ICP-AES测定铜电解液中的Fe、Ni、Pb、Bi、Sb、Zn和As

利用ICP-AES分析技术,通过对样品处理、元素分析谱线、酸度等因素进行试验研究,综合确定了分析条件,对铜电解液中杂质元素（Fe、Ni、Pb、Bi、Sb、Zn、As）进行了ICP-AES测定。结果表明,ICP-AES测定铜电解液中Fe、Ni、Pb、Bi、Sb、Zn和As,可以满足铜电解生产的需要,为高纯阴极铜的生产起了指导作用。     

Short-pulse Calorimetric Load for High Power Millimeter-wave Beams

A spherical compact matched load, for high vacuum operation suited for short pulses (2 MW, 0.1 s) precise measurement has been designed to test high power gyrotrons Bruschi, Gandini, Muzzini, Spinicchia, Cirant, Gittini, Granucci, Mellera, Nardone, Simonetto, and Sozzi (Fusion Eng. Des. 56–57:649–654, 2001); Bruschi, Cirant, Gandini, Granucci, Mellera, Muzzini, Nardone, Simonetto, Sozzi, and Spinicchia (Nucl. Fusion 43:1513–1519, 2003); Bruschi, Cirant, Gandini, Gittini, Granucci, Mellera, Muzzini, Nardone, Simonetto, Sozzi, Spinicchia, Angella, and Signorelli (Development of CW and short-pulse calorimetric loads for high power millimeter-wave Beams, 23rd Symposium on Fusion Technology, September 20–24, 2004, Venice, Italy). In order to enhance the power handling capability of the load and to reduce the operation problems that may arise from an excessive reflection from the load, a ray tracing code has been written to model the power distribution on the inner surface and the pattern of the reflected radiation. The outcome of this code has been used to select a more convenient profile for the spreading mirror of the load and to optimize a pre-load specially conceived to minimize the power reflected fraction.     

光谱法锌离子检测系统的研究

采取标准锌显色剂与锌发生显色反应，生成不溶于水的絮状络合物。用光谱仪测它的吸光度，研究其特征谱与吸光度的特点，建立其浓度与特征波长吸光度间的数学模型。本文所采用的显色剂主要与锌、铜、镉、镍四种离子发生络合反应。因此分别探索了四种离子高浓度以及低浓度时显色反应的吸光度，最终通过得到锌离子浓度与吸光度的关系式以及锌离子浓度与四波长下四种离子混合溶液显色后的吸光度的关系式，给出了锌离子的吸光度与总吸光度的关系式。显色反应能否满足分光光度法的要求，主要与显色剂的性质有关，同时显色反应的条件也至关重要。因为在显色反应过程中，主要是锌离子与锌显色剂发生络合反应形成络离子，进而形成絮状络合物。络离子一般比较稳定，但在水溶液中也存在着电离平衡，也就是说当显色条件发生变化时，既有可能形成络离子，也有可能发生络离子的分解，从而影响络合反应的程度。显色条件包括显色剂用量、pH值、反应温度、显色时间、待测溶液的盐度以及浊度等。重点研究待测溶液的盐度对锌离子浓度测量值的影响，并通过实验给出影响规律以及校正模型。     

雪的偏振高光谱反射影响因素分析

针对雪监测的需要和全球变化对雪的影响,在传统对雪研究的基础上,从多角度偏振反射入手,对光线的入射天顶角、探测天顶角、探测方位角、偏振角、雪密度、雪中污染情况、雪下覆背景等影响因素进行了分析。发现这些因素对雪的反射光谱曲线均有影响,而且某些因素对偏振高光谱反射的影响较垂直观测更显著。这些影响因素中雪污染情况对雪的反射光谱曲线有明显的改变,其他因素对雪的反射光谱曲线形状变化影响不大,主要是影响雪的反射比值。雪的偏振反射信息的研究具有重要理论意义,也有广泛的应用前景,同时也为利用遥感技术对雪的定量研究提供新的思路和方法。     

秦巴山区汉中中药材姜黄中无机元素的测定

用ICP-AES测定陕西汉中市中药姜黄中的2种常量营养性元素(钙、镁)和5种微量元素(铜、铬、铁、锌、锰)含量.钙6010.5μg·g-1、镁6250.1μg · g-1、铜18.8μg·g-1、铬4.2μg·g-1、铁331.8μg·g-1、锌208.6μg·g-1、锰477.4μg·g-1,加标回收率均在96.4％...     

