准“原位”XPS技术研究加氢精制催化剂的硫化过程

用准“原位”XPS技术研究了Mo/Al_2O_3、Mo/TiO_2-Al_2O_3、CO/Al_2O_3、CO/TiO_2-Al_2O_3、Co-Mo-Al_2O_3和Co-Mo/TiO_2-Al_2O_3等催化剂的硫化过程．结果表明：对以Al_2O_3为载体的催化剂，当Mo或Co载量较低(分别低于0.05 gMoO_3/gAl_2O_3或0.03gCoO/gAl_2O_3)时，没有Mo或Co硫化物的生成，而以TiO_2改性的Al_2O_3为载体的催化剂，Mo/TiO_2-Al_2O_3催化剂的硫化较Mo/Al_2O_3容易得多, 表现为在较低温度下，负载在TiO_2改性Al_2O_3载体上的MoO_3，能很快硫化并达到相当大的硫化度, 对Co/Al_2O_3催化剂而言，即使在较高温度400 ℃时，载体上高分散的CoO物种仍难以硫化；而Co_3O_4微晶的硫化却容易得多, 载体用TiO_2改性，并不影响高分散形态的CoO催化剂的硫化，却明显地影响Co_3O_4微晶的硫化．噻吩加氢脱硫(HDS)的活性测量指出，对Co-Mo/Al_2O_3和Co-Mo/TiO_2-Al_2O_3催化剂而言，HDS活性和硫化度之间存在着良好的相关性．并用TiO_2改性载体，可以增加Co-Mo催化剂的HDS活性和硫化度.     

机械化学法制备的Al/Ce复合氧化物负载NiMo催化剂的加氢脱硫活性(英文)

将Al和/或Ce的硝酸盐与NH_4HCO_3球磨混合,采用机械化学法制备了Al_2O_3-CeO_2载体(其中Ce含量为1-10 wt%),再以杂多钼酸盐(NH_4)_4NiMo_6O_(24)为活性金属Ni和Mo的前驱体,通过浸渍法制备NiMo_6/Al_2O_3-CeO_2催化剂,并将其用于1-苯并噻吩(BT)的加氢脱硫(HDS)反应中.运用化学分析、X射线衍射、N_2吸附-脱附法、H_2程序升温还原、NH_3程序升温脱附和X射线光电子能谱对催化剂的物化性质进行了表征.结果表明,催化剂的酸性随着载体中Ce含量的增加而下降.Ce修饰的Al_2O_3载体表面的NiS/MoS原子比下降了2倍.NiMo_6/Al_2O_3催化剂表现出最高的HDS活性(以单位重量催化剂计),其酸性和表面MoO_xS_y物种的浓度(Mo~(5+)浓度)也最高;当催化剂中Ce含量逐渐增加到10 wt%以上时,其活性逐渐将为0.与浸渍法制得的参比催化剂相比,前驱体和催化剂组成相同的情况下,采用机械化学法制得的所有催化剂活性明显提高.     

柠檬酸对MoO_3/CeO_2-Al_2O_3催化剂耐硫甲烷化性能的影响（英文）

将柠檬酸(CA)作为络合剂添加至CeO_2-Al_2O_3复合载体中,并考察了CA对MoO_3/CeO_2-Al_2O_3催化剂耐硫甲烷化性能的影响。活性评价结果显示,催化剂活性随柠檬酸添加量的增大而增大,当n(CA)/n(Ce)为3时,CO转化率可达60%。催化剂BET、XRD、H2-TPR及XPS等表征结果表明,在CeO_2-Al_2O_3复合载体中加入CA,可以增大载体及催化剂的比表面积,使Mo物种分散性提高。同时,CA对Ce物种起络合作用,致使催化剂表面Ce元素含量明显增加,进而减弱了活性组分Mo物种与载体间相互作用力,并最终导致了催化剂活性的提升。     

