非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100溶液在不同生长期小麦叶片表面的润湿行为

选择不同生长期小麦叶片,利用座滴法研究了非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100在小麦叶片表面接触角,考察浓度对接触角、粘附张力、固-液界面张力及润湿状态的影响。研究表明,在低浓度下,表面活性剂分子在气-液界面吸附量(ΓLV)和固-液界面吸附量(Γ'SL)相似,但吸附量较少形成了不饱和吸附层,接触角保持不变,其润湿状态为Cassie-Baxter状态;当浓度进一步增加,液滴突破叶片表面三维立体结构中存在的钉扎效应,取代空气层而处于Wenzel状态,接触角陡降,同时Γ'SL/ΓLV远大于1;当浓度超过临界胶束浓度(CMC)时,表面活性剂分子在气-液界面和固-液界面形成饱和吸附层,并产生毛细管效应,使溶液在小麦叶片三维立体结构中产生半渗透过程,此时接触角保持不变。     

水合物生成条件下甲烷在水中的吸附

采用悬滴法系统地测定了温度274.2 ~ 282.2 K、压力0.1 ~ 10.1 MPa下甲烷/纯水间界面张力。实验结果表明在恒定温度下界面张力随压力的增加而增大。在高压条件下,压力对界面张力有很大的影响。不同温度和压力下计算出的甲烷在水中的表面过剩浓度结果表明,压力越高,温度越低,甲烷在水溶液中的吸附浓度越高。同时,计算出的甲烷在水溶液中的表面吸附自由能结果表明,在水合物生成条件下,甲烷在水中的吸附比298.2 K更容易。     

氢氧化钙粉末界面张力的测定

以Washburn方程为理论依据,采用毛细管上升法,设计了简易实验装置,测定了氢氧化钙粉末在水、二甲基亚砜和甘油中的润湿接触角.在此实验结果基础上,利用Y-G-G-F-V方程建立了计算固相表面张力和液-固界面张力的表达式,并分别计算出氢氧化钙粉末的表面张力、氢氧化钙与水、二甲基亚砜和甘油的液-固界面张力,为固体粉末的表...     

乳化剂初始位置对乳状液稳定性的影响

用自建悬滴动态界面张力仪测定了相同Tween60浓度但溶解位置不同时的甲苯-水动态界面张力,发现Tween60先溶在甲苯中的甲苯-水界面张力下降过程比Tween60先溶在水时快的多,并且前者的界面张力比后者低得多;同时发现在相同浓度下Tween60先溶在甲苯中制备的乳状液比Tween60先溶在水时稳定的多,文章将这两种现象联系起来,从Tween60形成胶束能力、分子扩散系数、溶解性以及界面组成差异等角度对乳化剂初始位置效应作了深入探讨。     

端羟基化聚苯乙烯的表面性质

利用Wilhelmy片技术和躺滴法研究了端羟基化聚苯乙烯的表面性质.结果表明,端羟基化对聚苯乙烯在空气面的接触角基本没有影响(89°),而在玻璃面的接触角则大大降低(66°),其降低幅度与分子量及分子量分布有关.这与动态接触角的测定结果基本一致,而且宽分子量分布的端羟基化聚苯乙烯的前进接触角(θa)随着温度的升高而降低,于40℃时达到最低值.而窄分子量分布样品的动态接触角基本不变.样品与不同温度水接触后表面接触角的变化也基本相似.DMA研究结果表明,样品损耗模量、储能模量和tanδ从40℃开始发生突变,刚好与接触角最低值的温度相对应.这是由于宽分子量分布样品中的较低分子量组分在表面聚集,导致表面分子具有较高的活动能力.接触角随温度的变化趋势可能是聚合物表面分子运动能力增加和结晶程度变化等因素综合作用的结果.     

