Optical coherence refractometry

We introduce a novel approach to refractometry using a low coherence interferometer at multiple angles of incidence. We show that for plane parallel samples it is possible to measure their phase refractive index rather than the group index that is usually measured by interferometric methods. This is a significant development because it enables bulk refractive index measurement of scattering and soft samples, not relying on surface measurements that can be prone to error. Our technique is also noncontact and compatible with in situ refractive index measurements. Here, we demonstrate this new technique on a pure silica test piece and a highly scattering resin slab, comparing the results with standard critical angle refractometry.     

A Polydisperse Sphere Model Describing the Propagation of Light in Biological Tissue

A polydisperse sphere model with the complex refractive index is employed to describe the propagation of light in biological tissue. The scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient and scattering phase function are calculated. At the same time, the inverse problem on retrieving the particles size distribution, imaginary part of the refractive index and number density of scatterers is investigated. The result shows that the retrieval scheme together with the Chahine algorithm is effective in dealing with such an inverse problem. It is also clarified that a group of parameters including the scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient and phase function are associated with another group including the refractive index, particle size distribution and number density of scatterers, which is a problem described in two different ways and the anisotropy factor is not an independent variable, but is determined by the phase function.     

内混合强吸收气溶胶粒子光散射的等效性

 以黑碳和水两种成分组成的内混合单分散气溶胶粒子为例,根据其各消光效率因子、吸收效率因子和散射相函数,分析了用等效折射率来描述含有不同成分的内混合气溶胶系统的适用性。结果表明：在瑞利散射区和几何光学区内,内核（碳粒）体积比为0.01,0.1,0.5,0.9时,消光效率在大多数尺度参数下等效性都很好,但在米散射区内相对较差;当体积比大于0.3时,其吸收效率、消光效率等效性较好;除瑞利散射区外,散射相函数在各体积比下的等效性都很差。当考虑内混合气溶胶粒子系统的散射和吸收特性时,一般不难找到等效折射率,但在光散射技术中,应用相函数反演等效折射率的可靠性还有待商榷。     

外混合气溶胶粒子光散射的等效性

以两种典型的气溶胶粒子组成的单分散和多分散处理混合气溶胶粒子系统的光散射的各效率因子，各散射截面和散射相函数分析了以等效折射率描述由具有不同折射率的各种粒子组成的混合气溶胶粒子系统的适用性，结果表明，对单分散系统，本不同的混合比下对于许多尺度参数吸收效率因子和散射相函数的等效性很差，对多分散系统，在不同的混合比下等效性较稳定但各散射光学量的余差很大，因而对多分散系外混合气溶胶粒子系统如使用等效折射     

双层散射介质的单次后向散射光谱分析

从上皮组织的结构特点出发,基于米氏(Mie)散射理论,建立了双层散射介质的单次后向散射光谱的理论模型,该模型通过偏振门屏蔽来自下层的噪声背景,只保留来自上层的单次散射光。计算分析了粒子的形态学参量如平均尺寸及其分布、相对折射率变化时,单次散射光谱的特征。并用傅里叶波形分析法研究了这些参量对单次后向散射光谱曲线形状及其谐波幅值的影响。结果表明,这些只经历了表层粒子单次散射的光谱信号对表层粒子的平均尺寸及其分布、相对折射率具有灵敏性。对光谱曲线波纹结构的幅值、频率,散射强度,光谱谐波的幅值有直接的影响。研究结果对早期癌症的散射光谱特征识别及其特征提取有重要的实用价值。     

Targeted alteration of real and imaginary refractive index of biological cells by histological staining

Various staining techniques are commonly used in biomedical research to investigate cellular morphology. By inducing absorption of light, staining dyes change the intracellular refractive index due to the Kramers-Kronig relationship. We present a method for creating 2D maps of real and imaginary refractive indices of stained biological cells using their thickness and absorptance. We validate our technique on dyed polystyrene microspheres and quantify the alteration in refractive index of stained biological cells. We reveal that specific staining of individual organelles can increase their scattering cross-section by orders of magnitudes, implying a major impact in the field of biophotonics.     

