Noninvasive Versus Invasive Doppler Renal Blood Velocity and Flow Measurements

We compared simultaneous noninvasive and invasive determinations of blood velocity and flow in the renal arteries of 5 mongrel dogs. Noninvasive measurements of blood velocity spectra (?FN) were made using an ultrasonic echo-Doppler duplex scanner. Vessel diameters (DN) and Doppler angles (?N) were measured from sector images of the renal artery. Invasive measurements of blood velocity spectra (?F1) were made using a catheter Doppler velocimeter. Vessel lumen diameter (D1) and Doppler angle (?1) were measured angiographically. Using the Doppler and continuity equations, temporal mean blood velocities (VN, V1) and flows (QN, Q1) of five cardiac cycles were calculated. The ranges of velocity (8-48 cm/s) and flow (40-380 ml/min) were varied by pharmacological intervention. Standard linear regressions (n = 33) were Results suggest that simultaneous noninvasive echo-Doppler and invasive catheter Doppler measurements of canine renal artery blood velocity and flow correlate significantly. Nevertheless, large standard errors of the estimates exist which suggest that important systematic and experimental errors are present in both methods.     

Pitfalls Using Doppler Ultrasound to Transduce Blood Flow

General testing procedures which will ascertain whether a Doppler ultrasonic blood flowmeter is correctly designed and operating properly are presented. A commercial Doppler ultrasonic blood flowmeter using the procedure is evaluated. Two pitfalls were encountered which prevented its proper operation. High-frequency response was inadequate, which introduced a nonlinearity into the input-output calibration curve. Low-frequency gain was too high, resulting in wall-motion artifacts. These problem areas are described in detail, and a remedy for each is suggested.     

Transcutaneous Blood Flow Measurement by Electromagnetic Induction

A new induction flowmeter which can measure the blood flow from the skin surface is discussed theoretically and experimentally. A pair of electrodes placed on the skin detect the EMF induced by the interaction of the blood flow and a magnetic field applied from outside the skin. The relation between the EMF and the flow rate, which is obtained theoretically, is also confirmed experimentally within the error of 10 percent.     

Improved Microwave Noise Measurements Using Ferrites

The ferrite isolator and the ferrite circulator have been applied separately to improve the accuracy of measuring small microwave noise powers or small power differences. Either the isolator or the circulator effectively isolated the input circuit of a microwave receiver from the impedance of the source. As a result, the measurement errors introduced by mismatched source impedances were reduced by as much as 98 per cent. The added input circuit losses of the ferrite components reduced the receiver sensitivity by only about 10 per cent. Since the accuracy of measuring small noise power differences was limited principally by impedance errors, the addition of ferrite isolation to the receiver input circuit increased the sensitivity of measurement to near the theoretical limit. The ferrite isolator was used as a passive transmission element in these experiments. The ferrite circulator, however, was used as an electrically-operated, microwave switch. This switch was used to replace the mechanical chopper in a Dicke-type radiometer. In addition to impedance isolation, the ferrite switch makes possible rapid comparison measurements of the microwave noise powers from any two sources, or of the noise powers from the same source in two different polarizations.     

Application of Pseudorandom Noise to DPCM

The conventional DPCM compression algorithm has been substantially improved by the substitution of a tapered, noisy quantizer for the usual tapered quantizer. This markedly reduces the visibility of defects caused by granular noise and leak. The quantizer characteristic can then be modified to achieve less slope overload, thus significantly improving image quality.     

A Novel Pseudorandom Noise and Band Jammer Generator Using a Composite Sinusoidal Function

Communication applications are increasingly relying on spread-spectrum techniques requiring the use of different types of pseudorandom noise generators (PRNGs). Such generators typically produce periodic deterministic signals, with key attributes of PRNGs being: signals produced have long periods, a large number of weakly correlated signals is produced with compatible spectral properties, most of the signal power of generated signals is contained in the desired frequency band, and arbitrary band selectivity of produced signals. Random generators can also be used for band jamming, with key attributes for band jamming being: most of the signal power is contained in the desired frequency band, arbitrary band selectivity, and a considerably flat power spectral density within the selected band. In this paper, a novel PRNG approach is proposed that can be used in several applications, including spread-spectrum techniques, as well as in band jamming. The signals produced by the proposed generator are based on a linear combination of continuous-time composite sinusoidal functions. Numerical examples are included in order to illustrate the performance of the proposed generator.      

Pseudorandom Coding for Improved Antenna Range Measurements

The autocorrelation function for pseudorandom binary codes is such that these codes are ideal for suppressing unwanted reflections on antenna ranges. The method presented here depends on amplitude modulating the transmitted signal with a maximum-length linear recurring modulo-two sequence (PN code) and correlating it at the receiver with a delayed version of the code. In this way reflections whose path transit times are greater than 1 bit time from the direct path transmission time are reduced in amplitude by a factor inversely proportional to the length of the code word. Also presented is a simple means for generating the maximum-length shift-register codes using delay lines and mixers that makes this method especially practical for most antenna range applications.     

