受限颗粒体对制动系统非线性振动的影响

制动系统在工作时,往往受到沙粒、尘土以及磨屑等受限颗粒体的影响,这些受限颗粒体在摩擦副中的高度分布具有较强的随机性,一定程度诱发了制动系统的非线性振动. 本文中基于制动片切向振动模型,引入了新的受限颗粒体摩擦模型,提出了用波动系数来描述受限颗粒体高度分布随机性的强弱. 发现在特定参数下,当此系数为0时,制动片切向振动为周期运动;但是当此系数不为0时,制动片切向振动呈现拟周期或混沌运动,此时的切向振动分岔特性图的稳定轨道也会出现数量或分布的变化,甚至表现出混沌特性. 同一时变信号内,受限颗粒体引发制动片切向非线性振动包括发散、收敛以及拟周期运动等多种形式.      

Role of particle stiffness and inter-particle sliding friction in milling of particles

Discrete element method （DEM） has been used to investigate the effects of particle elastic modulus and coefficient of inter-particle sliding friction on milling of mineral particles. An autogeneous mill of 600 mm diameter and 320 mm length with 14,500 particles has been selected for the simulation. Various mill performance parameters, for example, particle trajectories, collision frequency, collision energy and mill power have been evaluated to understand the effects of particle elastic modulus and inter-particle sliding friction during milling of particles. For the given model, it has been concluded that at high energy range, as the elastic modulus and particle sliding friction increase the energy dissipated among the particles increases. The collision frequency increases with the increase in elastic modulus, however, this trend is not clearly observed with increasing inter-particle sliding friction. The power draw of the mill increases with the increase in fraction of mill critical speed.     

Application of DEM modified with enlarged particle model to simulation of bead motion in a bead mill

We applied the discrete element method （DEM） of simulation modified by an enlarged particle model to simulate bead motion in a large bead mill. The stainless-steel bead mill has inner diameter of 102 mm and mill length of 198 mm. The bead diameter and filling ratio were fixed respectively at 0.5 mm and 85%. The agitator rotational speed was changed from 1863 to 3261 rpm. The bead motion was monitored experimentally using a high-speed video camera through a transparent mill body. For the simulation, enlarged particle sizes were set as 3-6 mm in diameter. With the DEM modified by the enlarged particle model, the motion of enlarged particles in a mill was simulated.The velocity data of the simulated enlarged particles were compared with those obtained in the experiment. The simulated velocity of the enlarged particles depends on the virtual frictional coefficient in the DEM model. The optimized value of the virtual frictional coefficient can be determined by considering the accumulated mean value. Results show that the velocity of the enlarged particles simulated increases with an increase in the optimum virtual frictional coefficient, but the simulated velocity agrees well with that determined experimentally by optimizing the virtual frictional coefficient in the simulation. The computing time in the simulation decreases with increased particle size.     

Angle of repose in the numerical modeling of ballast particles focusing on particle-dependent specifications: Parametric study

The discrete element method (DEM) is widely used in the realistic simulation of the shapes of particles. Researchers have considered the simplification of particle shapes owing to the high computational cost of such simulation. In this regard, the modeling of calibrated particles is a major challenge owing to the simultaneous effects of particle properties. The angle-of-repose test is a standard test method used to calibrate the bulk behavior of simulated particles. In the present study, the hollow-cylinder (slump) test was modeled for the verification of discrete element simulations. In this regard, a sensitivity analysis was conducted for all effective parameters, namely the static friction, rolling friction, restitution coefficient, sphericity, roundness, particle size distribution, and number of ballast particles. The results indicate that the rolling friction, roundness, number of particles, and size of particles are the most important parameters in the determination of the angle of repose (AOR). For particles in the range of ballast (20–60 mm), the effect of the number of particles on the angle of repose is reduced when the number is greater than 426. Additionally, it is concluded that angular particles can be replaced with sub-angular particles (R ≈ 0.2–0.45) with a higher rolling friction coefficient (μ_r > 0.14).     

