固定化微生物处理垃圾渗滤液

重点研究了固定化微生物处理垃圾渗滤液时的处理结果以及主要性能．通过对进水与出水COD及氨氮等指标进行检测分析,研究了固定化微生物对COD和氨氮的高效去除效果．并采用GC—MS对处理前后的垃圾渗滤液组分进行定性分析,同时利用Kjeldahl’s法测定了高效微生物菌群在载体上的生物负载量,最后采用电子显微镜观察了固定化微生物的形态．研究结果表明：采用固定化微生物处理渗滤液,COD和氨氮去除率分别达到98．3％和99．9％．处理后的垃圾渗滤液组分中有机物大量减少,生物负载量为38g·L^-1,丝状微生物较为发达．而且200mg·L^-1以上的氨氮以及150mg·L^-1以上的NH3对硝化菌及亚硝化菌没有抑制作用．在有机负荷较高的情况下,固定化微生物仍具有较好的硝化作用．还在相同条件下与游离微生物性能进行了比较,说明固定化微生物技术在各个方面所表现出的性能较后者具有明显的优势．     

垃圾渗滤液的处置及资源化利用现状

分析了我国垃圾无害化处理处置现状,指出卫生填埋存在一系列问题。综述了垃圾渗滤液的组成及性质,对比分析了生物处理技术、物化处理技术以及土地处理技术的机理及其优缺点,其中传统的垃圾渗滤液处理处置工艺不利于垃圾处理行业健康发展。列举说明垃圾渗滤液的资源化利用现状,展望了垃圾渗滤液在能源、农业以及工业领域的应用,提出通过从垃圾渗滤液中提取腐殖酸等物质生产肥料的方式,不仅可以实现垃圾渗滤液的资源化利用,且具有良好的经济效益。     

维多利亚蓝B-双波长分光光度法测定垃圾渗滤液中十二烷基磺酸钠

在pH 7.3的B-R缓冲溶液中,阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)与维多利亚蓝B(VBB)以物质的量比2:1反应生成具有正吸收和负吸收的蓝色离子缔合物,最大正吸收波长为690 nm,最大负吸收波长为615 nm,线性范围分别为0.2～8.2 mg·L-1(正吸收)和0.2～6.8 mg·L-1(负吸收),表观摩尔吸光率为3.48×104L·mol-1·cm-1(正吸收)和2.14×104L·mol-1·cm-1(负吸收),采用双波长叠加测定,灵敏度可达5.60×104L·mol-1·cm-1,据此建立了测定SDS含量的双波长分光光度法.探讨了适宜的反应条件及垃圾渗滤液的预处理方法.该法用于垃圾渗滤液中SDS含量的测定,回收率在98.5 0A～101.0H之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=5)在0.8%～1.5%之间.     

液相催化复极性流化床电解槽处理对硝基酚废水

应用液相催化复极性流化床电解槽降解处理对硝基酚废水.溶液中的Fe2+离子与O2在阴极还原生的成H2O2形成了Fenton试剂,实验以对硝基酚为降解底物,考察了槽电压、Fe2+浓度及曝气量对模拟废水对硝基酚及COD去除率的影响.结果显示,在pH=3.0,电压30V,Fe2+浓度500 mg.L-1,曝气量0.4 m3.h-1的条件下,对硝基酚及COD均有较高的去除率.     

氧化钙改性高岭土对垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的去除研究

采用氧化钙对高岭土进行改性,并用XRD、SEM和FT-IR对改性高岭土进行了表征。将改性高岭土应用于垃圾渗滤液的处理,考察了改性高岭土投加量、渗滤液初始pH、时间等因素对氨氮去除效果的影响,并对其吸附机理进行了研究。结果表明,氧化钙改性高岭土的产物主要是胶凝材料水化物(硅铝酸钙和含Al的C-S-H凝胶),形貌为蜂窝状;向氨氮含量为3520mg/L、pH为7.53~7.80的垃圾渗滤液中投加160g/L吸附剂,吸附60min,氨氮的去除率达82.66%,吸附量为18.19mg/g。氧化钙改性高岭土对氨氮的吸附符合Langmuir等温模型,动力学上符合准二级动力学方程,其相关系数分别为0.9678,0.9989。同时,该吸附过程包含了膜扩散和颗粒内扩散。     