Recognition of practical speech emotion using improved shuffled frog leaping algorithm

Due to the drawbacks in Support Vector Machine（SVM）parameter optimization,an Improved Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm（Im-SFLA）was proposed,and the learning ability in practical speech emotion recognition was improved.Firstly,we introduced Simulated Annealing（SA）,Immune Vaccination（Iv）,Gaussian mutation and chaotic disturbance into the basic SFLA,which bManced the search efficiency and population diversity effectively.Secondly,Im-SFLA Was applied to the optimization of SVM parameters,and an Im-SFLA-SVM method Was proposed.Thirdly,the acoustic features of practical speech emotion,such aS ridgetiness,were analyzed.The pitch frequency,short-term energy,formant frequency and chaotic characteristics were analyzed corresponding to different emotion categories,and we constructed a 144-dimensional emotion feature vector for recognition and reduced to 4-dimension by adopting Linear Discriminant Analysis（LDA） Finally,the Im-SFLA-SVM method Was tested on the practical speech emotion database,and the recognition results were compared with Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm optimization-SVM（SFLA-SVM）method,Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm optimization-SVM（PSo-SVM） method,basic SVM,Gaussian Mixture Model（GMM）method and Back Propagation（BP）neural network method.The experimentM resuits showed that the average recognition rate of Im-SFLA-SVM method was 77.8%,which had improved 1.7%,2.7%,3.4%,4.7%and 7.8%respectively,compared with the other methods.The recognition of fidgetiness was significantly improve,thus verifying that Im-SFLA was an effective SVM parameter selection method,and the Im-SFLA-SVM method may significantly improve the practical speech emotion recognition.     

Raman spectroscopic investigations on the interactions of gastric cancer cells with 5-fluorouracil

To study the efficacy and side effects of antitumor drug by the method of Raman spectroscopy, the cancerous (SGC-7901) and normal (GES-1) gastric cells were treated with 0, 25-, 100-, and 200-mg/L 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) for 24 h, respectively, then Raman spectra of cells were recorded. The excitation wavelength was 514.5 nm and the Raman spectra in the region of 500 - 1800 cm-1 were recorded. For the gastric cancer cells, as the concentration of 5-Fu increases, the band at 1094 cm-1 attributed to the symmetric stretching vibration mode of PO2- in the DNA backbone gradually decreases, and the intensity ratio of the band at 1315 cm-1 to that at 1340 cm-1 (I1315/I1340) shows the ascending trend, and the ratio of the band area at 1655 cm-1 to that at 1450 cm-1 (A1655/A1450) shows the slight ascending trend. For the normal gastric cells, these peaks also appear changes, however, the changes are weaker than those for the cancer cells. In SGC-7901 cells, 5-Fu can interfere with the DNA synthesis and result in the reduction of the DNA content. Besides, it can affect the unsaturation degree of the hydrocarbon chains and alter the external environment of guanine and adenine residues in cancer cells. The changes of Raman spectra for normal gastric cells reveal the side effect of 5-Fu.     

Silicon Porosification: State of the Art

This review is devoted to the analysis of the problems related to fabrication of the Si porous layers. The review was motivated by a great interest to Si-based porous materials from nano- to macro-scale for various applications in electronics, optoelectronics, photonics, chemical sensors, biosensors, etc. The peculiarities of the silicon porosification and the principles of preparing porous layers are considered in the present article. Various methods used for Si porosification such as chemical stain etching, chemical vapor etching, laser-induced etching, metal-assisted etching, spark processing and reactive ion (plasma) etching were analyzed. However, the main attention was focused on electrochemical porosification of Si. The review discusses in detail the influence of parameters such as electrolyte composition and pH, current density, etching time, temperature, wafer doping and orientation, lighting, magnetic field, and ultrasonic agitation on the process of Si porosification. It was shown that the structure of porous silicon strongly depends on both technological parameters of electrochemical etching and the parameters of the semiconductor subject to treatment. This review also addresses the main properties of porous silicon, porous multilayer and 3D structure formation, oxidation of porous Si, release of the porous layer, drying, storage, etching, filling and surface functionalizing of porous Si. Features of III-V compound porosification are also briefly analyzed.     

