环境噪声数据与风速、波高的相关性,频率大于300 Hz时,海洋环境噪声级与风速的互相关系数大于0.5,达到中度相关;频率大于630 Hz时,互相关系数介于0.8和0.9之间,达到高度相关;频率大于300 Hz时,海洋环境噪声级与风速的相关性好于海洋环境噪声级与波高的相关性。南海海洋环境噪声10~20 Hz的次声频与风速的相关性差,是因为南海航运繁忙,该频段的海洋环境噪声会受到航船噪声的影响,即使台风期间也不例外。      

Time reversal of ocean noise

It has recently been shown [Roux et al., "Extracting coherent wave fronts from acoustic ambient noise in the ocean," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116, 1995-2003 (2004)] that the time-averaged correlation of ocean noise between two points yields a deterministic waveguide arrival structure embedded in the time-domain Green's function. By performing a set of these correlations between a vertical receive array and a single receiver, transfer functions necessary for time reversal can be extracted from ocean noise. Theory and simulation demonstrate this process and data of opportunity from the North Pacific Acoustic Laboratory experiment confirm the expected performance of a noise-based time reversal mirror.     

Prediction of underwater sound levels from rain and wind

Wind and rain generated ambient sound from the ocean surface represents the background baseline of ocean noise. Understanding these ambient sounds under different conditions will facilitate other scientific studies. For example, measurement of the processes producing the sound, assessment of sonar performance, and helping to understand the influence of anthropogenic generated noise on marine mammals. About 90 buoy-months of ocean ambient sound data have been collected using Acoustic Rain Gauges in different open-ocean locations in the Tropical Pacific Ocean. Distinct ambient sound spectra for various rainfall rates and wind speeds are identified through a series of discrimination processes. Five divisions of the sound spectra associated with different sound generating mechanisms can be predicted using wind speed and rainfall rate as input variables. The ambient sound data collected from the Intertropical Convergence Zone are used to construct the prediction algorithms, and are tested on the data from the Western Pacific Warm Pool. This physically based semi-empirical model predicts the ambient sound spectra (0.5-50 kHz) at rainfall rates from 2-200 mm/h and wind speeds from 2 to 14 m/s.     

海面波浪对海洋环境噪声垂直空间相关性的影响

研究了由海浪谱导得的噪声源的相关函数对海洋环境噪声垂直空间相关性的影响。常用的海洋环境噪声空间相关性模型一般假设海面噪声源是非相关的,这种假设可以解释一些物理现象,但是与真实情况并不符合。考虑到风成噪声与海浪运动的相关性,引入海浪谱,得到噪声源的相关函数,利用Kuperman-Ingenito (K/I)噪声模型,计算海洋环境噪声的垂直相关性。通过仿真结果与实验数据对比可以看出,在高风速下,假设噪声源不相关时计算得到的噪声场垂直相关性与实验结果相差较大,而利用由海浪谱导得的噪声源的相关函数计算得到的噪声场的垂直相关性与实验结果符合较好。      

利用海洋环境噪声直接提取海底反射系数

提出了一种利用海洋环境噪声直接(非迭代)提取海底反射系数的方法,基于海洋环境噪声垂直相关函数与方向密度函数的相似性,结合海洋环境噪声射线理论,由两个垂直排列的水听器实现海底反射系数的被动获取.方法适应性的仿真分析说明较高海况下且近场无航船干扰的海洋环境噪声数据有利于方法的实现;对于两层海底,海洋环境噪声垂直相干函数经高...     

水下声学浮标南中国海海洋环境噪声实测分析*

海洋环境噪声是多种自然噪声和人为噪声的复杂组合,其谱级大小和频率组成是影响声纳系统探测性能的重要参数,由于海洋环境噪声时空域特性是非常复杂的,因此需要对海洋环境噪声进行长时间和大范围的观测才足以分析其特性。本文通过在多剖面水下浮标平台基础上集成声学测量系统,研制出了一种具有海洋环境噪声监测能力的水下声学浮标平台,该浮标平台可多次上浮、下潜,具备原位坐底和定深漂流两种工作模式,能够连续观测海洋环境噪声时长多达几个月。利用2019年8月在南海海区组织的多台水下声学浮标组网试验数据,分析了不同频率海洋环境噪声谱级随时间变化特性,数据处理结果符合海洋环境噪声典型变化规律,试验表明,水下声学浮标可作为一种潜在的优势水下无人移动平台,用于长期监测海洋环境噪声特性。     

A computational analysis of sonic booms penetrating a realistic ocean surface

The last decade has seen a revival of sonic boom research, a direct result of the projected market for a new breed of supersonic passenger aircraft, its design, and its operation. One area of the research involves sonic boom penetration into the ocean, one concern being the possible disturbance of marine mammals from the noise generated by proposed high-speed civil transport (HSCT) flyovers. Although theory is available to predict underwater sound levels due to a sonic boom hitting a homogeneous ocean with a flat surface, theory for a realistic ocean, one with a wavy surface and bubbles near the surface, is missing and will be presented in this paper. First, reviews are given of a computational method to calculate the underwater pressure field and the effects of a simple wavy ocean surface on the impinging sonic boom. Second, effects are described for the implementation of three additional conditions: a sonic boom/ocean "wavelength" comparison, complex ocean surfaces, and bubbles near the ocean surface. Overall, results from the model suggest that the realistic ocean features affect the penetrating proposed HSCT sonic booms by modifying the underwater sound-pressure levels only about 1 decibel or less.     

