石墨烯环氧树脂基复合材料梁屈曲前后的自由振动

采用微分求积法分析了石墨烯增强纳米复合材料梁屈曲前后的自由振动问题。考虑石墨烯纳米片在基体中随机排列和定向排列的情况,采用Halpin-Tsai微观力学模型估算两种模式下石墨烯纳米复合材料的弹性模量,并通过Hamilton原理建立基于一阶剪切变形理论下梁的动力学控制方程。利用微分求积法计算得到石墨烯纳米复合材料梁的临界屈曲载荷及屈曲前后的固有频率。数值计算结果表明:按合理排列模式掺杂较多的薄石墨烯纳米片,会大幅度提高梁的临界屈曲载荷以及屈曲前的固有频率;但屈曲发生后,同样的做法却会使结构的刚度降低。     

轴向载荷下功能梯度材料Timoshenko梁动力屈曲分析

假设功能梯度材料Timoshenko梁各项物性参数只沿厚度方向按幂函数进行连续变化,研究了功能梯度材料Timoshenko梁的动力屈曲。基于一阶剪切理论,采用Hamilton原理推导出轴向载荷作用下,功能梯度材料Timoshenko梁动力屈曲的控制方程。利用里兹法与棣莫弗公式相结合,获得了功能梯度材料Timoshenko梁在夹支-固支边界条件下动力屈曲临界载荷的解析表达式和屈曲解。应用MATLAB编程计算,讨论了功能梯度材料Timoshenko梁的几何尺寸、梯度指数、模态数、材料构成、泊松比以及弹性模量对临界载荷的影响。结果表明:功能梯度材料Timoshenko梁动力屈曲临界载荷随梁长度的增大而减小,随着梯度指数的增大而减小,随模态数的增大而增大,说明冲击载荷越大,高阶模态越容易被激发;随着泊松比和弹性模量的增大而增大,且泊松比的影响较小,而弹性模量的影响较大。由于剪切项的影响,临界载荷-临界长度的关系曲线在加载端变化趋势平缓。随着模态数的增大,梁的屈曲模态越为复杂。     

工科物理如何讲力学量算符

通过分析对波函数的作用引入动量算符，以哈密顿量为例证明或验证力学量算符的性质，用本征值和状态展开系数的模方表示力学量的平均值，说明力学量用算符表达是微观体系测量的不确定性和统计特征的要求。     

玻璃陶瓷PWG中的喇曼耦合系数对Raman散射的影响

应用修正的无序诱导散理论模型讨论了玻璃陶瓷（PbF2 WO3 GeO(PWG)中的喇曼耦合系数对Raman散射过程的影响。虽然普遍认为喇曼耦合系数是随频率而变化,但实际上它是空间相关函数的Furier分量,因此,严格地讲喇曼耦合系数是随动量（波矢q)而变化的,因而,玻璃陶瓷中的喇曼耦合系数描述了在Raman散射过程中发生在玻璃陶瓷中的动量交换相互作用。对于PWG中热活性拓动态的光谱分布曲线分析说明：指数衰减关系的卷积定性地表示了这个耦合系数。证明了简谐势与耦合系数有关的空间相关函数之和给出了非常类似于双阱势的畸变谐函数,根据弛豫模行为讨论了结合势的相关性。     

物理量名称所用术语的规则

系数,因数或因子:在一定条件下,如果量A正比于量B,则可以用乘积关系式A=kB表示,式中作为乘数出现的量k常称为系数、因数或因子。 1.如果量A和量B具有不同量纲,则用系数这一术语。比如胡克定律F=kx表示固体发生弹性形     

推导热力学关系式的几种方法

“热力学函数及其应用”一章,在热力学教学中占有重要地位。按我们的体会,学好这章的关键在于,掌握一套最基本的热力学方程──简单可压缩系统的四个热力学基本等式,八个热力学偏导数及它们之间的四对关系(麦氏关系),和几个常用的偏导数本方程和常用公式,推导出一些热力学关系式,通过这些热力学关系式,把我们感兴趣的某些热力学偏导数(中等),用能由实验测定的量如Cp和能由态式计算出的量表示出来,或者说,用三个基本偏导 (因它们直接与三个较易测定的系数a、k和Cp相联系,故叫基本编导数)表示出来。但教学实践表明,初学者在推导这样的热力学…     

