Al掺杂对锐钛矿型TiO2光催化性能影响的研究

采用平面波赝势(PWPP)方法进行密度泛函(DFT)计算,研究了Al掺杂对锐钛矿晶体能带、态密度的影响.分析发现掺杂后Al原子3s和3p轨道上的电子虽然对晶体的价带和导带贡献不大,却诱使导带发生较大程度下移,禁带宽度减小,理论预测可以发生红移.采用低温燃烧合成法制备了Al掺杂锐钛矿型纳米TiO2,紫外-可见吸收光谱检测和甲基橙降解实验证明,Al掺杂TiO2光吸收强度增强,吸收带边界发生红移;光催化性能较纯TiO2有所改善.理论计算结果与实验结果相符.     

硼铈共掺杂纳米TiO2光催化降解三氯杀螨醇和菊酯类农药

采用溶胶-凝胶法在钛酸丁酯水解过程引入硼酸、硝酸铈,制备具有光催化活性的硼铈共掺杂纳米二氧化钛（TiO2）,经XRD、TEM、FT-IR、UV-Vis-DRS表征晶体结构,在日光灯照射下,光催化降解三氯杀螨醇、高氟氯氰菊酯、氟戊菊酯农药。结果表明：硼铈共掺杂的TiO2只有锐钛矿型,而纯的或掺铈的TiO2有含有锐钛矿型、金红石相和少量板钛矿型,UV-Vis-DRS测定结果表明硼铈共掺杂的TiO2禁带宽度变小,硼铈共掺杂的TiO2在可见光区吸光度高于掺杂铈和不掺杂的TiO2,在420nm~850nm有强的吸收;在同样光照下对三氯杀螨醇、高氟氯氰菊酯、氟戊菊酯的降解试验证明硼铈共掺杂纳米TiO2的光催化活性高于不掺杂或只掺杂铈的TiO2。     

掺杂Sb对纳米TiO2薄膜的超亲水性和微结构的影响

用溶胶-凝胶法将纳米TiO2:Sb薄膜沉积在玻璃基板上.研究了掺杂浓度对薄膜的光致超亲水性、薄膜结构和晶相转变的影响.结果表明,纯TiO2薄膜中， TiO2不仅以无定型态存在，而且还以板钛矿和锐钛矿的形式存在.掺杂Sb提高了TiO2由无定型向板钛矿和锐钛矿转变的速率.掺入适量的Sb后， TiO2薄膜表现出更好的光致超亲水性.由XRD谱可算出薄膜的晶粒大小为13.3～20.0 nm.     

阴离子掺杂TiO2的芯位移和热力学性质的第一性原理研究

采用第一性原理计算考察了阴离子(硼、碳、氮、氟、磷、硫)掺杂的二氧化钛(包括锐钛矿相和金红石相)。芯位移计算结果表明,在氮掺杂的TiO2中,间隙掺杂类型的N的1s能级在XPS能谱上峰的位置要比替代掺杂的能级高,类似的结果也在硼、碳、磷和硫掺杂的TiO2上发现。然而对于F掺杂的TiO2,替代掺杂的峰位置比间隙掺杂的高,且与TiO2的晶相无关。还对阴离子掺杂的TiO2进行了热力学研究。结果表明,替换掺杂的形成焓高于间隙掺杂的,因此替代掺杂的TiO2的制备需要苛刻的条件,而间隙掺杂TiO2的制备只需温和的湿化学条件。     

阴离子掺杂TiO2的芯位移和热力学性质的第一性原理研究

采用第一性原理计算考察了阴离子(硼、碳、氮、氟、磷、硫)掺杂的二氧化钛(包括锐钛矿相和金红石相)。芯位移计算结果表明,在氮掺杂的TiO2中,间隙掺杂类型的N的1s能级在XPS能谱上峰的位置要比替代掺杂的能级高,类似的结果也在硼、碳、磷和硫掺杂的TiO2上发现。然而对于F掺杂的TiO2,替代掺杂的峰位置比间隙掺杂的高,且与TiO2的晶相无关。还对阴离子掺杂的TiO2进行了热力学研究。结果表明,替换掺杂的形成焓高于间隙掺杂的,因此替代掺杂的TiO2的制备需要苛刻的条件,而间隙掺杂TiO2的制备只需温和的湿化学条件。     

