带超环面镜的掠入射光栅谱仪测试系统响应特性模拟分析

指出了文献[1]在物理概念上和公式推导中的错误,并在订正了这些错误之后,考虑了实际的激光等离子体光源的几何尺度和线状等离子体的安排,对在复合泵浦X激光增益实验中所使用的带超环面镜X光中继元件的掠入射光栅光谱仪系统进行了全面的模拟计算.结果表明,作者所使用的带超环面镜的X光增益测试系统,其因离焦而导致的非线性效应是完全可以忽略的,系统的空间分辨能力的下降也是非常小的,从而否定了文献[1]中的结论,表明作者在X激光增益测量实验中所使用的带超环面镜X光中继元件的掠入射光栅光谱仪系统是完全可靠的.     

利用轮胎镜对X光波段的光成像

本文首先从理论上分析,X光学成像性质,指出利用掠人式的方法对短波X射线进行成像的可行性,并在实验上用轮胎镜以及其组合镜具体地对激光产生的X光源进行几何成像试验,得到了与理论分析相一致的结果,实验结果肯定了上述方法在X光学成像上的适用性.     

The simulation of soft X-ray optics by ray-tracing

The ray tracing program for soft X-ray optics simulation is presented. This program can be used to study X-ray imaging property, energy transportation and concentration of X-ray beams by various X-ray optics. As an example, the results of the simulation about imaging characteristics of the toroidal mirror are given.     

Polycapillary X-ray lens for the secondary focusing Beijing synchrotron radiation source

According to intensity distribution of the synchrotron radiation source focused by a toroidal mirror at the Beijing synchrotron radiation biological macromolecule station, theoretical modeling of the Beijing synchrotron radiation source is developed for capillary optics. Using this theoretical modeling, the influences of the configuration curve of the polycapillary X-ray lens on transmission efficiency and working distance are analyzed. The experimental results of the transmission efficiency and working distance at the biological macromolecule station are in good agreement with the theoretical results.     

高效高分辨率大面积透射光栅谱仪特性的理论分析

为提高透射光栅谱仪对激光等离子体Ｘ光源的收集效率的光谱分辨同铲高分辨率大面积航向光栅光谱仪。该谱仪由轮胎镜、无支撑高线密度光栅和软Ｘ光ＣＣＤ相机组成。应用部分相干光衍射理论,研究了该谱仪成偈面上的光强分布和光谱分辩率,在１．４～１２ｎｍ的摄谱范围内光 人发辨率为０．０５ｎｍ,与实验符合得很好。由于其高效率,该谱仪尤其适用于超短飞秒脉冲激光产生等离子体的实验研究。     

带前置光学系统的软X射线透射光栅光谱仪

软Ｘ射线检测是激光等离子体诊断中最复杂而又是最重要的一项工作。本文简要介绍了带有前置光学系统的软Ｘ射线大面积透射光栅光谱仪和用它获得的铝和铜靶激光等离子体的光谱图。     

一种X射线聚焦光学及其在X射线通信中的应用

基于栅控脉冲发射X射线源与单光子探测技术的X射线通信已经实现了实验室语音通信验证,并对通信系统的误码率性能进行了分析,为探索未来X射线深空应用打下了坚实的基础.针对目前X射线通信面临的信号发散角大、通信距离短、难以实现工程化应用的情况,迫切需要对X射线通信天线系统进行深入研究.为了提高信号增益、增大X射线通信的距离,提出了多层嵌套式X射线聚焦光学作为X射线通信的"收发天线",理论分析了X射线聚焦光学用于X射线通信"收发天线"的可行性,分析了X射线聚焦光学的理论基础与结构设计,对"发射天线"发散角、"接收天线"有效面积与焦斑尺寸、信号增益等性能做了探讨.结果表明:在信号发射端,"天线"的发散角为3 mrad左右,发射增益23 d B;在信号接收端,"接收天线"的有效面积5700 mm2@1.5 keV,焦斑直径为4.5 mm,接收增益为25 d B,通信系统总的增益可达48 d B.     