基于高光谱技术的酸奶中常见致病菌的快速鉴别及计数

酸奶是一种发酵型乳制品饮料,因其特殊的功能性和良好的口感而广受欢迎。但由于商业链的不正当运行,如奶源非法获取、灭菌不充分等原因,导致酸奶中致病菌大量滋生,酸奶中毒事件频繁发生。酸奶中常见的致病菌主要有大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌,这三种致病菌由人体摄入并达到一定的数量时会产生腹痛、腹泻等严重的消化道疾病,并且会破坏人体肠道内的正常菌群平衡,因此国标对奶制品中这三种致病菌的数量已有明确的限量规定。由于酸奶的主要消费对象为老人和小孩,故其潜在危害不容小觑。传统菌落检测方法虽具有简单,灵敏、可操作性强等优点,但当不同菌落混杂在一起时无法同时进行定性定量的检测,且具有试剂成本高,检测周期长,人为因素影响较大等缺点。因此开发一种快速、简单、准确的混合鉴定计数方法为避免致病菌对酸奶的潜在危害提供了有效的途径。高光谱技术同时包含样本的光谱信息与图像信息,既能够根据化学组分的微小变化进行精确识别（光谱信息）,又能够反映出菌株在外部多层次的变化（图像信息）。因此该研究尝试对比高光谱图像技术和光谱技术,采用模式识别的方法,对比不同的模型识别结果,优选出最佳识别率的识别模型作为计数模型,最后通过最佳鉴别计数模型的识别分类结果来达到对酸奶中常见致病菌鉴定计数的目的。首先,购买酸奶中常见的乳酸菌种（保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌）和潜在污染的致病菌种（金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌）等标准菌株进行培养,提取经过48 h培养后的菌落图像信息和光谱信息。采用几种不同的预处理方式（SNV,MC,MSC,1stDER,2ndDER）对所提取的光谱数据进行预处理,并应用遗传算法筛除光谱数据中冗余的波段,保留有效波段。利用图像处理技术对图像信息中的菌株与培养基背景进行去除,然后采用主成分分析法从每幅图中优选出3个特征波长,并运用图像处理技术从特征波长所对应图像中提取菌株的18个基于GLCM的纹理特征信息。挑选合适的主成分分别建立不同的鉴别模型（LDA,KNN,BP-ANN,LS-SVM）,通过其最终的鉴别模型的识别率来确定最佳鉴别计数模型。最后从标准菌株中分别挑选出30株进行计数测试,通过比较模式识别的分类数量结果与菌株的实际数量来验证模式识别效果的准确率。研究表明,运用SNV预处理后光谱数据在提高信噪比效果上明显优于其他几种预处理方式。745.790 8,773.098 4和779.207 0 nm为图像信息中方差贡献率最大的三个波长,运用从特征波长所对应的图像中所提取的纹理特征信息建立图像识别模型。通过对比图像信息和光谱信息的模式识别结果发现,光谱特征鉴别模型普遍优于图像纹理特征鉴别模型,且当主成分数为9时,运用光谱特征所建立的LS-SVM模型的校正集识别率为96.25%,预测集的识别率为91.88%,为最优模型。采用优选的最优模型对菌株进行识别计数,大肠杆菌计数的相对误差为3.33%,金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌计数的相对误差均为0,验证了高光谱技术应用于酸奶中常见致病菌的鉴别计数的可行性。     

液体透镜的诞生和发展

本文介绍当今世界最先进的透镜成像系统——液体变焦透镜的诞生和发展.首先是哥伦比亚大学的反射式旋转液体透镜,可用作天文望远镜;透射式液体透镜从加州大学圣地亚哥分校的压力透镜,到Lucent公司的纯电力控制的液体—空气界面的透镜,再到Philips公司的方便操作的封闭式液—液界面透镜,最后到法国VariOptic公司的能自动调节光轴的改进型透镜,其中着重介绍了VariOptic的液体透镜.     