Propagation of light through a monolayer of particles: Analysis of phase and coherent transmittance

Phase variations of a wave transmitted through a monolayer of spherical scatterers are studied as functions of size, optical constants, and particle concentration for light incident normally to the surface of the layer. The analysis is performed in the quasi-crystal approximation of the theory of multiple scattering of waves and in the single scattering approximation. The results obtained allow one to estimate the limits of applicability of the single scattering approximation to layers with partial ordering of scatterers in analysis of the transmitted wave phase. The variations of the phase of the wave in the range of the parameters where the coherent component of the transmitted beam exhibits quenching are studied. It is shown that small variations in the refractive index of the particles may give rise to strong variations of the phase. This effect can be used for phase modulation of light beams, e.g., in liquid crystal films controlled by an electric (or magnetic) field.     

Phase-Doppler Anemometry with the Dual Burst Technique for measurement of refractive index and absorption coefficient simultaneously with size and velocity

The principle of the dual burst technique (DBT) based on phase-Doppler anemometry (PDA) is proposed for simultaneous particle refractive index, size and velocity measurements. This technique used the trajectory effects in PDA systems to separate the two contributions of the different scattering processes. In the case of forward scattering and refracting particles, it is shown that from the phase of the reflected contribution, the particle diameter can be deduced, whereas from the refracted contribution the particle refractive index and velocity can be obtained. Furthermore, the intensity ratio of these two scattering processes can be used for absorption measurements. Simulations based on generalized Lorenz-Mie theory and experimental tests using monodispersed droplets of different refractive indices and absorption coefficients have validated this technique.     

气溶胶粒子散射和吸收特性对复折射率依赖性的数值研究

利用米散射理论数值计算分析了尺度参数为0.1~100时球形典型气溶胶粒子的散射和吸收特性对复折射率的依赖性关系。气溶胶粒子复折射率的实部和虚部是一个有机的整体,粒子复折射率的实部和虚部可以分别影响其散射和吸收特性。若实际大气气溶胶粒子大多是成核模态和积聚模态的小粒子,基于气溶胶的散射和吸收特性可以获得其复折射率的唯一解。但是,如果大气中存在大量的粗模态粒子时,气溶胶散射和吸收特性对其复折射率的依赖性较为复杂,只有选择有限的合适复折射率库区间,才有可能获得更合适的有效复折射率。     

基于数字全息图的光纤折射率测量研究

利用数字全息显微层析技术构建了光纤折射率测量的测试系统, 包括光路系统与软件系统. 以物光波的相位分布曲线为依据由CCD记录最优的数字全息图; 在优化频谱图的基础之上对全息图做频域滤波, 准确选取物光波所对应的频谱范围; 使用基于角谱理论的再现算法提取出物光波的相位分布信息, 并通过模拟全息图验证相位提取的准确性; 由单幅全息图提取的相位分布信息, 结合光纤的多层模型, 还原出光纤断层面沿直径方向的折射率分布. 以单模、多模光纤为实验样品进行了测量, 测量结果与S14折射率测量仪的测量结果吻合, 精度可达10^-4. 实验对比结果表明本文方法可简单、快速、准确地测量光纤内部的折射率. 本文还对特种光纤的折射率进行了测量研究.     

Light scattering by an erythrocyte based on discrete sources method: Shape and refractive index influence

An efficient method for the fast detection of properties of a single erythrocyte from its scattering characteristics is needed in practice. To develop such a method a detailed investigation of the light scattering properties of the erythrocyte and their dependence on its shape and refractive index is of great interest. In this paper the influence of the real erythrocyte's shape with deep concavities and refractive index on the scattering characteristics is analyzed based on an updated scheme of the discrete sources method. Realistic shape models of an erythrocyte, calculated from minima of membrane potential energy are considered. The numerical scheme of discrete sources method has been adjusted for shape profiles given numerically. An improved algorithm allows increasing of an accuracy of calculations.     