液相色谱串联质谱法同时测定垃圾渗滤液中的邻苯二甲酸酯和烷基酚

利用反相液相色谱-电喷雾-串联质谱法同时分析了水体中的6种邻苯二甲酸酯(DMP、DEP、DBP、DEHP、DOP和DNP)以及OP、NP和BPA。用Waters XTerraTMMS C18色谱柱,乙腈和乙酸铵溶液作为梯度洗脱的流动相。结果表明,9种物质的分离效果良好,邻菲二甲酸酯采用亚离子模式检测,烷基酚采用负离子模式检测。通过多反应监测模式(MRM)对各目标物进行定量,检出限为0.1~1μg/L。该方法已用于北京某垃圾填埋场渗滤液中相关物质的检测,结果表明:原水中邻苯二甲酸酯和烷基酚的总浓度为218~291μg/L,其中主要是DEHP。垃圾渗滤液处理工艺对这些物质有明显的去除效果。     

Co/Bi催化剂催化湿法氧化降解垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮

采用催化湿法氧化(CWAO)技术,以Co/Bi为催化剂,对垃圾渗滤液中氨氮(NH₃-N)进行降解处理,并利用GC-MS检测了垃圾渗滤液中含氮有机物的相对含量.结果表明,随着反应温度的升高,CWAO对NH₃-N的降解能力逐渐增强,在220,240,260和280℃条件下,NH₃-N降解规律符合一级动力学反应(r>0.93,n=6).在升温过程(20～300℃)中,NH₃-N浓度变化经历了先升后降两个阶段,并在220℃时达到最大值.GC-MS检测结果表明,在第一阶段,垃圾渗滤液中几种含氮有机物因催化氧化而生成NH₃-N;第二阶段,NH₃-N逐渐被氧化降解,达到了CWAO技术同时降解有机物和NH₃-N的目的.同时,选取垃圾渗滤液中一种含氮有机物2-巯基苯并噻唑进行含氮有机物氮降解机理的验证实验.     

电极面积对老龄垃圾渗滤液为底物的微生物燃料电池性能影响

构建生物阴极型双室微生物燃料电池,处理老龄垃圾渗滤液。研究了阳极与阴极面积比值对微生物燃料电池产电能力和对老龄垃圾渗滤液处理效果的影响。结果表明,阳极与阴极面积比为1:2、2:2、2:1的3组生物阴极型微生物燃料电池输出电压分别为408、452、396mV,最大电功率密度分别为145.73、237.65、136.50mW/m³,内阻分别为350、200、400Ω,COD的去除率分别为21.18%、20.20%、22.31%。3组微生物燃料电池运行30d后,垃圾渗滤液中氨氮、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮浓度均下降,其中,氨氮去除率分别为80.88%、73.61%和66.17%,其去除效果与产电性能相关。     

La-Ti/SnO2-Sb/RuO2-Co电极制备及其处理垃圾渗滤液研究

以纯钛为基体材料,并以热氧化的方式制备La-Ti/SnO_2-Sb/RuO_2-Co电极,采用X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及X-射线能量色散谱(EDS)对电极涂层表面形貌和晶体结构进行表征。采用制备的La-Ti/SnO_2-Sb/RuO_2-Co电极作为阳极,不锈钢为阴极,构建电化学反应器,对老龄垃圾渗滤液进行降解。结果表明在电流密度为65 mA/cm~2、Cl-浓度为4 500 mg/L、初始pH=9和反应时间为6 h的最佳反应条件下,La-Ti/SnO_2-Sb/RuO_2-Co电极对NH_3-N和COD的去除率分别达到86.5%、61%。     