奇相干态在线性共振力作用激光过程中的退相干

利用有序算符内的积分技术,以及在线性共振力作用激光过程中密度矩阵解的解析表示式,导出了奇相干态密度矩阵在该通道中的演化公式。采用Wigner算符在相干态表象中的表示,给出了奇相干态在该通道中Wigner函数的演化公式。讨论了增益系数和衰减系数变化对Wigner函数的影响。研究结果表明:随增益系数增大和衰减系数增大,Wigner函数的负性减弱,态的非经典效应减弱。另一方面,随耗散过程的延续,Wigner函数负部体积减小,光场量子特性减弱。     

高级象差理论

本文的主要目的在以近似方法讨论高级象差特性。首先由对称性讨论了二级象差的独立象差数,近似讨论了象差的几何意义,再由坐标变换的观点导出了光栏移动时象差变化的规律。由Fermat原理和同一光线可看作是各不同点发出的观点导出了物体移动时象差变化的规律。由于运用Fermat原理,所得的结果实际上是略去初级象差影响后的近似结果,因此表示式相当简单。然后我们把象差产生的原因分为二类。其一称作是本徵的,是入射光束无象差时必然产生的象差,用象差看作球差的观点导出了它们的表示式,结果表明,高级球差和本徵轴外球差是象差产生的原因,并导出了各种象差同时产生的状况。象差的另一类称作是衍生的,它们是由入射光线原有象差引起的初级象差差异,由初级象差理论即可得出它们的表示式。这一些高级象差的规律和近似表示可作为评断象差产生原因的半定量依据。最后,用Fermat原理讨论了高级色差问题,并说明Fermat原理之所以可在高级象差理论中应用的理由及不致误差过大的应用范围。     

同时反演材料热传导系数和比热的算法

讨论同时反演随温度变化的热传导系数和比热的算法.首先将材料的热传导系数和比热表示成随位置和时间变化的函数,利用伴随方程法获得目标函数对k(x,t),C(x,t)的梯度;然后将材料的热传导系数和比热直接按温度区间分段离散,建立目标函数对k(T),C(T)梯度与目标函数对k(x,t),C(x,t)的梯度的关系;随后利用这种关系进行反演计算.算例表明,这样建立的将热传导系数和比热表示为温度的分段函数进行反演的方法是可靠有效的,并且具有良好的抗噪性能.     

一种处理色散介质问题的通用时域有限差分方法

色散介质的介电系数是频率的函数,使本构关系在时域成为卷积关系.这就给用时域有限差分方法计算色散介质中波的散射和传播带来了困难.现有算法往往要针对不同色散介质模型推导相应的递推公式,算法的通用性较差.本文完善和发展了移位算子-时域有限差分方法,使之成为一种处理色散介质电磁问题的通用方法.首先,证明了常见的三种色散介质模型(德拜模型、洛伦兹模型和德鲁模型)的介电系数均可以写成适于移位算子法计算的有理分式函数形式.然后,用/t代替jω,过渡到时域,再引入时域移位算子z_t代替时间微分算子来处理有理分式函数形式的介电系数,给出离散时域本构关系的表示式,进而导出时域有限差分方法当中电位移矢量和电场强度之间的关系.最后,计算了几种色散介质的电磁散射,数值结果表明了本文方法和程序的通用性和正确有效性. 关键词： 时域有限差分方法 色散介质 移位算子     

Consideration of mechanical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes under various loading conditions

In this article, mechanical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with various radiuses under tensile, compressive and lateral loads are considered. Stress–strain curve, elastic modulus, tensile, compressive and rotational stiffness, buckling behaviour, and critical axial compressive load and pressure of eight different zigzag and armchair SWCNTs are investigated to figure out the effect of radius and chirality on mechanical properties of nanotubes. Using molecular dynamic simulation (MDS) method, it can be explained that SWCNTs have higher Young’s modulus and tensile stiffness than compressive elastic modulus and compressive stiffness. Critical axial force of zigzag SWCNT is independent from the radius, but that of armchair type rises by increasing of radius, also these two types show different buckling modes.     