过渡金属掺杂和碳纳米管（CNT）接枝双重改性TiO2光催化剂

提出了一种过渡金属掺杂和碳纳米管(CNT)双重改性TiO2的新方法:首先采用溶胶-凝胶法合成掺杂镍和铁的二氧化钛基催化剂,然后采用流化床化学气相沉积方法(FBCVD)在二氧化钛基催化剂表面接枝生长CNT,得到CNT/Fe-Ni/TiO2复合光催化剂.通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、比表面分析、拉曼光谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱、荧光光谱等方法考察了双重改性复合光催化剂CNT/Fe-Ni/TiO2的结构和性能,通过降解亚甲基蓝溶液评价了双重改性复合光催化剂的活性.结果表明,在TiO2表面接枝的CNT具有较好的石墨化结构,CNT生长过程中小部分TiO2由锐钛矿向金红石晶型转变.过渡金属和CNT双重改性有效地克服了TiO2的比表面积小、量子效率低等缺点,明显提高了TiO2的光催化活性.     

溶胶-凝胶-水热法制备Ce-Si/TiO2及其可见光催化性能

以钛酸四正丁酯、正硅酸乙酯、六水硝酸铈为原料, 在140 ℃下通过溶胶-凝胶-水热法水解制备Ce-Si/TiO2. 所得样品用X射线衍射、氮吸附、透射电镜、紫外漫反射、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱等测试手段分析, 结果显示400-600 ℃条件下焙烧所有样品均为锐钛矿, 样品具有较大的比表面积, Si和Ce均被引入到TiO2中. 在可见光照射下, 以脱色降解罗丹明B为探针反应, 研究其可见光催化性能, 结果表明, 与未掺杂和单一组分掺杂的二氧化钛相比较, 共掺杂的二氧化钛具有更高的催化性能, 当Ce/Ti和Si/Ti的物质的量比分别为0.010和0.10时,可见光催化性能最好.     

溶胶-凝胶-水热法制备Ce-Si/TiO2及其可见光催化性能

以钛酸四正丁酯、正硅酸乙酯、六水硝酸铈为原料,在140℃下通过溶胶-凝胶-水热法水解制备Ce-Si/TiO2.所得样品用X射线衍射、氮吸附、透射电镜、紫外漫反射、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱等测试手段分析,结果显示400-600℃条件下焙烧所有样品均为锐钛矿,样品具有较大的比表而积,Si和Ce均被引入到TiO2中.在可见光照射下,以脱色降解罗丹明B为探针反应,研究其可见光催化性能,结果表明,与末掺杂和单一组分掺杂的二氧化钛相比较,共掺杂的二氧化钛具有更高的催化性能,当Ce/Ti和Si/Ti的物质的量比分别为0.010和0.10时,可见光催化性能最好.     

N掺杂TiO_2纳米管阵列的制备及可见光光催化性能研究

分别以氨水、乙二胺、丁胺为氮源,利用阳极氧化法和湿化学法合成氮掺杂的二氧化钛(TiO2)纳米管阵列.通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征方法对氮掺杂TiO2纳米管形貌,晶型和氮元素掺杂方式进行分析,并通过可见光光催化降解六氯苯(HCB)废水,研究氮元素掺杂方式与可见光光催化活性的关系.结果表明有序排列的TiO2纳米管阵列垂直生长在钛基底表面,管长500nm左右,管径100nm左右.氮元素掺杂阻碍了TiO2晶粒的增长,抑制了锐钛矿向金红石相的转变.无机氮比有机氮更加利于氮元素进入TiO2晶格,取代态氮比间隙态氮表现出更高的可见光光催化活性.     