应用微悬滴法测定低界面张力

目前测量界面张力的方法很多,并不断地有所改进,其中最主要的是进一步提高测量精度和研制低界面张力的测量仪器。测定界面张力的很多方法,如毛细管高度     

苄基取代甜菜碱对聚四氟乙烯表面润湿性的影响

利用座滴法研究了两性离子表面活性剂苄基取代烷基羧基甜菜碱(BCB)和苄基取代烷基磺基甜菜碱(BSB)在聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)表面上的润湿性质,考察了表面活性剂浓度对接触角的影响趋势,并讨论了粘附张力、固-液界面张力和粘附功的变化规律.研究发现,在低浓度时,表面活性剂通过疏水作用吸附到PTFE表面,疏水链苄基取代支链化使其在固-液界面上的吸附明显低于气-液界面,接触角在很大的范围内保持不变.当体相浓度增加到大于临界胶束浓度(cmc)时, BCB和BSB分子在固-液界面上继续吸附,分子逐渐直立,造成PTFE-液体之间的界面张力(γ_SL)进一步降低,表面亲水性增加,接触角随浓度增加明显降低;另一方面, BSB由于具有较大的极性头,在高浓度时空间阻碍作用明显,导致其对PTFE表面润湿性改变程度小于BCB.     

表（界）面张力测定方法的进展

近年来，由于计算机技术和成像技术的迅猛发展，以滴外形法，尤其以悬滴法研究表（界）面现象成为一个热点。本文综述了测定表（界）面张力和表面压的方法，着重介绍了悬（躺）滴法的最新研究进展。     

旋转滴方法研究界面扩张流变性质

采用旋转滴方法, 对2-丙基-4,5-二庚烷基苯磺酸钠(DHPBS)在癸烷-水界面上的扩张流变性质进行了研究, 较为详细地介绍了SVT20N视频旋转滴张力仪的装置和实验方法, 考察了油滴注入体积、基础转速及振荡振幅等实验条件对扩张模量的影响. 研究结果表明, 旋转滴方法是一种研究扩张流变性质的新型手段, 在涉及低界面张力现象的领域具有良好的应用前景.     

支链化阳离子和甜菜碱表面活性剂对聚四氟乙烯表面润湿性的影响

利用座滴法研究了支链化阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基羟丙基氯化铵(C₁₆GPC)和两性离子表面活性剂十六烷基羧酸甜菜碱(C₁₆GPB)在聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)表面上的吸附机制和润湿性质, 考察了表面活性剂浓度对表面张力、接触角、粘附张力、固液界面张力和粘附功的影响趋势. 研究发现, 低浓度条件下, 表面活性剂疏水支链的多个亚甲基基团与PTFE表面发生相互作用, 分子以平躺的方式吸附到固体界面; 支链化表面活性剂形成胶束的阻碍较大, 浓度大于临界胶束浓度(cmc)时, C₁₆GPC和C₁₆GPB分子在固液界面上继续吸附, 与PTFE作用的亚甲基基团减少, 分子逐渐直立, 固液界面自由能(γ_sl)明显降低. 对于支链化的阳离子和甜菜碱分子, 接触角均在浓度高于cmc后大幅度降低.     

椭圆法测量接触角

接触角在胶体与表面化学、矿物浮选、洗涤和油气开采等领域是一项重要的物性参数.本文提出椭圆法计算接触角的公式,在接触角小于90°时,利用测量出的椭圆的长轴和短轴半径和油-水-固接触点的坐标计算接触角;在接触角大于90°时,只需在椭圆轮廓线上选择两点,测量四个数据计算接触角,该方法计算公式比较简单,便于推广应用.本文提出将...     

A robust algorithm for the simultaneous parameter estimation of interfacial tension and contact angle from sessile drop profiles

The pendant and sessile drop profile analysis using the finite element method (PSDA-FEM) is an algorithm which allows simultaneous determination of the interfacial tension (gamma) and contact angle (theta(c)) from sessile drop profiles. The PSDA-FEM algorithm solves the nonlinear second-order spherical coordinate form of the Young-Laplace equation. Thus, the boundary conditions at the drop apex and contact position of the drop with the substrate are required to solve for the drop profile coordinates. The boundary condition at the position where the drop contacts the substrate may be specified as a fixed contact line or fixed contact angle. This paper will focus on the fixed contact angle boundary condition for sessile drops on a substrate and how this boundary condition is used in the PSDA-FEM curve-fitting algorithm. The PSDA-FEM algorithm has been tested using simulated drop shapes with and without the addition of random error to the drop profile coordinates. The random error is varied to simulate the effect of camera resolution on the estimates of gamma and theta(c) values obtained from the curve-fitting algorithm. The error in the experimental values for gamma from sessile drops of water on acrylic and Mazola corn oil on acrylic falls within the predicted range of errors obtained for gamma values from simulated sessile drop profiles with randomized errors that are comparable in magnitude to the resolution of the experimental setup.     