Noise immunity of a combined hydroacoustic receiver

A statistical analysis of the noise immunity of a combined receiver is performed for the observation of a fluctuating tone signal against the background of underwater dynamic noise. The analysis is based on the experimental data obtained in deep ocean with the use of two four-component combined hydroacoustic receivers positioned at depths of 150 and 300 m. Theoretical expressions are obtained for the signal-to-noise ratio of a combined receiver, for reciprocal spectral levels of the signal and noise in both narrow and wide frequency bands. The definition of the combined receiver gain is introduced in terms of the functions of a common single-point coherence for the acoustic pressure and the particle velocity in an acoustic wave. According to the experimental data obtained, in the case of multiplicative processing, the maximal gain in the signal-to-noise ratio of a combined receiver, as compared to a hydrophone-based square-law detector, can reach 15–16 dB for the horizontal channel and 30 dB for the vertical channel of the combined receiver in the case of the compensation of opposing flows of the signal and noise energy.     

A framework for the automated real-time detection of short tonal sounds from ocean observatories

Acquisition of acoustic data from ocean observatories is expected to play a key role for the long-term monitoring of marine mammals and anthropogenic noise. It typically requires processing of a large volume of acoustic data and it must rely on automated identification of signals. We present an algorithmic framework for the detection of short tonal sounds (e.g. cetacean calls, anthropogenic pings) intended to act as a first stage in a system for the automated real-time detection, classification, and localisation of acoustic sources. The algorithm was validated under a diversity of scenarios expected at ocean observatories. Using simulated signals that emulate a variety of cetacean call-types, perfect identification of signal position was obtained for signal to noise ratios of ?15 to ?5 dB, depending on the signal-type. Separation of real-world data segments with short tonal sounds (mainly cetacean calls) from segments with other sounds or noise resulted in Area Under the ROC Curve values between 0.96 and 0.98. The algorithm can be used to automatically identify cetacean calls and anthropogenic short tonal sounds much faster than in real-time, thereby reducing the burden put on data transmission, storage, or processing by classification and localisation algorithms.     

High-intensity rocket noise: nonlinear propagation, atmospheric absorption, and characterization

Analyses of rocket noise data measured at far-field locations during the launch of a large rocket and a smaller rocket are presented. Weak shocks are present in all of the data sets. In order to characterize these shocks, those segments of the waveforms where the acoustic pressure is increasing are isolated and the rate of increase in pressure plotted versus magnitude of pressure rise. The plots follow a trend consistent with random noise at low values of pressure rise, then transition to the pressure-squared dependence expected for weak shocks at higher pressure rise values. Power spectral densities of the noise during the period of maximum overall sound-pressure levels display high- and low-frequency spectral slopes that are close to those predicted for shock-dominated noise. It is concluded that shocks must be included in propagation models if high frequency levels are to be estimated as a function of distance from the source. Initial shock thicknesses will have to be characterized experimentally and will require instrumentation with a bandwidth well in excess of 20 kHz. Reflection-free data are essential if meaningful assessments of the statistical properties of the noise are to be made.     

Underwater ambient noise in shallow-water areas of the Indian Ocean within the tropical zone

Frequency spectra of underwater ambient noise were measured in the lagoon of a coral atoll, outside the reef, and on shallow-water banks in the tropical zone of the Indian Ocean. The measurements were performed in the frequency range from 0.003 to 9 kHz with the use of self-contained acoustic buoys and a small boat. In all of the regions studied, continuous underwater noise of biological origin was observed with spectral maxima at frequencies of 1–1.5 and 7–8 kHz. In the lagoon of an atoll, this noise was much more intense than regular dynamic noise in the ocean. The maximum noise levels were observed in the first half of night.     

考虑噪声源深度分布的海洋环境噪声模型及地声参数反演

考虑到海洋环境噪声源深度分布不集中,建立了噪声源随深度分布的海洋环境噪声模型,分析了源深度对噪声场垂向特征的影响并从简正波角度予以解释,发现海底声阻抗和声源深度都显著影响由海洋环境噪声获得的等效海底反射损失大掠射角部分,进而将该模型用于地声参数反演.两段实测噪声数据200—525 Hz频段的反演结果表明:基于海洋环境噪声的地声参数反演最优值与声传播的反演结果相近;源平均深度最优值随频率增加有变小的趋势,说明随频率增加环境噪声主要贡献源逐渐由航船转为风浪;当海况大于3级时,400 Hz以上频段噪声源深度平均值很小,与Monahan气泡理论的描述一致.     

Pair-wise comparison experiment on subjective annoyance rating of noise samples with different frequency spectrums but same A-weighted level

A pair-wise comparison experiment on subjective annoyance rating of nine different noise samples is the focus of this paper. These noise samples collected from some associated facilities in urban residential areas are classified into three different types according to their frequency characteristics, and their A-weighted levels are equalized at 65 dBA. Based on the assessment of judging errors and statistical validity analysis of each testee’s evaluating matrix, invalid data are eliminated. The results show that the percentage of testees who chose noise samples containing more low frequency components had an obvious downside trend with the descending degree of annoyance from ‘the most annoyed’ to ‘the least annoyed’. The result indicates that noise which has low frequency characteristic is more annoying than noise of other frequencies when their A-weighted level are the same. Therefore, A-weighted level cannot scientifically assess noise annoyance which contains low frequency components mostly.