复合床合成低碳醇的研究

采用了三种不同的合成醇催化剂分别作为第一段催化床层,以ＺｎＯ／Ｃｒ２Ｏ３催化剂作为第二段催化床层,研究了复合催化剂床对合成低碳醇反应行为的影响。结果表明,采用复合床层技术可以提高反应产物中低碳醇的选择性,但是烃类的转化率增加,液收减小。同时发现,第一段催化床层的反应产物分布与第二段催化床层的反应条件直接影响最终的反应结果。第一段催化剂床层中ＣＯ的转化率或甲醇的选择性过高都不利于提高反应产物中低碳醇的选择性     

Single atom catalyst for electrocatalysis

Single atom catalyst (SAC) refers to a novel catalyst with the active metal atoms individually anchored on the support. Single atom catalysts present the unique appeal due to the high atomic availability and specific activity, as well as the high pathway selectivity. Herein, we summarized the classification, preparation, characterization, and application of single atom catalysts. Finally, the current bottlenecks and the outlooks of the SAC research are discussed.     

聚苯胺对钯催化甲酸电氧化反应的促进作用

钯基纳米材料是甲酸电氧化反应的优良催化剂.本工作制备了两个系列钯基催化剂,并考察了聚苯胺对钯上甲酸电氧化反应的助催化作用.一种是以聚苯胺为基底,在其表面电沉积钯纳米粒子,制得nPANI/Pd催化剂(n表示聚合苯胺的循环数);另一种是直接在商业Pd/C催化剂表面电聚合苯胺,制得Pd/C/nPANI催化剂.结果显示,聚苯胺单独存在时对甲酸电氧化反应没有催化活性,但其可对钯上甲酸电氧化反应呈现明显的促进作用,且促进作用与聚苯胺的厚度(聚合循环数)密切相关.在两个系列催化剂中,15PANI/Pd和Pd/C/20PANI显示出最高的催化性能.15PANI/Pd中钯的质量比催化活性是纯钯催化剂的7.5倍; Pd/C/20PANI中钯的质量比催化活性和本征催化活性分别是商业Pd/C催化剂的2.3和3.3倍.钯催化性能的提升与聚苯胺和钯纳米粒子间的电子效应有关.     

催化不对称反应最新进展(Ⅱ)－组合化学方法之 应用

组合化学技术已经成为药物、新型固体材料和催化剂合成、评价和筛选的一种有力工具,最近它在催化不对称反应的手性催化剂高效率合成与筛选方面的应用也受到了重视,本文将综述组合化学技术在发展不对称合成新型催化剂方面的应用。第一部分主要介绍手性催化剂(或配体)库的固相平行合成;第二部分重点总结了所建立的手性催化剂库的高效率评价技术及其应用。     

Reversible microencapsulation of pybox-Ru chiral catalysts: scope and limitations

Chiral Pybox-Ru catalysts can be microencapsulated into linear polystyrene as a method to recover and recycle the valuable catalyst. These catalysts allow 60-68% yields to be achieved with enantioselectivities in the range 75-85% ee in the benchmark cyclopropanation reaction between styrene and ethyl diazoacetate. The catalyst is soluble in the reaction solvent and is re-encapsulated at the end of the reaction. The great advantage of this methodology is that the chiral ligand does not need to be modified, but the recycling is highly solvent dependent—in contrast with the catalysts immobilized through covalent bonds.     

Organocatalyzed enantioselective synthesis of 2-amino-5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carboxylates

The organocatalyzed enantioselective synthesis of biologically active 2-amino-5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carboxylate derivatives was achieved using bifunctional cinchona alkaloids as the catalysts. Using quinine thiourea as the catalyst, the tandem Michael addition-cyclization reaction between 1,3-cyclohexanediones and alkylidenecyanoacetate derivatives gives the desired products in high yields (up to 92%) and good ee values (up to 82%).     

Recent Advances in Multifunctional Capsule Catalysts in Heterogeneous Catalysis?

