Synthesis of quasioptical waveguide mode converters on the basis of the Fox–Li method

We consider a generalization of the Fox–Li method to the problems of analysis and synthesis of weakly irregular quasioptical waveguides. It is shown that the field representation in the form of integral expansions in terms of convergent and divergent cylindrical waves makes it possible to efficiently solve such problems with allowance for the effects of nonparaxiality of wave beams and the vector character of electromagnetic fields. An example of synthesizing a converter of the output radiation of a gyroklystron with an operating frequency of 30 GHz at the TE_5,3 mode to the Gaussian wave beam is considered.     

Manifestation of weakly diverging beams of rays in the spatiotemporal structure of the acoustic signal field in oceanic waveguides

It is established that the existence of weakly divergent beams in an oceanic waveguides leads, in a certain time interval and depth range, to the formation of a characteristic triplet structure of wavefronts. It is explained that a weakly diverging beam of rays represents an Airy wave in the spatiotemporal structure of the acoustic signal field in an oceanic waveguide.     

Increase in the efficiency of the shear wave generation in gelatin due to the nonlinear absorption of a focused ultrasonic beam

Experimental results and theoretical estimates are presented to demonstrate the prospects of using the acoustic nonlinearity of a gel-like medium for increasing the efficiency of the shear wave generation in it by a pulsed ultrasonic beam. The experiment is based on the propagation of a focused beam of longitudinal acoustic waves at a frequency of 1.1 MHz in a gelatin sample and on the detection of shear waves by the optical method [1]. It is demonstrated that the amplitude of the shear wave excited by a nonlinear acoustic pulse can be increased by an order of magnitude owing to the formation of shock fronts in the profile of this pulse.     

Adaptive correction of vortex laser beam in a closed-loop system with phase only liquid crystal spatial light modulator

We propose and demonstrate the wave front correction of a vortex laser beam by using dual phase only liquid crystal spatial light modulators (LC-SLMs) and a stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm. One phase only LC-SLM is used to generate vortex laser beam by loading spiral phase screen onto the wave front of input quasi-Gaussian beam. The other phase only LC-SLM under SPGD controller based on the subzone control method adaptively compensates the wave front of vortex laser beam. Numerical simulation and experimental results show that after correction, vortex doughnut like beam is focused into a beam with airy disk pattern distribution in the far field. The adaptive corrections of vortex laser beam with different optical topological charges are studied. The results show that the optical topological charge has little influence on adaptive correction. The powers in the main lobe of far field intensity distributions of vortex laser beams with different optical topological charges are all greatly improved by adaptive correction. The technique proposed in this paper can be used in optical communication, relay mirror and atmospheric turbulence correction.     

Propagation of compression waves in bubbly liquid with hydrate formation

The dynamics of planar one-dimensional shock waves applied to the available experimental data for the water-Freon system is studied on the basis of the theoretical model of the bubbly liquid refined with regard for a possible hydrate formation. A scheme is proposed for considering the fragmentation of bubbles in the shock wave, which is one of the main factors of the intensification of the hydrate formation process with the growth of the shock wave amplitude.     

Flexural wave motion in beam-type disordered periodic systems: Coincidence phenomenon and sound radiation

This paper deals with flexural wave motion in uniform beam-type periodic systems whose repeating units are identical finite beams with multiple beam-length disorders. A general expression derived for the propagation constants has been employed to study its variation with frequency for a beam system having 4-span disordered repeating units. This is helpful in understanding flexural wave motion in disordered periodic beams. Free flexural waves have been studied as wave groups consisting of a large number of harmonic components of different wavelengths, phase velocities and directions. Phase velocities have been computed and plotted for different frequencies in the propagation zones in which the free waves progress without attenuation. This has been found to be useful in understanding and predicting the coincidence phenomenon in disordered periodic beams under convected pressure field loading. The excitation of wave groups in disordered periodic beam-type systems by a slow (subsonic) convecting pressure field can include fast (supersonic) moving flexural wave components which can radiate sound. It has been pointed out that sound radiation from a disordered periodic beam (or plate) can be quite different as compared to that from a periodic beam under similar convected pressure field loading.     