活性炭吸附–固相萃取–离子色谱法快速测定垃圾渗滤液中的阴离子

建立了活性炭吸附–固相萃取–离子色谱法快速测定垃圾渗滤液中F–,Cl-,NO3–,PO43–,SO42–5种阴离子的方法。100 m L样品先经10 g预先洗涤烘干的活性炭吸附,然后通过吸附特性不同的ENVI–18(C18小柱)、PSA固相萃取小柱。利用C18小柱对水中有机污染物的萃取及键合相有双齿配体的PSA小柱对金属离子的螯合,除去渗滤液中大量的有机物和重金属,再经离子色谱检测。5种离子的质量浓度在1~10 mg/L范围内与其色谱峰面积呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数大于0.999,F–,Cl-,NO3–,PO43–,SO42–的检出限分别为0.02,0.02,0.08,0.15,0.09 mg/L。5种离子的平均加标回收率为96%~105%,测定结果的相对标准偏差小于6%(n=6)。该方法简便快捷,测定结果准确可靠,可用于垃圾渗滤液中F–,Cl-,NO3–,PO43–,SO42–5种阴离子的测定。     

Electrodialysis with Bipolar Membranes for Valorization of Brines

Several industrial processes, such as desalination or neutralization, generate brines defined as concentrated solutions of salts in water, usually NaCl, typically discharged in the vicinities of the desalination plant or factory. To reduce the environmental impact and promote the valorization of the wasted resources, alternatives must be sought. Among sustainable alternatives for the recovery of brines, the possibility of using Electrodialysis with Bipolar Membranes (EDBM) is of interest, because it allows recovering brines as useful acids and bases. This review focuses on the discussion of the technical aspects of the EDBM as a means to treat streams rich in NaCl from reverse osmosis desalination and industrial processes in order to complete the direct delivery of chemicals for self-supply. The main environmental issues associated with desalination brine disposal are presented. The state-of-the-art of valorization of brines by EDBM to acids and bases is completed. This work concludes with an in-depth discussion of the technical, techno-economic and economic barriers that prevent the widespread use of EDBM technology.     

流动注射分光光度法测定矿物浸提液中的游离氰化物

在氢氧化钠介质中游离的氰化物与苦味酸钠反应生成玫瑰红酸钠，并进行升温改善反应条件。双流路系统与单流路相比，峰形规范、光滑，能有效消除鬼峰，优化了显色条件，工作波长为５１０ｎｍ。按生产工艺要求的线性范围为４．０￣４０．０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ。进样频率为１３０次／ｈ。已成功地用于矿物浸提液中游离氰化物的现场分析。     

Treatment of Sanitary Landfill Leachates in a Lab-Scale Gradual Concentric Chamber (GCC) Reactor

Sanitary landfill leachates are a major environmental problem in South American countries where sanitary landfills are still constructed and appropriate designs for the treatment of these leachates remain problematic. The performance of a lab-scale Gradual Concentric Chamber (GCC) reactor for leachates treatment is presented in this study. Two types of sanitary landfill residuals were evaluated, one directly collected from the garbage trucks (JGL), with high organic strength (84 g COD/l) and the second one, a 6-month-generated leachate (YL) collected from the lagoon of the sanitary landfill in Quito, Ecuador, with an organic strength of 66 g COD/l. Different operational parameters, such as organic loading rate (OLR), temperature, recycling and aeration, were tested. The GCC reactor was found to be a robust technology to treat these high-strength streams with organic matter removal efficiencies higher than 65%. The best performance of the reactors (COD removal efficiencies of 75–80%) was obtained at a Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) of around 20 h and at 35 °C, with an applied OLR up to 70 and 100 g COD/l per day. Overall, the GCC reactor concept appears worth to be further developed for the treatment of leachates in low-income countries.     

Determination of Organic Contaminants in Landfill Leachates: A Review

Leachates derived from landfills constitute a potential risk of groundwater pollution because a variety of contaminants can be released by leaking from the contention system. Therefore, the leachate composition is of interest of their appropriate management. Although the leachate characterisation is usually carried out by global parameters (i.e. DOC, BOD, COD, AOX, etc), its characterisation at molecular level is of increasing interest and will be reviewed in the present article. Sample handling and determination techniques for a variety of organic contaminants is discussed and pitfalls as well as limitations of each analytical technique will be highlighted.     

