111In-CCPM-RGD纳米粒子的合成及其双模态分子显像研究

本研究以具有优良生物学性能的近红外核交联聚合胶束纳米粒子（NIRF-CCPM）为载体,将具有肿瘤靶向性的多肽RGD（精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸）与该纳米粒子偶联,并通过放射性核素¹¹¹In进行标记,放射性标记过程中,标记率96%,放化纯度大于99%. ¹¹¹In-CCPM-RGD分子探针表现出良好的放射标记/光学性质. 体外稳定性研究表明,25 ℃条件下其在5%小牛血清缓冲液中静置72 h,依然保持有90%的稳定性. 同时采用核医学/光学显像两种影像手段评价了该双模态分子探针在U87肿瘤模型裸鼠体内的代谢情况：在静脉注射11.1 MBq ¹¹¹In-CCPM-RGD纳米粒子24 h、72 h进行SPECT/CT的显像,其在肿瘤部位表现出特异性的浓集. 同时,其在NIRF的显像中表明相应肿瘤区域出现特异性富集. ¹¹¹In-CCPM-RGD纳米粒子的设计、合成及初步生物学评价说明其同时兼具光学和核医学显像功能,是性能优良的新型双模态纳米分子探针,能够帮助提高肿瘤的诊断效能,为建立光学/核医学用于肿瘤靶向双模式成像奠定理论基础.     

~(64)Cu-NOTA-Herceptin的设计、活性测定及肿瘤靶向分子显像研究

利用双功能螯合剂2-[(4-异硫氰基苯基)甲基]-1,4,7-三氮杂环九烷-1,4,7-三乙酸(NCS-Bz-NOTA)对Herceptin单抗表面的氨基进行修饰获得了NOTA-Herceptin,通过基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF)对该偶联物进行了表征.利用酶联免疫吸附测定了偶联前后Herceptin抗体效价的改变.利用新型正电子核素~(64)Cu标记,获得可用于肿瘤放射靶向精准诊疗的~(64)Cu-NOTA-Herceptin探针,其标记率为90%,放化纯度98%,比活度185 MBq/nmol.分别进行了该探针在HER2过表达胃癌细胞NCI-N87及HER2低表达胃癌细胞BGC823等肿瘤细胞中的摄取实验,测定了该探针的肿瘤特异性.建立了荷人胃癌BGC823裸鼠模型,通过微型正电子断层显像(Micro-PET)设备观察了探针在模型动物体内的代谢情况:在静脉注射7.4 MBq~(64)Cu-NOTA-Herceptin探针后,分别于4和60 h进行正电子断层显像(PET)的显像,观察到其在肿瘤部位的摄取有所富集,且随着代谢时间的延长,肝脏部位摄取得到明显降低.研究结果表明,~(64)Cu-NOTAHerceptin探针有望应用于肿瘤放射性靶向诊疗.     

124I原位标记有机黑色素纳米粒子的制备及初步分子影像研究

探索了有机黑色素纳米粒子对一种目前最有潜力的新型PET成像核素的原位标记方法，制备出新型多功能纳米探针，并进行初步的分子影像研究.以自然存在的黑色素（Melanin）为原料，利用超声破碎法制备超微粒径（5.5 nm）黑色素纳米粒子（MNPs），并使用两端具有氨基的PEG₃₅₀₀对其表面进行修饰，获得具有较好水分散性和氨基活性基团的新型PEG-MNP纳米载体.采用动态光散射（DLS）、透射电镜（TEM）、红外光谱（FTIR）以及核磁氢谱（¹H NMR）对纳米粒子进行充分形貌表征.而后使用溴代琥珀酰亚胺（NBS）作为氧化剂进行长半衰期核素¹²⁴I的原位标记，获得了相应的具有PET成像功能的¹²⁴I-PEG-MNP纳米载体.而后使用游离¹²⁴I、¹²⁴I-PEG-MNP分别进行正常昆明小鼠Micro-PET成像对比研究，同时构建胰腺癌荷瘤鼠模型BxPC3，并进行¹²⁴I-PEG-MNP肿瘤成像研究.结果显示，长半衰期核素¹²⁴I对PEG-MNP的标记率可达99%以上，且体外稳定性良好.Micro-PET图像显示，¹²⁴I-PEG-MNP在小鼠体内未见脱标现象，体内放射性分布与游离¹²⁴I成像差异明显.通过基于选定甲状腺及肝脏感兴趣区（Region of Interest，ROI）的半定量分析表明，经过¹²⁴I标记后的PEG-MNP纳米粒子，与原有¹²⁴I的代谢学行为具有显著的统计学差异（P<0.001）.同时，¹²⁴I-PEG-MNP利用自身的实体瘤高通透性和滞留效应（EPR）在肿瘤部位有明显的富集，并在肿瘤部位滞留超过48 h.上述研究表明，有机纳米粒子PEG-MNP具备标记单质长半衰期核素的能力，并可用于肿瘤模型PET显像，为其进一步构建长循环多模态成像探针提供实验依据.     