Time-reversed sound beams of finite amplitude.

Numerical simulations based on the nonlinear parabolic wave equation are used to investigate time reversal of sound beams radiated by unfocused and focused sources. Emphasis is placed on nonlinear propagation distortion in the time-reversed beam, and specifically its effect on field reconstruction. Distortion of this kind, due to amplification during time reversal, has been observed in recent experiments [A. P. Brysev et al., Acoust. Phys. 44, 641-650 (1998)]. Effects of diffraction introduced by time-reversal mirrors with finite apertures are also considered. It is shown that even in the presence of shock formation, the ability of time reversal to retarget most of the energy on the source or focal region of the incident beam is quite robust.     

Fibre-Coupling Zig-Zag Beam Deflection Technology for Investigation of Attenuation Process of Laser-Induced Shock Waves

A novel fibre-coupling zig-zag beam deflection technology is developed to investigate the attenuation process of laser-induced shock waves in air. Utilizing ordinal reflections of probe beams by a pair of parallel mirrors, a zig-zag beam field is formed, which has eleven probe beams in the horizontal plane. When a laser-induced shock wave propagates through the testing field, it causes eleven deflection signals one after another. The whole attenuation process of the shock wave in air can be detected and illuminated clearly on one experimental curve.     

湍流大气中斜程传输光场的相位特性

运用功率谱反演法对斜程传输大气湍流扰动相位屏进行了数值模拟。通过建立激光束初始畸变相位模型,从波前峰谷值和波前功率谱密度函数两个方面,对激光束通过大气湍流后的相位特性进行了研究,重点分析了湍流传输距离和天顶角对激光束波前相位分布的影响。研究结果表明:激光束在湍流大气斜程传输后,其波前相位会发生明显畸变,且空间高频相位较低频相位所占比例明显增加;通过湍流后的波前相位与传输距离及天顶角密切相关,传输距离越长,天顶角越大,相位畸变程度越大,高频相位所占比例越多。     

Cross-frequency correlation of intensity fluctuations for a deeply modulated phase screen

We consider the intensity fluctuation patterns produced beyond a deeply modulated phase changing screen when two plane waves, each with a different frequency, are incident on the same screen. The spatial frequency spectrum corresponding to the cross-correlation between these two different intensity fluctuation patterns is derived. This spectrum has two distinct regions, one of low spatial frequencies which is independent of the incident wave frequencies, and another at high spatial frequencies which is wave frequency dependent. As the difference between the incident wave frequencies increases the upper cut-off spatial frequency of the spectrum decreases. The corresponding cross-scintillation index is also considered and it is shown that this is independent of the incident wave frequencies close to the phase screen and including the focal region where there is a peak in the index. In the far field the scintillation index approaches unity as the distance from the screen increases in the monochromatic case. However, for different incident wave frequencies the far-field scintillation index falls off both with distance from screen and with increasing wave frequency difference.     

Characteristics and application of laser-generated acoustic shock waves in air

When a high-power laser beam is focused at a point, the air at the focal point is heated to temperatures of thousands of degrees within several nanoseconds and breaks down. This generates a spark that, in turn, is accompanied by an acoustic shock wave. The acoustic shock waves generated by focussing the beam from a pulsed laser with a 1064 nm wavelength and a power of 800 mJ per pulse have been measured using 1/4″ and 1/8″ B&K microphones. Nonlinear sound levels are observed up to 1.5 m from the laser-induced sparks. Beyond a certain region close to the source, levels are found to decrease in a manner consistent with spherical spreading plus nonlinear hydrodynamic losses. Analysis of the waveforms shows that the acoustic pulses associated with the laser-induced sparks are more repeatable and have higher intensity than those from an electrical spark source. Laser-generated acoustic shock waves are ideal for simulating a blast wave or a sonic boom in the laboratory and for studying the associated propagation effects. To illustrate this application, the propagation of the laser generated shock waves over a series of different hard, rough surfaces has been investigated. The results show the distinctive influences of ground roughness on the propagation of the shock wave.     