Vibration and buckling of a double-beam system under compressive axial loading

On the basis of the Bernoulli–Euler beam theory, the properties of free transverse vibration and buckling of a double-beam system under compressive axial loading are investigated in this paper. It is assumed that the two beams of the system are simply supported and continuously joined by a Winkler elastic layer. Explicit expressions are derived for the natural frequencies and the associated amplitude ratios of the two beams, and the analytical solution of the critical buckling load is obtained. The influences of the compressive axial loading on the responses of the double-beam system are discussed. It is shown that the critical buckling load of the system is related to the axial compression ratio of the two beams and the Winkler elastic layer, and the properties of free transverse vibration of the system greatly depend on the axial compressions.     

Exact closed-form solutions for the natural frequencies and stability of elastically connected multiple beam system using Timoshenko and high-order shear deformation theory

A general procedure for the determination of the natural frequencies and buckling load for a set of beam system under compressive axial loading is investigated using Timoshenko and high-order shear deformation theory. It is assumed that the set beams of the system are simply supported and continuously joined by a Winkler elastic layer. The model of beam includes the effects of axial loading, shear deformation and rotary inertia. In the special case of identical beams, explicit expressions for the natural frequencies and the critical buckling load are determined using a trigonometric method. The influences of the compressive axial loading and the number of beams in the system on the natural frequencies and the critical buckling load are discussed. These results are of considerable practical interest and have wide application in engineering practice of frameworks.     

FREE VIBRATIONS OF SELF-STRAINED ASSEMBLIES OF BEAMS

This paper examines the natural frequencies and modes of transverse vibration of two simple redundant systems comprising straight uniform Euler-Bernoulli beams in which there are internal self-balancing axial loads (e.g., loads due to non-uniform thermal strains). The simplest system consists of two parallel beams joined at their ends and the other is a 6-beam rectangular plane frame. Symmetric mode vibration normal to the plane of the frame is studied. Transcendental frequency equations are established for the different systems. Computed frequencies and modes are presented which show the effect of (1) varying the axial loads over a wide range, up to and beyond the values which cause individual members to buckle (2) pinning or fixing the beam joints (3) varying the relative flexural stiffness of the component beams. When the internal axial loads first cause any one of the component beams to buckle, the fundamental frequency of the whole system vanishes. The critical axial loads required for this are determined. A simple criterion has been identified to predict whether a small increase from zero in the axial compressive load in any one member causes the natural frequencies of the whole system to rise or fall. It is shown that this depends on the relative flexural stiffnesses and buckling loads of the different members. Computed modes of vibration show that when the axial modes reach their critical values, the buckled beam(s) distort with large amplitudes while the unbuckled beam(s) move either as rigid bodies or with bending which decays rapidly from the ends to a near-rigid-body movement over the central part of the beam. The modes of the systems with fixed joints change very little (if at all) with changing axial load, except when the load is close to the value which maximizes or minimizes the frequency. In a narrow range around this load the mode changes rapidly. The results provide an explanation for some computed results (as yet unpublished) for the flexural modes and frequencies of flat plates with non-uniform thermal stress distributions.     

Iterative approach for the eigenvalue problems

An approximation method based on the iterative technique is developed within the framework of linear delta expansion (LDE) technique for the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the one-dimensional and three-dimensional realistic physical problems. This technique allows us to obtain the coefficient in the perturbation series for the eigenfunctions and the eigenvalues directly by knowing the eigenfunctions and the eigenvalues of the unperturbed problems in quantum mechanics. Examples are presented to support this. Hence, the LDE technique can be used for nonperturbative as well as perturbative systems to find approximate solutions of eigenvalue problems.     