Application of DEM modified with enlarged particle model to simulation of bead motion in a bead mill

We applied the discrete element method (DEM) of simulation modified by an enlarged particle model to simulate bead motion in a large bead mill. The stainless-steel bead mill has inner diameter of 102 mm and mill length of 198 mm. The bead diameter and filling ratio were fixed respectively at 0.5 mm and 85%. The agitator rotational speed was changed from 1863 to 3261 rpm. The bead motion was monitored experimentally using a high-speed video camera through a transparent mill body. For the simulation, enlarged particle sizes were set as 3–6 mm in diameter. With the DEM modified by the enlarged particle model, the motion of enlarged particles in a mill was simulated. The velocity data of the simulated enlarged particles were compared with those obtained in the experiment. The simulated velocity of the enlarged particles depends on the virtual frictional coefficient in the DEM model. The optimized value of the virtual frictional coefficient can be determined by considering the accumulated mean value. Results show that the velocity of the enlarged particles simulated increases with an increase in the optimum virtual frictional coefficient, but the simulated velocity agrees well with that determined experimentally by optimizing the virtual frictional coefficient in the simulation. The computing time in the simulation decreases with increased particle size.     

基于颗粒物质力学的铁粉末压制中摩擦特性对力链演化影响

结合颗粒物质力学理论,通过离散元法实现铁粉末压制过程模拟并通过压制方程进行验证,针对粉末体系中的力链演化问题,提出力链特征定量分析方式,进一步通过分析不同颗粒间摩擦系数、侧壁摩擦系数与颗粒运动状态转变的方式,探讨摩擦特性对力链量化特征的影响,从而建立摩擦行为与力链演化间的联系. 研究结果表明:随颗粒间摩擦系数增大,整体力链数目变少,力链方向系数、承载不均匀度及单位屈曲度均变大,而随侧壁摩擦系数增大,力链特征差异较小,则颗粒间摩擦系数较侧壁摩擦系数对力链特征演化具有更显著影响. 同时发现,颗粒接触状态的改变与力链特征演化间具有对应性. 研究成果将进一步拓展粉末压制中考虑摩擦行为及力链演化过程在内的粉体致密化行为理论.      

离散颗粒流动堆积行为离散元模拟及实验研究

工程应用中存在许多颗粒流动堆积问题.首先设计了一系列测量方法,通过大量的实验和统计分析,得到了颗粒的多种物理参数.并以工程中高炉炉顶称量料罐为背景,采用离散元方法模拟不同物理条件下离散颗粒的流动堆积行为,得出料罐内颗粒系统中颗粒之间力的分布不均匀,而且强力链分布主要与料罐的左下壁方向平行.同时,设计并制作了具有多参数调节的离散颗粒料罐实验模型,进行了相应的物理实验,实测结果与数值模拟吻合良好.     

Three-dimensional simulation of a dust lifting process with varying parameters

This article presents modelling considerations and simulation results for a dust lifting process in a three-dimensional domain. The Eulerian–Lagrangian modelling technique is used. Multiple simulations with different values for the number of particles were performed. The results of the simulations are shown as snapshots of particle position at certain points in time after the passage of a shock wave. Statistical data for the particle positions and collisions are presented. These are: the average height of the particles, the mean square displacement of the particles and the cumulative number of recorded collisions plotted as functions of time. The particle averaged kinetic energy and the mechanical energy lost by particles during collisions are recorded as functions of time in order to study the motion of particles. The results show that simulations of an increasing number of particles render a less intense lifting effect and, more importantly, that the inter-particle and particle–wall collisions represent essential phenomena and need to be included in this type of model. Also, a comparison between two-dimensional and three-dimensional simulations was performed. It was found that, although 2D simulations are still useful, they overestimate the lifting process and therefore a 3D model is preferable. The influence of the magnitude of the restitution and friction coefficients on the process was also studied.     

基于交变电场的月表除尘方法研究进展

实施月球表面探测时, 月表尘埃物质容易在探测设备表面沉积并造成严重不利影响. 近年来交变电场 除尘方法被认为是在月表进行尘埃防护的有效手段, 但要使该方法实用化, 仍需要弄清除尘的机理, 确定相关 影响的因素, 以便进行优化设计. 本文从实现交变电场的电帘出发, 分别介绍电帘表面的交变电场分布、颗粒 在电帘表面的受力状态、颗粒群运动过程中的摩擦电荷分布、颗粒运动的模拟方法、颗粒运动过程、除尘效 率和能耗的理论和实验研究, 并对自清洁太阳能电池板系统的设计与制备进行了总结. 对颗粒的起跳过程、静 电的生成和除尘效率影响因素等普遍关注的问题进行了细致的讨论和总结, 指出了颗粒的带电量对起跳过程 的关键作用. 最后, 对该除尘防尘存在的问题进行了归纳, 并展望了该领域的发展趋势.      