Remarks on q-space MR propagator in partially restricted,axially-symmetric,and isotropic environments

The problem of reconstruction of an apparent propagator from a series of diffusion-attenuated magnetic resonance (MR) signals is revisited. In nonimaging acquisitions, the inverse Fourier transform of the MR signal attenuation is consistent with the notion of an ensemble average propagator. However, in image acquisitions where one is interested in quantifying a displacement distribution in every voxel of the image, the propagator derived in the traditional way may lead to a counter-intuitive profile when it is nonsymmetric, which could be a problem in partially restricted environments. By exploiting the reciprocity of the diffusion propagator, an alternative is introduced, which implies a forward Fourier transform of the MR signal attenuations yielding a propagator reflected around the origin. Two simple problems were considered as examples. In the case of diffusion in the proximity of a restricting barrier, the reflected propagator yields a more meaningful result, whereas in the case of curving fibers, the original propagator is more intuitive. In the final section of the article, two more one-dimensional transformations are introduced, which enable the reconstruction of two- and three-dimensional propagators in, respectively, axially symmetric and isotropic environments — in both cases, from one-dimensional q-space MR data.     

Hardware and software for the automating atomic-absorption spectrometers AAS, S115, and saturn

We describe a modified GELIOS System intended to automate the atomic-absorption spectrometers AAS, S115, SATURN, and Perkin-Elmer 503. Software is prepared in the visual environment of programming DELFI-3 and functions under the control of Windows 95. A distinguishing feature of the GELIOS System is simultaneous search for the peak and area of the absorption signal, correction of the errors of measurements, automatic digital filtration of data, control of the time of operation of hollow-cathode lamps, measurement of spectra and the statistical resource of the service life of hollow-cathode lamps, use of different methods to construct a calibrating graph, the possibility of memorizing the data of the analysis in an archived file, and a formation of the report for printing. The system contains an electrovic data directory on atomicabsorption analysis in five volumes for 67 elements of the Mendeleev system. To whom correspondence should be addressed. “University” Science and Production Center, 4, F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220050, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 66, No. 5, pp. 734–737, September–October, 1999.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

影响单摆振动周期的参数研究

应用振动分析的方法,研究了单摆的周期受摆角、摆球的线度、地球纬度、摆球离地面的高度、介质黏度和介质密度参数的影响;作出了周期比随参数变化的曲线.结果表明:单摆的周期随摆角、摆球的线度、摆球离地面的高度、介质黏度和介质密度的增大而增大,随地球纬度的增大而减小.     

保护的氨基葡萄糖苷结构测定中的核磁共振光谱研究

以D-氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐、三氯乙晴、三氯乙氧甲酰氯和三甲基硅三氟甲基磺酸酯(TMSOTF)为主要原料,合成了保护的氨基葡萄糖5,8,9,12,13和两种保护的2脱氧2氨基葡二糖10和11,它们均为新化合物。用1HNMR和13CNMR谱等进行了表征。所列核磁共振氢谱数据表明保护的氨基葡萄糖、保护的氨基葡二糖中的NH上质子化学位移(δ)显著地移向低场至507～526。9,10,11,12,13化合物中的J1,2值在72～88Hz,均为β糖苷;而J1,2值在300和496Hz,为α糖苷(5和6)。H2的化学位移一般处在较高场,δ在310～430。所列13C谱数据表明C1的化学位移处于最低场,C2处于较高场,相应的氢有类似情况。一般C1的δ>100(如化合物91019)为β苷;而δ<100(如化合物5δ=9520,化合物6δ=9721)为α糖苷。讨论了糖环上其他H和C的化学位移特征。用DEPT(DistortionlessEnhancementbyPolarizationTransfer)法配合13CNMR谱方便而清楚地鉴别了化合物6中碳原子的级数。     

基于目标与环境FD模型的多特征检测算法适应性评估

智能变形、变色、变温、变谱技术发展趋势下,低特征目标加速实现与自然地物背景的特征融合,导致复杂自然背景环境下低散射、微反射、弱辐射目标的检测与评估愈发困难,特定场景下潜在威胁目标的检测方法快速决策与准确评估成为了难题.为了提升离散目标、伪装目标、弱小目标、异常目标等低特征目标与复杂自然背景环境融合场景下的多特征检测算法...     