An Instrument to Measure Cutaneous Blood Flow Using the Doppler Shift of Laser Light

A system utilizing the Doppler shift of monochromatic laser light has been developed to measure blood flow in skin. Light from a low power (S mW) He-Ne laser is coupled into a quartz fiber and transmitted to the skin. This light is reflected from both the nonmoving tissues (reference beam) and moving red blood cells (Doppler shifted beam), received by a plastic fiber, and transmitted back to a photodiode where optical heterodyning occurs. The heterodyned output signal, which is proportional to the Doppler shift frequency, is amplified and both RMS and dc values obtained. The RMS value is weighted against the backscattered light intensity using the measured dc value as an index of total received power. This is used as the output flow velocity value.     

针对小型无线电装置的运动分析算法

小型无线电测量装置能够方便地同时测量功率及多普勒频率信息。通过研究基于功率和多普勒频率的目标运动分析算法,运用迭代最小二乘方法给出数值解。仿真实验显示,仅依靠功率信息,在低信噪比的情况下无法正确估计运动参数。而通过结合功率及多普勒频率信息能得到更准确的运动参数估计,适合于实际应用。     

Subtle Differences in System Noise Measurements and Calibration of Noise Standards

Stringent system requirements and the lack of accurate standards have been the source of many controversies in low-noise receiver measurements. Some of the critical measurement problems where subtle errors commonly arise, and their significance in automatic noise temperature monitoring systems have been investigated at L-, S-, and X-band frequencies. Problems of interest include the following: 1) difficulty in determining losses associated with low-noise systems and measuring equipment, 2) differences in noise figure measurements depending upon the use of gated or nongated receivers, 3) discrepancies in excess noise ratios of secondary standard argon gas tubes, 4) non-uniformity in the output noise power of such gas tubes due to critical coupling from the gas tube proper to the waveguide (or coaxial) output flange. As a partial solution to these problems noise standards at liquid nitrogen temperature in coax and waveguide were developed at the aforementioned bands.     

Visual Displays Using Pseudorandom Dot Scan

Pseudorandom dot scan yields a visually tolerable smallarea flicker for low frame rate television as compared to the large-area flicker of a conventional scanning sequence. With a short-persistence phosphor, one can use 12 frames/s. With a long persistence (such as a P38), one can display 3 frames/s. The "drift illusion factors" of various scanning systems are calculated. Ifnsquare-wave generators are used to cover a rectangle,n!different scanning sequences are possible; this is applied to the scrambling of pictures. Hybrid systems, which avoid some of the disadvantages of a square-wave scan, are described. The results of an audience-reaction experiment in determining effective resolution are given.     

有源相控阵接收系统的噪声测试

讨论有源相控阵中接收系统的噪声测试问题。在推广了IRE噪声系数定义的基础上 ,采用Y参数法可测得在特定条件下各通道接收组件、子阵组件或整个接收阵的有效输入噪声温度。讨论中可设定各通道接收组件的有效输入噪声温度和增益均不相同 ,并考虑了功率合成网络的损耗、不等功率合成和两层功率合成网络等情况     

伪随机序列调制信号的多普勒频移估计

讨论了伪随机序列调制信息的多普勒频移和延迟的估计问题。隐藏在非透光残骸内的慢速运动目标反射信号含有周期信息。例如,这些信息可能是由人为或自然灾害后幸存人员的呼吸和心跳引起的。非相关与相关噪声都会导致编码序列薄结构出现误差。提出了一种拥有非相干鉴频器的准最优接收机。该接收机拥有两个相位同步的平行通道。主要讨论了该接收机合成过程的工作条件及其特性。这一合成过程建立在改进的非线性滤波过程基础之上。整个合成过程分为两步:第一步假设信号频率无频移且已掌握该信号处理算法的基本结构;第二步,假设该算法结构未改变,利用信号滤波理论设计了移频控制回路中的滤波器。频移与信号延迟的联合估计序列可用作动态卡尔曼滤波器模型。     

A New Time Domain Technique for Velocity Measurements Using Doppler Ultrasound

A new technique for determining the Doppler frequency shift in a phase-coherent pulsed Doppler system is presented. In the new approach, the Doppler frequency shift is given directly in the time domain in terms of the measured I and Q components of the measured Doppler signal. The algorithm is based on an expression for the instantaneous rate of change of phase which separates rapidly varying from slowly varying terms. It permits noise smoothing in each term separately. Since the technique relies solely on signal processing in the time domain, it is significantly simpler to implement than the classic Fourier transform approach. In addition, the algorithm can be shown to give rigorously accurate values for instantaneous frequency and outperform the Fourier transform approach in poor signal-to-noise environments. Experimental results are presented which confirm the superiority of the new domain technique.     