铝粉爆炸特性的实验研究

本文研究了扬尘湍流、铝粉浓度、颗粒度和气相中氧浓度等因素对铝粉爆炸特性的影响。研究结果表明,铝粉颗粒度对铝粉爆炸有十分明显的影响。颗粒度越小,其它因素对铝粉爆炸的影响也越明显。在粉尘爆炸中,较强的扬尘湍流能够使更多粉尘悬浮,有利于粉尘的燃烧并且加快了其燃烧速率。     

EFFECT OF INTERGRANULAR FRICTION ON THE BOTTOM FORCE CHAIN OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL PARTICLE PILES WITH POINT DEFECTS1)

力链对颗粒物质的宏观与微观力学性质起着决定性的作用。在离散元法的基础上,建立二维规则排列的颗粒物质系统,分别研究无缺陷颗粒系统在集中载荷变化与有缺陷颗粒系统在缺陷区域改变时,粒间摩擦系数对颗粒系统底部接触力分布规律的影响。结果表明：在无缺陷颗粒系统中,颗粒系统底部接触力的分布形式受摩擦系数和集中载荷的大小影响。随摩擦系数的增大,底部接触力由双峰形式经平台过渡,逐渐向单峰形式转变。在有缺陷颗粒系统中,摩擦系数和缺陷尺寸对底部接触力分布均有影响。同种载荷作用下,随缺陷尺寸的增大,底部接触力峰值显著增大;底部平均力被明显削弱,力向边界的传递增强。系统中轴线上缺陷的存在使底部中间区域受力削弱,当缺陷尺寸超过2 层以上时,底部中间力随摩擦系数的变化特征由递增曲线演变为线形衰减曲线。     

除尘管道内铝粉运移及沉积的数值研究

基于DPM(Discrete Phase Model)模型，研究了长直通风管道内粒径服从Rosin-Rammler 分布的铝粉的运移与沉积规律．基于颗粒与壁面的碰撞过程中的能量分析，建立了粉尘沉积-回弹模型，得出了粉尘沉积的判定准则及脱离壁面时的回弹速度．利用UDF 将沉积-回弹模型嵌入Fluent，完成了对管道内粉尘运移和沉积的数值模拟．粉尘沉积的数值结果与实验结果符合得较好，验证了所提模型的有效性．数值结果表明风速的增大使管道内粉尘浓度明显降低，管壁粉尘沉积率也降低；粒径的增大对粉尘浓度的大小影响不明显，主要影响粉尘浓度在管道内的分布情况，同时会增大粉尘在管壁的沉积率．     

Discrete element parameter calibration and the modelling of dragline bucket filling

The Discrete Element Method (DEM) is useful for modelling granular flow. The accuracy of DEM modelling is dependent upon the model parameter values used. Determining these values remains one of the main challenges. In this study a method for determining the parameters of cohesionless granular material is presented. The particle size and density were directly measured and modelled. The particle shapes were modelled using two to four spheres clumped together. The remaining unknown parameter values were determined using confined compression tests and angle of repose tests. This was done by conducting laboratory experiments followed by equivalent numerical experiments and iteratively changing the parameters until the laboratory results were replicated. The modelling results of the confined compression tests were mainly influenced by the particle stiffness. The modelling results of the angle of repose tests were dependent on both the particle stiffness and the particle friction coefficient. From these observations, the confined compression test could be used to determine the particle stiffness and with the stiffness known, the angle of repose test could be used to determine the particle friction coefficient. Usually DEM codes do not solve the equations of motion for so-called walls (non-granular structural elements). However, in this study a dynamic model of a dragline bucket is developed and implemented in a commercial DEM code which allows the dynamics of the walls to be modelled. The DEM modelling of large systems of particles is still a challenge and procedures to simplify and speed up the modelling of dragline bucket filling are presented. Using the calibrated parameters, numerical results of bucket filling are compared to experimental results. The model accurately predicted the orientation of the bucket. The model also accurately predicted the drag force over the first third of the drag, but predicted drag forces too high for the subsequent part of the drag.     

Calibration of granular material parameters for DEM modelling and numerical verification by blade-granular material interaction

The discrete element method (DEM) is a promising approach to model blade-granular material interactions. The accuracy of DEM models depends on the model parameters. In this study, a calibration process was developed to determine the parameter values. The particle size was the same as the real material and the particle shape was modelled using two spherical particles rigidly clumped together to form a single grain. Laboratory shear tests and compressions tests were used to determine the material internal friction angle and stiffness, respectively. These tests were replicated numerically using DEM models with different sets of particle friction coefficients and particle stiffness values. The shear test results are found to be dependent on both the particle friction coefficient and the particle stiffness. The compression test results show that it is only dependent on the particle stiffness. The combination of shear test and compression test results can be used to determine a unique set of particle friction and particle stiffness values. The calibration process was validated experimentally and numerically by modelling a blade moving through granular material. Results show that the forces acting on the blade can be accurately modelled with DEM and the maximum error is found to be 26%. The relative particle-blade displacements were used to predict the position and shape of the shear lines in front of the blade. A good qualitative correlation was achieved between the experiments and the DEM simulations.     