一种caspase-3靶向激活型PET分子探针的制备与表征

诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡是多种肿瘤治疗方案的作用机制之一，因此检测肿瘤细胞是否产生凋亡已成为评价肿瘤治疗疗效的一种重要指标。以caspase-3为靶点设计凋亡靶向特异性探针，通过对其表达水平进行监测可以及时评估肿瘤疗效。本研究报道了一种靶向caspase-3的正电子发射断层显像(PET)探针[¹⁸F]8。采用简便的固相合成法和点击缩合法合成多肽和前体8,利用¹⁸F-¹⁹F氟离子交换法进行放射性核素氟-18标记，得到放射化学产率16%和放射化学纯度95%的探针[¹⁸F]8。探针[¹⁸F]8在PBS和小鼠血清中具有较好的稳定性，脂水分配系数Log P为-1.69±0.01,表明探针亲水性较好。高效的合成方法以及良好的理化性质为探针应用于肿瘤凋亡模型的PET成像研究奠定了良好的基础。     

~(99m)Tc标记蝶呤-赖氨酸衍生物的制备及生物性能评价

基于蝶呤-赖氨酸分子结构,设计合成了2种~(99m)Tc标记配合物~(99m)Tc(HYNIC-penta-lys-Pteroyl)-(Tricine/TPPTS)和~(99m)Tc(HYNIC-Gly-Gly-lys-Pteroyl)(Tricine/TPPTS),并对其生物性能进行了初步评价.研究结果表明,2种配合物在叶酸受体高表达的人口腔表皮样癌(KB)细胞中均有很高的摄取和滞留.给药1 h后,~(99m)Tc(HYNIC-penta-lys-Pteroyl)(Tricine/TPPTS)和~(99m)Tc(HYNIC-Gly-Gly-lys-Pteroyl)(Tricine/TPPTS)在荷KB肿瘤裸鼠体内的肿瘤摄取率分别为(8.55±2.78)%ID/g和(9.77±1.54)%ID/g.荷KB肿瘤裸鼠的小动物SPECT/CT显像研究结果表明,上述2种标记配合物在给药2 h后,其肿瘤部位均清晰可见,有望作为新型的叶酸受体靶向肿瘤分子探针.     

新型核素~(64)Cu标记D-脱氧葡萄糖及其小动物正电子发射断层扫描显像

为拓展脱氧葡萄糖(DG)在肿瘤代谢显像中的应用,以新型核素64Cu标记葡萄糖胺-1,4,7,10-四氮杂环十二烷-1,4,7,10-四乙酸(DOTA-DG).通过优化反应条件,于25℃反应30 min后得到高放化纯度和高比活度的标记化合物64Cu-DOTA-DG,标记产物经放射性高效液相色谱(Radio-HPLC)检测.体外稳定性实验结果表明,64Cu-DOTA-DG有良好的稳定性.将64Cu-DOTA-DG通过尾静脉注射入荷瘤肝癌细胞(Hep-G2)裸鼠体内,分别于注射后1和3 h进行小动物正电子发射断层扫描(Micro-PET)显像.结果表明,其在肿瘤部位有所富集.64Cu-DOTA-DG的合成及分子显像研究拓宽了以18F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖为代表的肿瘤代谢类显像剂的应用范围,为新型核素标记肿瘤代谢显像剂提供一种新途径.     