The defining role of interface crystallography in corrosion of a two-phase pearlitic steel

ABSTRACT

This study involved thermomechanically processed fine (few hundred nanometers of interlamellar spacing) pearlite wire rods of the different axial alignment of the pearlite colonies, and coarse (several micron interlamellar spacing) pearlite colonies. In the former, appropriate microstructural tailoring, and corresponding axial alignment, reduced the corrosion rate, in chloride solution, by nearly 6.4 times. In the coarse pearlite, on the other hand, dissolution and aqueous corrosion, influenced by microgalvanic coupling, was shown to be restricted to the ferrite side of the ferrite-cementite interface. The orientation relationship between ferrite and cementite determined localised corrosion. In summary, remarkable improvements in the resistance to galvanic corrosion were shown, in coarse two-phase pearlite, by enhancing the population of good-fit interfaces. Though the same observation was not possible, experimentally, in the fine pearlite colonies, the remarkable improvement in the corrosion resistance of aligned pearlite wire rods appears real and extremely reproducible.     

Energy,Exergy, Exergoeconomic and Exergoenvironmental Impact Analyses and Optimization of Various Geothermal Power Cycle Configurations

Energy, exergy, and exergoeconomic evaluations of various geothermal configurations are reported. The main operational and economic parameters of the cycles are evaluated and compared. Multi-objective optimization of the cycles is conducted using the artificial bee colony algorithm. A sensitivity assessment is carried out on the effect of production well temperature variation on system performance from energy and economic perspectives. The results show that the flash-binary cycle has the highest thermal and exergy efficiencies, at 15.6% and 64.3%, respectively. The highest generated power cost and pay-back period are attributable to the simple organic Rankine cycle (ORC). Raising the well-temperature can increase the exergy destruction rate in all configurations. However, the electricity cost and pay-back period decrease. Based on the results, in all cases, the exergoenvironmental impact improvement factor decreases, and the temperature rises. The exergy destruction ratio and efficiency of all components for each configuration are calculated and compared. It is found that, at the optimum state, the exergy efficiencies of the simple organic Rankine cycle, single flash, double flash, and flash-binary cycles respectively are 14.7%, 14.4%, 12.6%, and 14.1% higher than their relevant base cases, while the pay-back periods are 10.6%, 1.5% 1.4%, and 0.6% lower than the base cases.     

Ice internal friction: Standard theoretical perspectives on friction codified,adapted for the unusual rheology of ice,and unified

Sea ice contains flaws including frictional contacts. We aim to describe quantitatively the mechanics of those contacts, providing local physics for geophysical models. With a focus on the internal friction of ice, we review standard micro-mechanical models of friction. The solid's deformation under normal load may be ductile or elastic. The shear failure of the contact may be by ductile flow, brittle fracture, or melting and hydrodynamic lubrication. Combinations of these give a total of six rheological models. When the material under study is ice, several of the rheological parameters in the standard models are not constant, but depend on the temperature of the bulk, on the normal stress under which samples are pressed together, or on the sliding velocity and acceleration. This has the effect of making the shear stress required for sliding dependent on sliding velocity, acceleration, and temperature. In some cases, it also perturbs the exponent in the normal-stress dependence of that shear stress away from the value that applies to most materials.

We unify the models by a principle of maximum displacement for normal deformation, and of minimum stress for shear failure, reducing the controversy over the mechanism of internal friction in ice to the choice of values of four parameters in a single model. The four parameters represent, for a typical asperity contact, the sliding distance required to expel melt-water, the sliding distance required to break contact, the normal strain in the asperity, and the thickness of any ductile shear zone.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体-质谱法测定黑木耳中铅、镉、砷、铜、锌和铬

建立了微波消解法前处理,电感耦合等离子体-质谱法(ICP-MS)快速测定黑木耳中Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、As等重金属元素的方法.该法采用内标法校正监测和校正信号的短期和长期漂移,提高仪器的稳定性,改善测定的精密度,校正一般样品的基体影响,建立了测定208pb、114Cd、75As的干扰方程以消除同质异位素重叠和多原子粒子的干扰.该方法能准确测定大米粉标准物质(GBW 10010)和茶叶标准物质(GBW 10016)中Pb、Cd、Cr、Zn、Cu、As的含量,黑木耳样品的加标回收率为94.0％-107.3％,RSD为2.5％-5.2％.