Fabrication of nested elliptical KB mirrors using profile coating for synchrotron radiation X-ray focusing

This paper describes fabrication methods used to demonstrate the advantages of nested or Montel optics for micro/nanofocusing of synchrotron X-ray beams. A standard Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) mirror system uses two separated elliptical mirrors at glancing angles to the X-ray beam and sequentially arranged at 90° to each other to focus X-rays successively in the vertical and horizontal directions. A nested KB mirror system has the two mirrors positioned perpendicular and side-by-side to each other. Compared to a standard KB mirror system, Montel optics can focus a larger divergence and the mirrors can have a shorter focal length. As a result, nested mirrors can be fabricated with improved demagnification factor and ultimately smaller focal spot, than with a standard KB arrangement. The nested system is also more compact with an increased working distance, and is more stable, with reduced complexity of mirror stages. However, although Montel optics is commercially available for laboratory X-ray sources, due to technical difficulties they have not been used to microfocus synchrotron radiation X-rays, where ultra-precise mirror surfaces are essential. The main challenge in adapting nested optics for synchrotron microfocusing is to fabricate mirrors with a precise elliptical surface profile at the very edge where the two mirrors meet and where X-rays scatter. For example, in our application to achieve a sub-micron focus with high efficiency, a surface figure root-mean-square (rms) error on the order of 1 nm is required in the useable area along the X-ray footprint with a ∼0.1 mm-diameter cross section. In this paper we describe promising ways to fabricate precise nested KB mirrors using our profile coating technique and inexpensive flat Si substrates.     

Earth-to-deep-space optical communications system with adaptive tilt and scintillation correction by use of near-Earth relay mirrors

Performance of an Earth-to-deep-space optical telecommunications system is degraded by distortion of the beam as it propagates through the turbulent atmosphere. Conventional approaches to correcting distortions, based on natural or artificial guide stars, have practical difficulties or are not adequate for correction of distortions, which are important for Earth-to-deep-space optical links. A beam-relay approach that overcomes these difficulties is discussed. A downward-directed laser near an orbiting relay mirror provides a reference for atmospheric correction. Adaptive optics at the ground station compensate the uplink beam so that after it passes through the atmosphere uplink propagation effects are removed. The orbiting mirror then directs the corrected beam to the distant spacecraft.     

改进型准光模式辐射器

 应用几何光学理论分析了模式在圆柱波导中的传播,利用耦合波理论分析了各个模式在波纹波导中相互转化以及稳定时的相对功率,设计了170 GHz,模式为TE22,6的毫米波通过波纹波导将其一部分能量转换到其它8个卫星模式上,通过编写程序并进行大量优化得出了耦合出的模式和稳定时的相对功率大小,并使它们各个模式场分布在辐射器螺旋切口上叠加成准高斯波束,设计出辐射器的长度少于150 mm,得到准高斯波束在辐射器螺旋切口上叠加的等势图,实现了直接利用这些准高斯波束的目的。     

A Shack–Hartmann measuring head for the two‐dimensional characterization of X‐ray mirrors

The recent development of short‐wavelength optics (X/EUV, synchrotrons) requires improved metrology techniques in terms of accuracy and curvature dynamic range. In this article a stitching Shack–Hartmann head dedicated to be mounted on translation stages for the characterization of X‐ray mirrors is presented. The principle of the instrument is described and experimental results for an X‐ray toroidal mirror are presented. Submicroradian performances can be achieved and systematic comparison with a classical long‐trace profiler is presented. The accuracy and wide dynamic range of the Shack–Hartmann long‐trace‐profiler head allow two‐dimensional characterizations of surface figure and curvature with a submillimeter spatial resolution.     

用能动光学技术控制激光焦线形态的方法研究与仿真计算

 用一块能动反射镜、一块柱面透镜和一块非球面透镜可组成新原理的焦线形态控制系统。随时改变能动反射镜形状以调制波面位相,能将入射激光束变换成幅照均匀、长度在一定范围内连续可调的焦线。针对高斯型入射光强,探讨了用该系统控制激光焦线形态的可行性。     

用能动光学技术控制激光焦线形态的方法研究与仿真计算

用一块能动反射镜、一块柱面透镜和一块非球面透镜可组成新原理的焦线形态控制系统。随时改变能动反射镜形状以调制波面位相,能将入射激光束变换成幅照均匀、长度在一定范围内连续可调的焦线。针对高斯型入射光强,探讨了用该系统控制激光焦线形态的可行性。     