诊疗一体化探针~(64)Cu-DOTA-TATE的制备、质量控制及分子影像

采用放射性核素~(64)Cu标记生长抑素类似物DOTA-3-酪氨酰基-奥曲肽(DOTA-TATE),制备了生长抑素受体显像分子探针~(64)Cu-DOTA-TATE;分别测试了其在5%(体积分数)的人血清白蛋白(HSA)和0.9%(体积分数)生理盐水中的稳定性.将~(64)Cu-DOTA-TATE经尾静脉注射入荷胰腺癌细胞裸鼠体内,并分别于注射后1,4和10 h进行小动物正电子发射断层(Micro-PET)显像.结果表明,经固相萃取小柱(Sep-Pak)分离纯化后,~(64)Cu-DOTA-TATE的放射化学纯度99%,且40 h内在5%HSA和0.9%生理盐水中有良好的稳定性.Micro-PET显像结果表明,随着时间延长,肿瘤区域对~(64)Cu-DOTA-TATE放射性摄取增加.~(64)Cu-DOTA-TATE有望成为较好的生长抑素类似物的PET显像剂.     

利用噬菌体展示技术筛选放射性标记肺癌靶肽YC11及其生物分布

利用体内噬菌体展示技术筛选了肿瘤特异性结合靶肽, 获得了肺腺癌靶肽CSIHYPLSC(YC11)并对其进行了放射性碘标记. 采用反相高效液相色谱技术(RP-HPLC)分离纯化¹³¹I-YC11和对照肽¹³¹I-NGR, 放化纯度大于99%. 在荷人肺腺癌A549裸鼠体内的分布结果表明, ¹³¹I-YC11的肿瘤/血液放射性计数比为0.62, 肿瘤/心脏放射性计数比为2.06, 肿瘤/肺放射性计数比为1.11, 肿瘤/肝脏放射性计数比为0.81, 略高于¹³¹I-NGR的对应值. ¹³¹I-YC11在肿瘤中的摄取值为2.79%ID/g, 与¹³¹I-NGR在肿瘤中的摄取值(1.61%ID/g)相比, ¹³¹I-YC11的肿瘤摄取高于多肽¹³¹I-NGR.     

18F标记吲哚苯醌衍生物分子探针的合成及正电子发射型计算机断层显像

基于2-苯基萘型结构,以2-甲基吲哚和四氯苯醌、1-二甲基胺-2-丙炔和碘甲基硼酸频哪醇酯分别作为起始底物,经5步反应合成了一种吲哚苯醌类分子探针的前体。其结构经¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR和HR-MS(ESI)表征。对该前体进行放射性标记,再经高效液相色谱分析纯化,最后将探针注入小鼠体内进行正电子发射型计算机断层显像（PET）。结果表明：探针分子进入小鼠体内后,在膀胱、胆和肠道聚集,随后经肠道和膀胱代谢排出体外。     

自组装多肽探针在磁共振成像中的应用

磁共振成像(MRI)是一种强大的非侵入式生物医学诊断技术. 临床上, MRI需要借助造影剂来提高成像质量, 从而提高诊断的准确性. 由于具有优越的信号放大能力和生物相容性, 自组装多肽探针可负载特定的MRI分子, 通过酶促自组装过程实现肿瘤靶向和特异性富集, 增强肿瘤病灶区MRI信号, 从而进一步提高MRI的准确性和灵敏度. 本综述总结了近年来多肽自组装探针在不同MRI模式( ¹H MRI, ¹⁹F MRI和双自旋核MRI)下的最新进展, 并展望了这类新型探针在MRI领域的应用前景.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.