大气风速对大气传输光束相位特性的影响

采用功率谱反演法构建湍流相位屏,通过横向平移相位屏的方法模拟大气风速引起的湍流时间变化,进而模拟分析了包括时间进程的激光大气传输特性,从波前相位功率谱密度的角度,定量分析了大气风速引起的激光束在大气湍流中传输时的相位特性变化。在此基础上,采用影响函数模拟变形镜对畸变波前的校正作用,对激光束经大气湍流传输后的自适应校正效果进行了预估,分析了大气风速对校正效果的影响。结果表明,大气风速对边界层湍流中光束相位特性的影响很小,然而,对于自由大气湍流中的传输光束,大气风速越大,波前相位畸变程度越大,畸变波前中高频相位比例也越大;环状光束的校正效果受大气风速的影响比平顶光束更小,并且,随着环状光束阶数的增大,校正效果所受影响逐渐减小;在一定相位畸变范围内,畸变程度越大的环状光束的相位校正效果受大气风速的影响越小。     

长骨中振动声激发超声导波的方法

为了实现一定频段内任意低频下在长骨中激励导波信号,本文提出一种采用聚焦高频(5 MHz)超声换能器在长骨皮质骨中激发低频(150 kHz)超声导波的振动声方法.首先介绍了板状超声导波理论和双声束共聚焦法与单声束调幅法激发振动声的基本原理;进而采用三维有限元仿真方法分析振动声激发低频超声导波的基本现象,然后结合牛胫骨板离体实验,验证振动声激发低频超声导波的可行性.结果均表明,双声束共焦与单声束振动超声均可在骨板中激发低频超声导波.相关研究方法有助于提高空间域长骨中超声导波测量精度,以及在一定频段内实现任意频率激励等,对发展低频超声导波在体测量长骨皮质骨的新技术具有一定的指导意义.     

Stochastic differential equation analysis for sound scattering by random internal waves in the ocean

The scattering of a weakly divergent narrow sound beam by random inhomogeneities of a fluctuating ocean is considered in the coupled-mode approximation. The random index of sound refraction is described using the Garrett-Munk internal wave spectrum. The problem is solved using the stochastic differential equations for the first-and second-order statistical moments of the acoustic field. The equations are formulated according to the cumulant expansion method. The existence of weakly divergent narrow sound beams in long-range sound propagation was one of the last discoveries of L.M. Brekhovskikh, to which he attached much importance. The concentration of sound into narrow beams away from the axis of the underwater sound channel was first observed experimentally and then explained by Brekhovskikh and his former students Goncharov, Kurtepov, and Petukhov. In the present paper, the scattered field intensity of a sound beam is calculated for different frequencies and source depths. Analytical expressions are obtained for the coefficients of the differential equation. The intermode energy transfer that accompanies the long-range propagation of a weakly divergent sound beam is analyzed. A comparison with the conventionally used Monte Carlo simulation in the parabolic equation approximation is performed.     

Dynamics of laser-induced shock wave by optical probe in air

A new simple optical system based on optical beam deflection combining the holophote corner cube was developed in order to study the dynamics of laser-induced shock waves in air. In this method, we adopt a He-Ne laser beam as the detection beam. The He-Ne laser beam, reflected by corner cube, intersects the propagating shock wave at two successive positions. The measurement of the shock wave velocity benefits from the double peak signals induced by the same acting laser pulse, which is calculated from the time interval between the corresponding oscilloscope signals and the distance of the two He-Ne laser beams. By virtue of this setup, we are also able to determine the pressure of the generated shock waves. It is shown that this method is simple with a fairly good precision and is much easier than the conventional methods used for this task.     