Capsule catalysts composed of pre-shaped core catalysts and layer zeolites have been widely used in the tandem reactions where multiple continuous reactions are combined into one process. They show excellent catalytic performance in heterogeneous catalysis, including the direct synthesis of middle isoparaffins or dimethyl ether from syngas, as compared to the conventional hybrid catalysts. The present review highlights the recent development in the design of capsule catalysts and their catalytic applications in heterogeneous catalysis. The capsule catalyst preparation methods are introduced in detail, such as hydrothermal synthesis method, dual-layer method, physically adhesive method and single crystal crystallization method. Furthermore, several new applications of capsule catalysts in heterogeneous catalytic processes are presented such as in the direct synthesis of liquefied petroleum gas from syngas, the direct synthesis of para-xylene from syngas and methane dehydroaromatization. In addition, the development in the design of multifunctional capsule catalysts is discussed, which makes the capsule catalyst not just a simple combination of two different catalysts, but has some special functions such as changing the surface hydrophobic or acid properties of the core catalysts. Finally, the future perspectives of the design and applications of capsule catalysts in heterogeneous catalysis are provided.     

新手性双-(三氟甲磺酰)亚胺基硫代缩酮基硅烷的合成及其不对称催化Diels-Alder反应

合成了数个新手性双-(三氟甲磺酰)亚胺基二硫代缩酮基硅路易斯酸2～4, 并研究了它们对环戊二烯和丙烯酸衍生物11a～11c的Diels-Alder反应的催化活性. 结果表明催化剂活性高, 环加成反应的产率高达89%～96%, 并且获得较高的非对映选择性和中等对映选择性, 当催化剂为2b时, 反应的对映选择性达到最高, 为48% ee.     

New penta-ether as the internal donor in the MgCl2-supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts for propylene polymerization

The penta-ether compound was synthesized by the reaction of di(trimethylolpropane) with sodium hydride as the strong base and methyl iodide as the alkyl halide. This compound was characterized by NMR, FTIR, and GC techniques. The MgCl₂-supported titanium catalysts were incorporated with varying amounts of penta-ether compound as the internal donor and also the catalysts without the internal donor were synthesized. The synthesized catalysts and the conventional Ziegler- Natta catalyst were characterized. The titanium contents were determined by spectrophotometry, magnesium by complexometric titration and chloride by argentometric titration. The effects of the new internal donor on propylene polymerization with the prepared MgCl₂-supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts were investigated and then these results were compared to the results obtained using the conventional diisobutyl phthalate-besed-Ziegler-Natta catalyst. The highest crystallinity degree, melting temperature, and isotacticity of polypropylene were obtained using the catalyst with a penta-ether/Mg molar ratio equal to 0.21.     

不对称Strecker反应催化剂的研究进展

综述了不对称Strecker反应催化剂的研究进展,重点介绍了金属配合物催化剂、固体酸催化剂、有机小分子手性催化剂、路易斯酸和Brnsted酸催化剂在不对称Strecker反应中的应用。并对其未来发展进行了展望。参考文献44篇。     

p-Sulfonic acid calixarenes as efficient and reusable organocatalysts for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones/-thiones

A new and efficient methodology is proposed for obtaining 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones/-thiones through Biginelli reactions. It is based on the use of less than the stoichiometric amount of p-sulfonic acid calixarenes as organocatalysts. A number of aromatic aldehydes as well as urea or thiourea can be employed for successfully synthesizing the corresponding Biginelli adducts. The described methodology is devoid of metal-containing catalysts, which in turn is very attractive for safely producing 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-ones/-thiones of pharmacological interest. In addition, the catalyst efficiency is not compromised after its successive use in reactions. This is the first report about the application of calixarenes as catalysts in the multicomponent Biginelli reaction.     