Spectral Analysis of Auditory Evoked Potentials with Pseudorandom Noise Excitation

Pseudorandom noise (PRN) of various bandwidths was used in testing both normal and hearing impaired subjects by means of auditory-evoked potentials (AEP's). The AEP's were studied in the frequency domain via spectral analysis rather than in the time domain as is often done. Spectral analysis provides such system features as power spectral densities (PSD's) and transfer and coherence functions. The results show that these AEP's are similar to the frequency following responses obtained with pure tones. The PSD's of the evoked responses tend to correlate slightly with those of the PRN simuli, as verified by the presence of coherence between the stimulus and the response. The average coherence over the bandwidth of the stimulus decreases with increased sensory-neural hearing loss and also as the stimulus bandwidth is increased. No unique transfer functions, with respect to the subjects or the intensities of stimuli, could be obtained. However, an attempt has been made to correlate subjects' audiograms with the spectral analysis results.     

Discrete Time Estimation of the Mean Doppler Frequency in Ultrasonic Blood Velocity Measurements

A new Doppler frequency estimator operating in the discrete time domain is derived from an analysis of the Doppler signal statistics. It is shown that the estimator gives a nearly unbiased estimate of the mean frequency of the signal spectrum, regardless of the spectrum shape. The discrete time implementation gives the advantage that, under specified conditions, the range-velocity product of a pulsed Doppler velocity meter can be increased.     

Ultrasonic Blood Flow Spectral Analysis Using Coherent Optics

It has been shown that ultrasonic Doppler signals can be obtained easily and transcutaneously from many blood vessels in both normal and atherosclerotic subjects. The Doppler spectrum changes with time, giving rise toa distnbution of frequencies whose envelope has a waveform that is characteristic of the vessel site and closely folows the events of the cardiac cycle. This makes it very useful in diagnosing lesions of the arterial system. The paper presents a coherent optical technique for displaying and analyzing a blood-flow-generated ultrasonic Doppler spectrum. The system is highly cost-effective and produces spectrograms on-line. Other advantages include a large, continuously variable bandwidth, an instantaneous display of velocity profile, and simultaneous display of temporal spectra. The system makes use of the Fourier transformation property of converging lens and its use of processing time signals. The spectrum obtained from the brachial artery of a normal subject compares favorably with the spectrograms obtained using electronic spectrum analyzers.     

Noninvasive Transcutaneous Monitoring of Arterial Blood Gases

Valuable clinical and physiological data concerning the function of the cardiopulmonary system can be obtained from continuous monitoring of hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2), oxygen tension (PO2), and carbon dioxide tension (PCO2) in blood. While periodic blood sampling is still used clinically to determine arterial blood gases, it is becoming apparent that the recent introduction of continuous noninvasive monitoring of blood gases can offer many advantages. This paper discusses the historical development and significant accomplishments of various techniques available for transcutaneous blood gas monitoring. Four major areas are reviewed: electrochemistry, spectrophotometry, mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography. For each of these techniques, the theoretical basis, instrumentation, and clinical applications are discussed.     

应用伪随机码的EAS系统

在通信系统中，伪随机码应用十分广泛，其优点是抗干扰能力强，保密性好。在比较两种伪随机码产生方法的基础上，分析了应用伪随机码的EAS(Electronic Article Surveillance)系统的优点：抗干扰能力强和多系统协调工作性能好。同时，提出一种以伪随机特征码为纽带的多个EAS系统一起工作的协调方式。然后，通过对现有EAS系统不足点的分析，提出了新的检测信号有效性的判断依据，即信号的测量值与平均值的偏差是符合高斯分布的，以及相应的评判方法，即计算信号测量值与平均值的偏差，如果测量偏差大于某个城值，则触发一个报警。由此，进一步详细阐述了将伪随机码技术应用于EAS系统的具体方法及其抗干扰能力。     

基于伪随机码调制和单光子计数的光纤激光测距研究

开展了基于伪随机码调制和光子计数的1550 nm光纤激光测距技术研究,研制了一套测试实验系统。为了克服常规InGaAs单光子探测器由于抑制后脉冲而导致的探测速率低的问题,系统采用离散放大光电探测器作为单光子探测器件,单光子探测速率可达100 MHz。在室温,偏置电压53 V,伪随机码序列长度81.91μs时,系统探测灵敏度可达-83.6 dBm。在不同信号功率及伪随机码序列长度情况下,对系统性能进行了测试。在伪随机码序列长度163.83μs,信号平均功率-78.6 dBm时,系统测距精度可达12.7 cm。根据实验结果,推算出一套星载条件下的系统参数。