椭圆涡旋光束在海洋湍流中的传输特性

本文采用分步相位屏方法来仿真椭圆涡旋光束在海洋中的实际传输情况,并对椭圆涡旋光束在海洋湍流中的传输光强和闪烁因子进行了仿真。研究发现,椭圆涡旋光束在海洋传输过程中,光斑会发生明显的旋转,同时光斑会产生暗核且暗核个数与光束的拓扑荷数相等。一个拓扑荷数为m的相位奇点会分裂成m个拓扑荷数为1的相位奇点,并且海洋湍流越强,光斑受到的干扰越严重。研究还发现,在较弱的海洋湍流中,随着传输距离的增加,椭圆涡旋光束的闪烁因子会低于高斯光束和涡旋光束的闪烁因子,而且在远距离处拓扑荷数越大闪烁因子降低越明显,同时也发现,传播一段距离后涡旋光束的闪烁因子会低于高斯光束的闪烁因子。在较强湍流中,椭圆涡旋光束的闪烁因子会交叠在一起。对于不同强度的海洋湍流,随着均方温度耗散率的增大,椭圆涡旋光束的轴上点闪烁因子也增大。在同一传输距离处,束腰宽度越小的椭圆涡旋光束闪烁因子越小。     

Coherent control of THz wave generation in ambient air

Our study of THz wave generation in the pulsed laser induced air plasma with individually controlled phase, polarization, and amplitude of the optical fundamental wave (omega) and its second harmonic (2omega) indicates that the third-order nonlinear optical process mixing the omega and 2omega beams in the ionized plasma is the main mechanism of the efficient THz wave generation. The polarity and the strength of the emitted THz field are completely controlled by the relative phase between the omega and 2omega waves. The measured THz field amplitude is proportional to the pulse energy of the fundamental beam and to the square root of the pulse energy of the second-harmonic beam once the total optical pulse energy exceeds the plasma formation threshold. The optimal THz field is achieved when all waves (omega, 2omega, and THz waves) are at the same polarization in the four-wave-mixing process.     

Fourth-order image formation by spontaneous parametric down-conversion: The effect of anisotropy

We analyze the transfer of angular spectrum and fourth-order image formation in two-photon states generated by spontaneous parametric down-conversion in both type I and type II phase matchings. We show how the image transfer from the pump beam to the two-photon field is affected by the anisotropy of the nonlinear crystal and by the coupling between frequency and wave vector. We also show how the distortion produced by the anisotropy can be compensated by the frequency bandwidth in type II phase matching.     

Nonlinear and linear wave phenomena in narrow pipes

Phenomena arising in the course of wave propagation in narrow pipes are considered. For nonlinear waves described by the generalized Webster equation, a simplified nonlinear equation is obtained that allows for low-frequency geometric dispersion causing an asymmetric distortion of the periodic wave profile, which qualitatively resembles the distortion of a nonlinear wave in a diffracted beam. Tunneling of a wave through a pipe constriction is investigated. Possible applications of the phenomenon are discussed, and its relation to the problems of quantum mechanics because of the similarity of the basic equations of the Klein-Gordon and Schrödinger types is pointed out. The importance of studying the tunneling of nonlinear waves and broadband signals is indicated.     

Transformation of optical-vortex beams by holograms with embedded phase singularity

Spatial characteristics of diffracted beams produced by the “fork” holograms from incident circular Laguerre-Gaussian modes are studied theoretically. The complex amplitude distribution of a diffracted beam is described by models of the Kummer beam or of the hypergeometric-Gaussian beam. Physically, in most cases its structure is formed under the influence of the divergent spherical wave originating from the discontinuity caused by the hologram’s groove bifurcation. Presence of this wave is manifested by the ripple structure in the near-field beam pattern and by the power-law amplitude decay at the beam periphery. Conditions when the divergent wave is not excited are discussed.The diffracted beam carries a screw wavefront dislocation (optical vortex) whose order equals to algebraic sum of the incident beam azimuthal index and the topological charge of the singularity imparted by the hologram. The input beam singularity can be healed when the above sum is zero. In such cases the diffracted beam can provide better energy concentration in the central intensity peak than the Gaussian beam whose initial distribution coincides with the Gaussian envelope of the incident beam. Applications are possible for generation of optical-vortex beams with prescribed properties and for analyzing the optical-vortex beams in problems of information processing.