Bio-inspired Design of Bidirectional Oxygen Reduction and Oxygen Evolution Reaction Molecular Electrocatalysts

The proper utilization of renewable energy sources has emerged as a major challenge in our pursuit of a sustainable and carbon-neutral energy landscape. Small molecule activation is a key component for proper utilization of renewable energy resources, where O₂/H₂O redox couple is reckoned to be a potential game changer. In this regard, electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) have become the prime interest of catalyst designers. Typically, these ORR and OER electrocatalysts are developed distinctly; however, very soon, the requirement of a bidirectional ORR/OER electrocatalyst becomes obvious for practical applicability and rapid energy transduction purposes. A bidirectional catalyst is defined as a catalyst capable of driving a redox reaction in opposing directions. This review has portrayed the development of enzyme structure-inspired design of molecular bidirectional ORR/OER catalysts. The strategic incorporation of secondary and outer coordination sphere features has significantly enhanced the performance of these catalysts, which can be monitored via the key catalytic parameters. These bifunctional OER/ORR catalysts are vital for metal-air battery and fuel cell applications and appropriately poised to lay the foundation for an efficient, economical, and eco-friendly pathway for sustainable energy usage with the rational assembly of energy converting and storage devices.     

The influence of the ligand structure on activation of hafnocene polymerization catalysts: A theoretical study

The influence of ligand structure of hafnocenes on activation of the polymerization catalysts has been studied by quantum chemical methods. Altogether 54 hafnocenes were included in the analysis, supplemented by four zirconocenes for comparison. The trends in structural and electronic parameters relevant in the catalyst activation step were studied for the dichloride, dimethyl and cationic monomethyl forms of the catalysts. The effects of ligand modifications were analyzed as functions of the metal, ancillary cyclopentadienyl-based ligand, ligand substituent and the ligand bridge, making comparisons to experimental data. Generally, large aromatic ligands together with electron donating ligand substituents stabilize the catalytically active species, thus facilitating the catalyst activation process. The obtained trends are expected to aid in the development of new high-performance polymerization catalysts.     

Adsorptive separation in the enhancement of butene dehydrogenation

Fixed-bed columns containing solid catalysts and adsorbents were employed for simultaneous reaction and separation. The models developed for butene dehydrogenation reaction were validated with experimental data. The model was then employed for variable bed configurations with and without the effect of pressure and vacuum swing reaction (PSR and VSR). The models for the mass and momentum transfer in the catalyst bed and adsorber were solved using orthogonal collocation within the method of lines. The reactor/separator performances were tested for beds with varying numbers of layers of catalysts and adsorbents arranged sequentially. The reaction columns behaved as reactor/separators in series. As the number of layers increased, a homogeneous distribution of the catalyst and adsorbent was approached in the limit. These configurations with variable catalyst/adsorbent distributions were investigated in terms of product purity, selectivity, conversion, recovery and yield. Improved reactor performance was observed with pressure and vacuum swing separation systems and in particular with close to well-mixed reactor/separator configurations.     

Fe-N/C-TsOH催化剂应用碱性介质催化氧还原的电催化活性

通过溶剂分散热处理方法制备了一种吡咯和对甲苯磺酸(TsOH)共同修饰的碳载非贵金属复合催化剂(Fe-N/C-TsOH),并采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对催化剂的形貌和组成成分进行表征. 借助循环伏安法(CV)和旋转圆盘技术研究了TsOH对催化剂在0.1 mol·L^-1 KOH介质中催化氧还原性能的影响. 结果表明：TsOH的存在对催化剂催化氧还原反应(ORR)的活性影响很大. 以其制备的气体扩散电极在碱性电解质溶液中催化氧还原过程时转移的电子数为3.899,远比不含TsOH修饰的催化剂催化氧还原的电子数(3.098)高. 此外,研究发现600 ℃热处理过的Fe-N/C-TsOH催化剂表现出最佳的氧还原催化性能. 相比未经热处理过的Fe-N/C-TsOH催化剂,起峰电位和-1.5 mA·cm^-2电流密度对应的电压分别向正方向移动30 和170 mV. XPS研究结果表明吡咯氮是催化剂主要活性中心,提供氧还原活性位,而TsOH加入形成的C―S_n―C和―SO_n―有利于催化剂催化氧还原活性的提高,从而使该催化剂对氧还原表现出很好的电催化性能和选择性.     