Theoretical comparison of optical traps created by standing wave and single beam

We used generalised Lorenz–Mie scattering theory (GLMT) to compare submicron-sized particle optical trapping in a single focused beam and a standing wave. We focus especially on the study of maximal axial trapping force, minimal laser power necessary for confinement, axial trap position, and axial trap stiffness in dependency on trapped sphere radius, refractive index, and Gaussian beam waist size. In the single beam trap (SBT), the range of refractive indices which enable stable trapping depends strongly on the beam waist size (it grows with decreasing waist). On the contrary to the SBT, there are certain sphere sizes (non-trapping radii) that disable sphere confinement in standing wave trap (SWT) for arbitrary value of refractive index. For other sphere radii we show that the SWT enables confinement of high refractive index particle in wider laser beams and provides axial trap stiffness and maximal axial trapping force at least by two orders and one order bigger than in SBT, respectively.     

A refractive index interferometry method based on the X-ray crystallography

The absorption contrast image is very low for those weakly absorbing materials or weak phase object, such as the soft biological tissues, however, the phase item value of refractive index is a thousand larger than the absorption item, therefore the refractive index interferometry method is expected to be a new imaging tool for them. An interferometry method based on the X-ray crystallography is explored to the measurement of refractive index in this paper. The theoretical foundation, the optical design, the crystal transistor performance are the key parts to this interferometry method based on the X-ray crystallography. We give out a special refractive index detection scheme, using a laboratory hard X-ray source, and four single Si crystals. With this instrument, refractive index profile of those weak phase object can be unfolded accurately using this method. This refractive index interferometry method based on the X-ray crystallography will provide a new research tool for those special material properties or biological tissues study.     

Measurement of refractive index change induced by dark reaction of photopolymer with digital holographic quantitative phase microscopy

Light-induced refractive index change in photopolymer is quantified by a digital holographic microscope. The refractive index change is induced as the dark reaction which proceeds inside the photopolymer after a writing beam is stopped. Time-lapse phase distribution across the photopolymer is measured by the off-axis digital holographic microscope which enables us to retrieve the 2-D phase map from a single hologram. It is found that the initial phase profile does not coincide with the illumination intensity distribution. This observation suggests that the rate of the refractive index change in dark reaction is not proportional to the illumination intensity in case the exposure energy becomes high.     

Extended depth of focus in tomographic phase microscopy using a propagation algorithm

Tomographic phase microscopy is a laser interferometry technique in which a 3D refractive index map of a biological sample is constructed from quantitative phase images collected at a set of illumination angles. Although the resulting tomographic images provide valuable information, their resolution declines at axial distances beyond about 1 microm from the focal plane. We describe an improved 3D reconstruction algorithm in which the field at the focal plane is numerically propagated to depths throughout the sample. Diffraction is thus incorporated, extending the depth of focus to more than 10 mum. Tomograms with improved focal depth are demonstrated for single HT29 cells.     

Three-dimensional optical measurement of instantaneous pressure

Local perturbations in material density induced in a material by a compressional wave give rise to local perturbations in refractive index. Accurate, high-resolution, three-dimensional, optical measurements of an instantaneous refractive index perturbation in a homogeneous, optically transparent medium may be obtained from measurements of scattered optical intensity alone. The method of generalized projections allows incorporation of optical intensity measurements into an iterative algorithm for computing the phase of the interrogating optical pulse as the solution of a fixed point equation. The complex optical field amplitude, computed in this manner, is unique up to a constant unit magnitude complex coefficient. The three-dimensional refractive index distribution may be computed via the Fourier slice reconstruction algorithm from the optical phase data under the assumption of weak optical scattering. The refractive index perturbation is related to local instantaneous pressure under a linear, small-displacement model for the mechanical wave. A numerical simulation of the measurement experiment, phase recovery, and reconstruction process for a plane piston ultrasound transducer with a semicircular aperture and center frequency of 1.5 MHz is described and corresponds very well with experiment. Experimental data obtained using an 810-nm laser source are used to reconstruct the three-dimensional pressure field from two elements of a 2.5-MHz linear array. Comparison with a measurement obtained via a 500-microm needle hydrophone shows excellent agreement.     