A Fourier series solution for the transverse vibration response of a beam with a viscous boundary

This paper presents the generalized Fourier series solution for the transverse vibration of a beam subjected to a viscous boundary. The model of the system produces a non-self-adjoint eigenvalue-like problem which does not yield orthogonal eigenfunctions; therefore, such functions cannot be used to calculate the coefficients of expansion in the Fourier series. Furthermore, the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues are complex valued. Nevertheless, the eigenfunctions can be utilized if the space of the operator is extended and a suitable inner product is defined. The methodology presented in this paper utilizes Hilbert space methods and is applicable in general to other problems of this type. As an adjunct to the theoretical discussion, the results from numerical simulations are presented.     

Dynamic buckling of columns by biaxial moments and uniform end torque

A new concept of uniform torque is proposed for the dynamic torsional buckling analysis. A dynamic biaxial moments and torque buckling theory is presented for analysis in structural dynamics. Second-order effects of the axial force, biaxial moments and torque are considered. The consistent natural boundary moments and forces are derived to ensure the symmetry of the dynamic stiffness matrix in fulfilling the requirement of the reciprocal theorem and conservation of energy. The exact dynamic stiffness matrix is obtained using power series expansion. The derivatives of the analytical dynamic stiffness matrix with respect to different loading and geometric parameters are derived explicitly for sensitivity and continuation analyses. Generally distributed axial force can be analyzed without difficulty. It is pointed out that non-uniform sections may not be handled by power series due to the convergent problem. Global pictures for all kinds of linear dynamic buckling are given for the first time. The methodology is based on finite element formulation and therefore it can easily be extended to analyze structural frames.     

托卡马克等离子体粒子输运方程的半解析研究

在输运算子为线性算子的条件下,对托卡马克等离子体粒子输运方程的求解进行了系统的分析。粒子输运由向外扩散和向内对流构成。给出了用格林函数表示的普遍解和相应的Ｓｔｕｒｍ－Ｌｉｏｕｖｉｌｌｅ本征函数及本征值,对粒子源处在边界附近（浅加料）的情形,通过解的互补性关系,可以获得品质好的广义傅里叶展开,从解的一般性质看出,在器壁再循环很小时,由第一个本征函数描述的粒子密度剖面对应于较高的峰化因子。对于瞬间内部     

Molecular dynamic investigation of mechanical properties of armchair and zigzag double-walled carbon nanotubes under various loading conditions

Using molecular dynamic simulation (MDS), effects of chirality and Van der Waals interaction on Young's modulus, elastic compressive modulus, bending, tensile, and compressive stiffness, and critical axial force of double-walled carbon nanotube (DWCNT) and its inner and outer tubes are considered. Achieving the highest safety factor, mechanical properties have been investigated under applied load on both inner and outer tubes simultaneously and on each one of them separately. Results indicate that as a compressive element, DWCNT is more beneficial than single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) since it carries two times higher compression before buckling. Except critical axial pressure and tensile stiffness, in other parameters zigzag DWCNT shows higher amounts than armchair type. Outer tube has lower strength than inner tube; therefore, most reliable design of nanostructures can be attained if the mechanical properties of outer tube taken as the properties of DWCNT.     

Studying the buckling and vibration characteristics of single-walled zinc oxide nanotubes using a nanoscale finite element model

The free vibration and axial buckling of achiral zinc oxide nanotubes (ZnONTs) are studied in this paper based on a three-dimensional finite-element model in which bonds are modeled using beam elements and mass elements are placed at the joints of beams instead of atoms. To determine the mechanical properties of the nanotubes, a linkage is established between molecular mechanics and density functional theory. The fundamental frequency and critical buckling load of ZnONTs with different geometries, chiralities and boundary conditions are calculated. It is shown that zigzag nanotubes are more stable than armchair ones. Investigating the effect of aspect ratio on the critical force shows that longer nanotubes are less stable. Also, it is indicated that increasing the length of the nanotubes will result in decreasing the frequency. Moreover, as the aspect ratio increases, the effect of end conditions diminishes.