Experimental study on beam shaping in a reduced-scale relay mirror system

Improving power coupling efficiency of beam uplink propagation in a relay mirror system is under extensive research in recent years. A typical model of the relay mirror system is established and theory of beam shaping used to improve power coupling efficiency of the relay mirror system is analyzed in detail. A reduced-scale experimental relay mirror system is founded, which has the same Fresnel number as uplink propagation in the relay mirror system with 1.0 m-caliber transmitter and 30?km propagation distance. Phase distribution of the source is optimized by using the stochastic parallel gradient descent algorithm. The experimental results showed that power coupling efficiency of uplink propagation in the reduced-scale relay mirror system was improved from 72.67 to 87.88 % by beam shaping and the bucket power proportion in 5 pixels at the target was improved from 45.49 to 52.78 %.     

神光Ⅲ原型装置的近背向散射光诊断系统

近背向散射光诊断系统的建立对于精密测量近背向散射光能量份额具有重要意义,它为惯性约束聚变物理实验激光能量与靶耦合效率参数提供了重要的数据支撑。介绍了神光Ⅲ原型装置的近背向散射光诊断系统,包括其主要功能、技术要求、光学设计与机械设计要点。该诊断系统以离轴椭球镜及靶室外的光学传递组为核心元件,具有灵活可靠的支撑和调节结构。在原型装置上使用该系统进行了打靶试验考核,结果表明该系统能进行稳定测量,数据结果符合预期。     

Imaging and quality assessment of high-harmonic focal spots

We present a direct method of studying the focusability of an intense, short-pulse extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) beam obtained by high-harmonic generation. We perform near-field imaging of the focal spot of five high-harmonic orders strongly focused by a broadband toroidal mirror. To visualize the focal spot directly, we image the fluorescence induced by an XUV beam on a cerium-doped YAG crystal on a visible CCD camera. We can thus measure the harmonic spot size on a single image, together with the Strehl ratio, to evaluate the quality of focusing. Such techniques should become instrumental in optimizing the focusing conditions and reaching intensities required for exploring attosecond nonlinear optics in the XUV range.     

薄镜面主动光学对光学像差的校正能力分析

建立了薄镜面主动光学的仿真模型,并进行了仿真分析,结果表明薄镜面主动光学可以对低频误差完成较好的校正.为了进一步验证,建立了一套薄镜面主动光学实验系统,开展了薄镜面主动光学实验.结果表明,通过主动光学校正可以把镜面面形校正到磨制时的面形即λ/10.同时发现,薄镜面主动光学对三阶像散和三阶球差的校正能力最好,三叶彗差的校正能力也较好,而三阶彗差最难校正,这对于磨制大型薄镜面具有一定的指导意义.     

Ray tracing method for the grazing incidence flat-field imaging soft X-ray spectrometer

A ray tracing method is introduced for helping adjustment and spectra analysis of the grazing incidence flat-field imaging soft X-ray spectrometer. For a single point source, the spectra images obtained by separate components, the toroidal mirror, and the grazing incidence flat-field concave grating with varied line spaces are given respectively. The calculated spectral images of the single point source by the spectrometer are also given for comparison with measurements with different experimental alignments.     

Optimized IR synchrotron beamline design

Synchrotron infrared beamlines are powerful tools on which to perform spectroscopy on microscopic length scales but require working with large bending‐magnet source apertures in order to provide intense photon beams to the experiments. Many infrared beamlines use a single toroidal‐shaped mirror to focus the source emission which generates, for large apertures, beams with significant geometrical aberrations resulting from the shape of the source and the beamline optics. In this paper, an optical layout optimized for synchrotron infrared beamlines, that removes almost totally the geometrical aberrations of the source, is presented and analyzed. This layout is already operational on the IR beamline of the Brazilian synchrotron. An infrared beamline design based on a SOLEIL bending‐magnet source is given as an example, which could be useful for future IR beamline improvements at this facility.     

Double-sided laser heating system for in situ high pressure–high temperature monochromatic x-ray diffraction at the esrf

A new double-sided laser heating system optimized for monochromatic X-ray diffraction at high pressure and high temperature has been developed at beamline ID27 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF). The main components of this system including optimized focusing optics to produce a large and homogenous heated area, optimized mirror optics for temperature measurements and a state-of-the-art diffraction setup are described in details. Preliminary data collected at high pressure and high temperature on tungsten and iron are presented.