Fenton试剂降解水中的菲和芘

多环芳烃(PAHs)是最早发现且数量最多的致癌物[1],主要来源于人类活动和能源利用过程,如石油、煤等的燃烧、石油及石油化工产品生产、海上石油开发及石油运输中的溢漏等过程.     

Recovery of Acid and Alkaline from Industrial Saline Wastewater by Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis under High-Chemical Oxygen Demand Concentration

Actual high saline wastewater containing concentrated organics and sodium chloride is a bioenergy and renewable resource. This study compared two different bipolar membrane electrodialysis membranes from two companies’ stacks to recover HCl and NaOH from sodium chloride solution and actual chemical wastewater. The results demonstrated that the electrolysis rates were around 1.5 kg/m²h, the HCl and NaOH production rates were about 0.9 kg/m²h, energy consumption was in the range of 1.05–1.27 kWh/kg, and the economic benefits were above 1 yuan/h in BMED systems. From analyzing the performance of seven different BMED membrane stacks, the B2 stack was chosen for electrolyzing actual high salt wastewater to observe the effect of chemical oxygen demand on BMED systems, where electrolytic salt performance, HCl-NaOH alkali production rates, and energy consumption show linear dependence on time for 5000 mg/L chemical oxygen demand wastewater. It illustrated chemical oxygen demand can enhance energy consumption and reduce electrolytic salt performance and the acid and alkali production rates, due to improving the membrane area resistance. In this study, the effect of high COD saline wastewater on the performance of a BMED membrane stack was clarified and the mechanism was analyzed for its practical application in treating chemical high salt wastewater.     

HF离子交换膜在电渗析器上的性能研究

研究了ＨＦ高性能阴阳离子交换膜在电渗析器上的性能。采用比较苛刻的介质对离子交换膜的性能进行了考验。结果表明在连续运转十五个月后，离子交换膜本身的电化学性能没有明显变化，并且电渗析器的操作性能与初装时相近。     

芬顿试剂对田菁胶的氧化降解

考察了芬顿试剂对田菁胶的氧化降解行为. 系统研究了H_2O_2和Fe~(2+)用量、温度和降解时间对田菁胶粘度的影响. 结果表明,H_2O_2和Fe~(2+)合适的体积比为2:1. 在较低的温度(25 ℃)和较短的时间(20 min)内芬顿试剂就能使田菁胶粘度下降90%以上. 另外,pH值的变化对其降解性能影响不大,显示了较好的降解效果.     

不同离子影响下UV/Fenton试剂协同降解曙红B的研究

近年来,利用光催化氧化法降解难处理有机物是环境科学研究的热点问题之一。其中UV/Fenton反应已经被证明是一种有效处理有机废水的方法[1-3],其反应机理[4-7]和动力学研究[8]也被国内外广泛研究。紫外光和Fe2 对H2O2的催化分解具有协同效应,使H2O2的分解速率远大于Fe2 或紫外(UV)催化H2O2分解速率的简单加合,同时Fe2 在反应中得以再生,降低了Fe2 的用量,并保持了H2O2较高的利用率,与其他高级氧化技术(AOPs)相比,因其操作简单,反应快速,可产生絮凝,无二次污染等优点而倍受青睐。染料废水不仅具有水量大、成分复杂、COD值高、可生化…     

环境样品中农药啶虫脒的荧光动力学分析

酸性条件下,痕量农药啶虫脒的存在对Fenton试剂(Fe(Ⅱ)+H2O2)氧化罗丹明6G促其荧光猝灭具有明显的抑制作用,EDTA的加入,使啶虫脒在一定浓度范围内与荧光阻尼强度大小呈现良好线性关系,同时增加了体系的稳定性和灵敏度.据此建立了一种测定农药啶虫脒的荧光动力学新方法.系统考察了各种因素对体系灵敏度的影响.在最佳条件下,啶虫脒浓度在0.24～1.6μg/mL范围内与△F呈现良好线性关系,方法的检出限为0.062 μg/mL,方法可用于环境水样、土壤和河底泥样品的测定.