基于铝离子掺杂二氧化钛薄膜的染料敏化太阳能电池的光电性能

采用水热法制备出Al3+掺杂二氧化钛薄膜,通过玻璃棒涂于导电玻璃上,在450°C的温度下烧结并将其用N3染料敏化制成染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSCs).通过X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)及DSSCs测试系统对其进行了测试表征,研究了Al3+掺杂对TiO2晶型及染料敏化太阳能电池的光电性能影响.XPS数据显示Al3+成功掺杂到了TiO2晶格内,由于Al3+的存在,对半导体内电子和空穴的捕获及阻止电子/空穴对的复合发挥重要作用.莫特-肖特基曲线显示掺杂Al3+后二氧化钛平带电位发生正移,并导致电子从染料注入到TiO2的驱动力提高.DSSCs系统测试结果表明,Al3+掺杂的TiO2薄膜光电效率达到6.48%,相对于无掺杂的纯二氧化钛薄膜光电效率(5.58%),其光电效率提高了16.1%,短路光电流密度从16.5mA·cm-2提高到18.2mA·cm-2.     

掺磷二氧化钛的制备及其光催化性能研究

以TiCl4为原料,在低温下分别制备了纯二氧化钛和掺磷二氧化钛水溶胶,通过XRD、TEM、FT-IR、UV-vis等进行了表征。结果表明,两类样品中的TiO2颗粒均呈锐钛矿型晶相结构,粒径小于10nm,但是掺磷二氧化钛比纯二氧化钛的结晶度更高,颗粒分散更均匀,且禁带宽度和吸光度也有一定的增大,同时掺磷二氧化钛中的磷有效地溶入二氧化钛晶格中。通过对亚甲基兰的光催化降解表明,掺磷二氧化钛水溶胶的光催化性能比纯二氧化钛水溶胶大约提高了2倍。     

P掺杂量对纳米TiO2结构及其光催化甘油水溶液制氢性能的影响

以钛酸丁酯为前驱体,以NaH2PO4为掺杂离子给体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了系列P掺杂的TiO2光催化剂,运用N2吸附-脱附、透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱、激光拉曼光谱、紫外-可见光漫反射等技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,适量掺杂的P可以进入TiO2骨架中,而掺杂量过高时,P将溶解于TiO2晶格间隙中;P掺杂后的TiO2均为具有介孔结构的锐钛矿晶型纳米颗粒,其晶粒变小,分散度明显提高.适量P掺杂增大样品的比表面积,并使得TiO2禁带内引入杂质能级,降低了禁带能量,增加了光生电子和空穴的分离性能,提高了TiO2的吸光性能.光催化甘油水溶液制氢反应结果表明,P掺杂的TiO2表现出远高于纯TiO2的光催化活性;5%P掺杂样品在紫外光和模拟太阳光辐射下,其最高产氢速率可分别达1838和209μmol/(g.h).这与掺P后晶粒变小、比表面积增大、禁带能量降低以及光生电子和空穴的分离性能增加有关.     

Mobility enhanced photoactivity in sol-gel grown epitaxial anatase TiO2 films

Epitaxial anatase thin films were grown on single-crystal LaAlO3 substrates by a sol-gel process. The epitaxial relationship between TiO2 and LaAlO3 was found to be [100]TiO2||[100]LaAlO3 and (001)TiO2||(001)LaAlO3 based on X-ray diffraction and a high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The epitaxial anatase films show significantly improved photocatalytic properties, compared with polycrystalline anatase film on fused silica substrate. The increase in the photocatalytic activity of epitaxial anatase films is explained by enhanced charge carrier mobility, which is traced to the decreased grain boundary density in the epitaxial anatase film.     