Determining the contact angle between liquids and cylindrical surfaces

One of the simplest methods of measuring the quantities for estimating the adhesion properties of materials (i.e., the adhesion work, the surface energy, and the interfacial tension between certain liquids and a surface) requires the determination of the contact angle between the liquid and the surface. In the case of plane surfaces the determination of the drop dimensions makes it possible to calculate the contact angle by the sessile drop method, but in the case of cylindrical surfaces (such as the monofilaments), several methods were developed to improve the accuracy of the contact angle measurements. This paper presents a comprehensive method for precise evaluation of the contact angle between liquid drops and monofilaments by establishing a differential equation describing the drop contour. This equation makes it possible to accurately compute the contact angle using the dimensions of the drop. A comparison of the values of the contact angle calculated by our method and those obtained by other approaches is made. We applied our method in the case of polyamide-6 monofilaments treated using dielectric barrier discharge, knowing their medical applications in surgical sutures.     

A method for correcting the contact angle from the θ/2 method

The θ/2 method, a widely used technique on measuring the contact angle of a sessile drop, assumes that the drop profile is part of a sphere. However, the shape profile of a sessile drop is governed by the Young–Laplace equation and is different from a sphere, especially for drops with a large bound number (e.g. large volume or small surface tension). The spherical assumption, therefore, causes errors on evaluating the contact angles. The deviation of contact angle from the θ/2 method is evaluated from a theoretical calculation in this work. A simple means is given for correcting the measurement error. The corrected angle results from the drop volume, surface tension, liquid density and the contact angle from θ/2 method. An algorithm for finding the correct contact angle without knowing the density and surface tension is also given. At the end, two examples of pendant drops are given for the illustration.     

A self-consistent field study of a hydrocarbon droplet at the air-water interface

A molecularly detailed self-consistent field (SCF) approach is applied to describe a sessile hydrocarbon droplet placed at the air-water interface. Predictions of the contact angle for macroscopic droplets follow from using Neumann's equation, wherein the macroscopic interfacial tensions are computed from one-gradient calculations for flat interfaces. A two-gradient cylindrical coordinate system with mirror-like boundary conditions is used to analyse the three dimensional shape of the nano-scale oil droplet at the air-water interface. These small droplets have a finite value of the Laplace pressure and concomitant line tension. It has been calculated that the oil-water and oil-vapour interfacial tensions are curvature dependent and increase slightly with increasing interfacial curvature. In contrast, the line tension tends to decrease with curvature. In all cases there is only a weak influence of the line tension on the droplet shape. We therefore argue that the nano-scale droplets, which are described in the SCF approach, are representative for macroscopic droplets and that the method can be used to efficiently generate accurate information on the spreading of oil droplets at the air-water interface in molecularly more complex situations. As an example, non-ionic surfactants have been included in the system to illustrate how a molecularly more complex situation will change the wetting properties of the sessile drop. This short forecast is aimed to outline and to stress the potential of the method.     

Contact angle kinetics of human albumin solutions at solid surfaces

Contact angle kinetics of sessile drops of albumin solution on hydrophilic acetal and hydrophobic FC 721 surfaces were measured using axisymmetric drop shape analysis. Young's equation is used to calculate the solid/liquid interfacial tension from measured contact angles and surface tensions as a function of time. The change in solid/liquid interfacial tension is a result of protein adsorption. It indicates that at the hydrophilic acetal surface the albumin molecules, interact only weakly, whereas the interaction with the hydrophobic FC 721 surface is quite strong.     