非晶非贵金属催化剂的研究进展及展望

近年来电解水产氢作为一种具有前景的制备及储存可再生能源的方法受到了各界的广泛关注.在此过程中,电解水催化剂是提高能源转换效率的关键.优秀的催化剂应具备高催化活性、高稳定性、低成本以及可大规模生产等性质.科研工作者对电解水的两部分反应,即析氢反应以及析氧反应均进行了广泛及深入的研究.目前,贵金属催化剂,如铂基、钌基催化剂的催化活性要高于其他元素催化剂,但由于其价格昂贵,储量较少使得贵金属催化剂无法得到大规模应用,因此发展非贵金属催化剂对绿色能源的发展具有重要意义.一般而言,催化剂的结晶度越高,其催化活性越好,而近年来非晶催化剂以其更高的催化活性位密度也越来越受到人们的重视.同时,非晶催化剂的成分更加灵活,相比晶体催化剂来说非晶催化剂可以在更大范围内对成分进行调节.此外,非晶催化剂的制备通常都在较为温和的反应条件下进行,这也能够降低生成成本,促进其工业化发展.在这篇综述里我们介绍了电解水反应的基本原理,总结了近期非晶析氢、析氧以及双功能催化剂的研究进展.并随后探讨了电解水反应目前的难点并对非晶催化剂的制备进行了展望.     

聚合物负载贵金属催化剂的合成及其在氢化反应中的应用进展

聚合物负载贵金属催化剂大多具有良好的光学催化活性,并且反应后容易从反应物中分离,重复实用性高,成为近年来人们研究的热点。常见的聚合物载体主要为有机聚合物及多种无机-有机杂化材料。本文主要按聚合物载体种类的不同,综述了聚合物负载Pt、Pd、Rh等贵金属催化剂的制备方法及其在烯烃、二烯烃、炔烃和硝基芳香化合物等物质的催化氢化中的应用情况。同时,对以树形分子为载体的催化剂、负载多元金属催化剂以及负载金型催化剂的研究及应用情况也进行了总结和评述。     

Copper Promoted Au/ZnO-CuO Catalysts for Low Temperature Water-gas Shift Reaction

IntroductionThe water-gas shift(WGS)reaction is an impor-tant step in many important chemical processes[1].Re-cently,the renewed interest in the removal of CO bythe WGS reaction has grown significantly because of theincreasing attention to pure hydrogen p…     

甲烷氧化偶联反应催化剂碱性与反应性能的相关性

在催化剂甲烷氧化偶联反应性能研究的基础上，利用ＣＯ２－ＴＰＤ技术考察了不同的碱金属化合物－Ｌａ２Ｏ３／ＢａＣｏ３催化剂的表面碱性。结果表明，ＢａＣＯ３的协同作用，碱金属化合物的添加都增大了催化剂表面碱性的强度，也增加了碱性位的数量。     

氧化铝载体对Pt-Sn/Al2O3催化剂上苯胺和苯甲醇一步合成N-苯基苄胺催化反应性能的影响

以基于借氢策略的苯甲醇和苯胺一步合成N-苯基苄胺为模型反应,研究了三种不同表面结构的氧化铝对其负载的Pt-Sn催化剂上N-烷基化合成仲胺反应性能的影响.采用N₂吸附-脱附法、压汞法、X射线衍射、透射电镜、扫描电镜、CO脉冲吸附、H₂-程序升温还原及NH₃-程序升温脱附等技术对载体和Pt-Sn/Al₂O₃催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,与Al₂O₃相互作用较弱且高度分散的Pt颗粒具有很高的催化活性,Al₂O₃载体较大的孔体积和大孔分布的孔结构有助于反应物扩散和吸附到催化剂表面并提高反应活性.同时也有利于反应产物从催化剂表面离开,从而提高催化剂的稳定性.然而Al₂O₃较强的酸性及酸性分布降低了产物仲胺的选择性和催化剂稳定性.