Inverse radiation problem of temperature distribution in one-dimensional isotropically scattering participating slab with variable refractive index

In this paper, an inverse analysis is performed for estimation of source term distribution from the measured exit radiation intensities at the boundary surfaces in a one-dimensional absorbing, emitting and isotropically scattering medium between two parallel plates with variable refractive index. The variation of refractive index is assumed to be linear. The radiative transfer equation is solved by the constant quadrature discrete ordinate method. The inverse problem is formulated as an optimization problem for minimizing an objective function which is expressed as the sum of square deviations between measured and estimated exit radiation intensities at boundary surfaces. The conjugate gradient method is used to solve the inverse problem through an iterative procedure. The effects of various variables on source estimation are investigated such as type of source function, errors in the measured data and system parameters, gradient of refractive index across the medium, optical thickness, single scattering albedo and boundary emissivities. The results show that in the case of noisy input data, variation of system parameters may affect the inverse solution, especially at high error values in the measured data. The error in measured data plays more important role than the error in radiative system parameters except the refractive index distribution; however the accuracy of source estimation is very sensitive toward error in refractive index distribution. Therefore, refractive index distribution and measured exit intensities should be measured accurately with a limited error bound, in order to have an accurate estimation of source term in a graded index medium.     

中红外散射的基质折射率效应研究

本文利用Mie散射理论对中红外波段三种不同类型散射体的散射和消光进行了研究,发现基质在三种不同类型散射体的散射和消光中所起作用完全不同。对于无吸收的高折射率散射体,基质折射率越大面积散射比(或面积消光比)越低;对于反常色散散射体,基质折射率越大面积散射比和面积肖光比越高;而对于金属散射体,基质折射率的大小对于散射和消光影响极小。     

Enhanced Coupling of Light from Organic Electroluminescent Device Using Diffusive Particle Dispersed High Refractive Index Resin Substrate

To improve light extraction from organic electroluminescent (EL) devices, we introduced a diffusive substrate with 25 μm thickness consisting of high refractive index resin and scattering particles. It is expected that the diffusive substrate with high refractive index matrix converts the waveguided emission into external emission from both glass substrate and indium-tin-oxide/organic layer. We used the ray tracing method to optimize the scattering effect and to verify the coupling out effect of the diffusive high refractive index substrate. With the use of the ray tracing calculation, an increase in the external emission up to a factor of 2.7 was expected compared to use of a common glass substrate. Experimentally, the coupling out effect of the diffusive high refractive index substrate strongly depended on the thickness of electron transporting layer (ETL) due to the well-known interference effect. The current efficiency increased by a factor of 1.3 for an organic EL device with a 60-nm-thick ETL and by a factor of 6.8 for one with a 120-nm-thick ETL.     

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基于Mie散射理论和方法,研究了航天器尾喷焰等离子体中Al2O3粒子的光学散射特性,分析了复折射率对单个Al2O3粒子消光效率因子、散射效率因子、吸收效率因子、散射相函数以及单次反照率的影响。同时,基于多分散系粒子尺度单峰分布,分析了Al2O3粒子按粒径分布后散射场的有关效应因子及散射相函数的变化,并进行了相应的数值模拟。理论和数值模拟研究表明,航天器尾喷焰等离子体Al2O3粒子复折射率的虚部和实部、粒径的大小与分布对其散射相函数、消光和散射效率因子以及单次反照率均有明显的影响。