Determination of surface tension and contact angle from the shapes of axisymmetric fluid interfaces without use of apex coordinates

Drop shape techniques, such as axisymmetric drop shape analysis, are widely used to measure surface properties, as they are accurate and reliable. Nevertheless, they are not applicable in experimental studies dealing with fluid configurations that do not present an apex. A new methodology is presented for measuring interfacial properties of liquids, such as surface tension and contact angles, by analyzing the shape of an axisymmetric liquid-fluid interface without use of apex coordinates. The theoretical shape of the interface is generated numerically as a function of surface tension and some geometrical parameters at the starting point of the interface, e.g., contact angle and radius of the interface. Then, the numerical shape is fitted to the experimental profile, taking the interfacial properties as adjustable parameters. The best fit identifies the true values of surface tension and contact angle. Comparison between the experimental and the theoretical profiles is performed using the theoretical image fitting analysis (TIFA) strategy. The new method, TIFA-axisymmetric interfaces (TIFA-AI), is applicable to any axisymmetric experimental configuration (with or without apex). The versatility and accuracy of TIFA-AI is shown by considering various configurations: liquid bridges, sessile and pendant drops, and liquid lenses.     

Some Questions Concerning a Small Sessile Bubble

Colloid Journal - Equations have been derived for the size dependence of the interfacial tension and contact angle of a small spherical sessile bubble under isothermal conditions. It has been shown...     

Limiting conditions for applying the spherical section assumption in contact angle estimation

The shape of liquid drops on solid surfaces deviates from the spherical as tension decreases and gravity effects start affecting the drop shape. This paper attempts to define this deviation and estimates the dimensionless Eotvos number limits above which the deviation becomes "significant." The use of these limiting values can facilitate estimation of contact angle in the following manner. It is well known that the equilibrium contact angle made by a liquid drop on a solid surface can be estimated from measurements of two drop parameters. These parameters can be any two chosen from the drop volume, height, and wetted radius. In case the effect of gravity on the drop shape is negligible, simple algebraic relations derived from the spherical section assumption exist, from which the contact angle can be estimated. In systems where the "spherical section" assumption is invalid, the Laplace equation for the drop shape has been solved numerically with any two of the above parameters as the constraints, to obtain the contact angle. In this paper, Eotvos numbers at which the deviation of the drop profile from the spherical is significant enough to result in contact angle deviation of 1 degrees are estimated. The limiting values of Eotvos number, expressed as a function of the original contact angle made by the spherical profile, are obtained by solving the Laplace equation for the drop shape with the drop volume and wetted radius constraints for decreasing values of Interfacial tension. These limiting values are also estimated for different drop sizes and for cases where the drop phase is heavier (sessile) and lighter (buoyant) than the surrounding fluid. The independence of the Eotvos number estimates from the sign of the density difference as well as the drop size is shown. These Eotvos number limits can be used to check if the spherical section assumption, with the resulting simple algebraic relations, can be used for contact angle estimation and other shape-related analysis for a system.     

Critical Eotvos numbers for buoyancy-induced oil drop detachment based on shape analysis

Critical values of the Eotvos number, which is half the Bond number, above which buoyancy induced drop detachment occurs, are estimated based on force balance equations available in the literature [Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 178 (2001) 249]. Since there are two significantly different expressions of the capillary retention force responsible for holding oil drops on a solid substrate in an aqueous phase, the critical dimensionless number is estimated with these two distinct equations. The differential equation defining the drop shape, with the constraints of the drop volume and the 'pinned' or 'receding' contact line, is numerically solved. The equilibrium drop shapes predicted are shown to match the experimentally observed variations in drop shape. From the numerical solution, it is observed that for interfacial tension (IFT) values lower than a certain limit for a given drop size, no numerically estimated drop shape can fulfil the drop volume constraint. Similarly, for the dimensionless number above a critical value, no shape can meet all the constraints. These critical Eotvos numbers are estimated, based on the above numerical approach, for initial contact angles measured in oil varying from 20 degrees to 90 degrees. It is found that the critical Eotvos numbers estimated from the numerical shape analysis are between the critical values estimated from the two force-balance equations. Near 90 degrees, the critical values estimated from the drop shape analysis matches the values from one of the force balance estimates, but merges with the critical values of the dimensionless number, estimated from the other force balance model near 10 degrees. From this analysis, it appears that a combination of the two equations for the capillary retention force is required, with one dominating when the contact angles are high, while the other applies for low values of the contact angle.