First-principles study of lattice dynamics and thermodynamics of TiO2 polymorphs

The structural, phonon, and thermodynamic properties of six TiO(2) polymorphs, i.e., rutile, anatase, columbite, baddeleyite, orthorhombic I, and cotunnite, have been systematically investigated by density functional theory. The predicted volumes, bulk modulus, and Debye temperature are in good agreement with experiments. The phonon dispersions of the TiO(2) polymorphs were studied by the supercell approach, whereas the long-range dipole-dipole interactions were calculated by linear response theory to reproduce the LO-TO splitting, making accurate prediction of phonon frequencies for the polar material TiO(2). The calculated phonon dispersions show that all TiO(2) polymorphs are dynamically stable at ambient pressure, indicating the high-pressure phases might be quenched to ambient conditions as ultrahard materials. Furthermore, the finite temperature thermodynamic properties of TiO(2) polymorphs were predicted accurately from the obtained phonon density of states, which is critical in the future study of the pressure-temperature phase diagram of TiO(2). The calculated Gibbs energies reveal that rutile is more stable than anatase at ambient pressure. We derived the Gibbs energy and heat capacity functions for all TiO(2) polymorphs for use in thermodynamic modeling of phase equilibria.     

线性缀加平面波法计算掺杂钨和钒锐钛矿二氧化钛的电子结构

利用基于密度泛函理论的线性缀加平面波(LAPW)法, 计算未掺杂和掺杂钨和钒的锐钛矿TiO₂晶体的能带和电子态密度. 计算结果表明, 钨和钒的掺杂能够使锐钛矿TiO₂的能带明显变窄.     

由钛酸盐纳米带水热制备锐钛矿型TiO2纳米带

研究了水热处理具有层状结构的钛酸钠纳米带或钛酸纳米带转化为锐钛矿型TiO₂的制备过程、难易程度和相转化机理. 实验结果表明, 当水热反应温度和时间分别在160 ℃ 和24 h以内, 钛酸钠纳米带很难完全转化为锐钛矿型TiO₂, 若升高反应温度并延长反应时间, 则可制得纯的锐钛矿型TiO₂, 但纳米带形貌被严重破坏; 当水热反应温度和时间分别为160 ℃ 和16 h时, 1次酸洗的钛酸纳米带能够完全转化为锐钛矿型TiO₂, 若钛酸纳米带经过3次强酸浸泡, 则在160 ℃下相转化时间就会缩短到12 h, 所有钛酸纳米带在转化为TiO₂后的形貌仍为纳米带, 但经3次酸浸后生成的TiO₂纳米带表面更光滑. 讨论了钛酸钠纳米带或钛酸纳米带转化为锐钛矿型TiO₂的相转化机理.     

Calculation of Electronic Structure of Anatase TiO2 Doped with Transition Metal V,Cr,Fe and Cu Atoms by the Linearized Augmented Plane Wave Method

The electronic density of states and band structures of doped and un-doped anatase TiO2 were studied by the Linearized Augmented Plane Wave method based on the density functional theory. The calculation shows that the band structures of TiO2 crystals doped with transition metal atoms become narrower. Interesting, an excursion towards high energy level with increasing atomic number in the same element period could be observed after doping with transition metal atoms.     

UV Raman spectroscopic study on TiO2. I. Phase transformation at the surface and in the bulk

Phase transformation of TiO2 from anatase to rutile is studied by UV Raman spectroscopy excited by 325 and 244 nm lasers, visible Raman spectroscopy excited by 532 nm laser, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). UV Raman spectroscopy is found to be more sensitive to the surface region of TiO2 than visible Raman spectroscopy and XRD because TiO2 strongly absorbs UV light. The anatase phase is detected by UV Raman spectroscopy for the sample calcined at higher temperatures than when it is detected by visible Raman spectroscopy and XRD. The inconsistency in the results from the above three techniques suggests that the anatase phase of TiO2 at the surface region can remain at relatively higher calcination temperatures than that in the bulk during the phase transformation. The TEM results show that small particles agglomerate into big particles when the TiO2 sample is calcined at elevated temperatures and the agglomeration of the TiO2 particles is along with the phase transformation from anatase to rutile. It is suggested that the rutile phase starts to form at the interfaces between the anatase particles in the agglomerated TiO2 particles; namely, the anatase phase in the inner region of the agglomerated TiO2 particles turns out to change into the rutile phase more easily than that in the outer surface region of the agglomerated TiO2 particles. When the anatase particles of TiO2 are covered with highly dispersed La2O3, the phase transformation in both the bulk and surface regions is significantly retarded, owing to avoiding direct contact of the anatase particles and occupying the surface defect sites of the anatase particles by La2O3.