铜-石墨材料摩擦学行为的研究

采用粉末冶金技术制备了铜-石墨烧结材料,通过定速摩擦试验机,研究了石墨含量与第三体形态的关系及对材料摩擦性能的影响.结果表明:石墨含量小于15%时,石墨对材料的孔隙度及摩擦温度影响明显,表现出材料的摩擦磨损性能与石墨含量密切相关,这归因于干摩擦条件下摩擦表面形成的含有石墨粒子的第三体对摩擦性能作用明显.石墨含量低,形成的第三体金属成分高,硬质金属的犁沟作用导致摩擦系数和磨损率较高.随石墨含量增加,第三体中的石墨含量增加,这导致第三体致密程度和黏着程度降低,松散易流动的第三体有利于降低犁沟程度,从而起到降低和稳定摩擦系数、减少磨损率的作用.     

高含量SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料的增摩特性研究

汽车轻量化是当今汽车工业发展的主旋律.针对制动盘的轻量化,研究了SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料与摩擦材料干滑动的摩擦行为,并探讨了其增摩的机理.结果表明:随SiC质量百分数从50%增加到55%,最大静摩擦系数增大了约80%.两对摩擦副的静摩擦系数随压力增大均明显增大,随滑动速度提高则呈先增后减的趋势.干滑动摩擦导致的摩擦表面温度升高造成基体软化,增强相脱落,且使得磨损机理由磨粒磨损向黏着磨损转变,从而严重影响摩擦系数的稳定性.     

COMPARISON OF SIMULATING MINERAL DUST AEROSOLS IN EAST ASIA BY TWO EMISSION SCHEMES

Two common surface-dust emission schemes using critical wind speed and friction velocity were compared with the regional climate model RegCM3 in East Asia. In the comparison, transport of mineral dust and its distribution were simulated from March to April, 2001. Simulation results were also compared with TOMS aerosol index, showing that obvious differences exist in dust emission quantity and its column burden simulated by the dust emission schemes of friction velocity and wind speed criteria. The results obtained by the wind speed criterion are higher than that by friction velocity, bringing forth the problem whether or not the dust emission scheme matches the model. The obvious difference in the two schemes also explains the uncertainty of simulating mineral dust aerosol by modeling.     

天然关节软骨与医用不锈钢摩擦磨损行为研究

采用天然关节软骨与不锈钢摩擦副在往复运动试验机上进行关节软骨的摩擦学试验研究,探讨载荷、速度、润滑和作用时间对摩擦磨损行为的影响并分析其作用机理,并对摩擦磨损前后的软骨表面进行分析.结果表明:随着载荷从10 N增至22 N,软骨与不锈钢间的摩擦系数从0.147降至0.117;在同样的润滑和压力下,速度越大软骨和不锈钢的摩擦系数越小;透明质酸溶液可以有效降低软骨与不锈钢之间的摩擦,长时间试验后摩擦系数基本保持在0.23左右.试验后软骨表面出现磨损并伴有大量磨损颗粒,表面有明显的划痕出现,磨粒的粒径大小分布范围较窄,小尺寸的磨粒数目较多.     

Discrete particle simulation of mixed sand transport

An Eulerian/Lagrangian numerical simulation is performed on mixed sand transport. Volume averaged Navier–Stokes equations are solved to calculate gas motion, and particle motion is calculated using Newton's equation, involving a hard sphere model to describe particle-to-particle and particle-to-wall collisions. The influence of wall characteristics, size distribution of sand particles and boundary layer depth on vertical distribution of sand mass flux and particle mean horizontal velocity is analyzed, suggesting that all these three factors affect sand transport at different levels. In all cases, for small size groups, sand mass flux first increases with height and then decreases while for large size groups, it decreases exponentially with height and for middle size groups the behavior is in-between. The mean horizontal velocity for all size groups well fits experimental data, that is, increasing logarithmically with height in the middle height region. Wall characteristics greatly affects particle to wall collision and makes the flat bed similar to a Gobi surface and the rough bed similar to a sandy surface. Particle size distribution largely affects the sand mass flux and the highest heights they can reach especially for larger particles.