表面酸性对Ni/SiO_2-Al_2O_3催化剂催化1,4-丁炔二醇高压加氢性能的影响

通过浸渍法分别在Al(OH)_3和Al_2O_3中引入SiO_2,经焙烧后制备具有不同表面酸性质的SiO_2-Al_2O_3载体,以上述SiO_2-Al_2O_3及Al_2O_3为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备Ni负载量为15%的Ni/SiO_2-Al_2O_3催化剂(分别为Ni/SA-1和Ni/SA-2)与Ni/Al_2O_3.采用N2物理吸附、Py-FTIR、NH3-TPD、XRD、H2-TPR和H2-TPD手段对催化剂进行表征,考察了表面酸性质对催化剂催化1,4-丁炔二醇高压加氢性能的影响.结果表明,SiO_2引入方式会影响Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂表面酸性质及活性组分Ni在载体表面的分散行为.在Al(OH)3中引入SiO_2时,Ni/SA-1催化剂不仅活性组分具有高分散度,而且表面具有丰富的L酸位点,L酸位点与Ni活性中心协同作用有效提高了催化剂的高压加氢性能.而在Al_2O_3中直接引入SiO_2时,SiO_2覆盖了Al_2O_3表面的L酸位点,催化剂活性组分分散度较低,表现出低的加氢活性.     

助剂SiO_2对CoMo/Al2O3-SiO_2催化剂结构的影响研究

采用原位红外光谱、拉曼光谱、紫外光谱和H2-TPR表征技术对CoMo/Al_2O_3-SiO_2催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,增加CoMo/Al_2O_3-SiO_2催化剂中的SiO_2含量会促进八面体配位钼物种向四面体配位钼物种转变,SiO_2含量越高这种结构转变趋势越显著。在CoMo/Al_2O_3催化剂载体中加入适量的SiO_2能够改变载体与活性金属的相互作用,提高了催化剂加氢脱硫活性。     

加氢脱硫催化剂研究:TiO_2调变Al_2O_3载体对MoO_3物化行为的影响

用异丙氧基钛溶液浸渍法将一定量TiO_2覆盖在Al_2O_3表面上,制成TiO_2-Al_2O_3二元氧化物载体,然后担载上不同含量的MoO_3;运用LRS,XRD,XPS和TPR等方法考察了MoO_3的分散状态和还原行为。结果表明,TiO_2O_3表面的覆盖可削弱MoO_3与载体Al_2O_3的相互作用,抑制Al_2(MoO_4)_3的生成和增加表面上Mo原子浓度。TiO_2对Al_2O_3的调变还有利于MoO_3还原成低价Mo(Ⅳ),从而提高催化剂的加氢脱硫初活性。     

尖晶石型衍生的Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂低温催化顺酐加氢合成丁二酸酐（英文）

开发高活性的顺酐加氢制丁二酸酐和γ-丁内酯催化剂具有重要的工业意义.顺酐加氢多采用Cu基和Ni基催化剂,但一般Cu基和Ni基催化剂存在反应温度高(170–260°C)和稳定性差等缺点,很有必要开发高活性的顺酐加氢催化剂.我们以拟薄水铝石作为Al_2O_3载体的前驱体,采用浸渍法制备了一系列镍铝尖晶石型衍生的不同Ni含量的Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂,并研究了它们在顺酐加氢反应中的催化性能.还原前Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂的X射线衍射结果表明,催化剂含有NiAl_2O_4物种.氮吸附结果显示,不同Ni含量的催化剂均具有介孔结构.氢-程序升温还原研究发现,Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂经750°C还原2 h后,其表面上NiAl_2O_4物种能被高效还原.X射线粉末衍射结果表明,750°C还原的Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂中金属Ni颗粒尺寸随着Ni负载量升高而增大.利用一氧化碳-程序升温脱附对750°C还原的Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂进行研究,发现750°C还原的催化剂上金属Ni物种含量从高到低依次为:Ni(7.5%)/Al_2O_3Ni(5%)/Al_2O_3Ni(2.5%)/Al_2O_3.采用CO化学吸附获得的Ni(2.5%)/Al_2O_3,Ni(5%)/Al_2O_3和Ni(7.5%)/Al_2O_3催化剂上金属Ni颗粒尺度分别为8.0,12.8和15.7 nm.活性研究结果表明,750°C还原的Ni(5%)/Al_2O_3催化剂具有最高的催化活性,这可能是由于Ni(5%)/Al_2O_3催化剂具有较多的Ni活性位点和较合适的Ni颗粒粒度所致.进一步研究发现,在650–750°C还原温度下,Ni(5%)/Al_2O_3催化剂的还原度随着还原温度的升高而升高,Ni分散度随着还原温度的升高而降低.活性结果研究表明,700°C还原的Ni(5%)/Al_2O_3催化剂具有较多的Ni活性位点和较合适的Ni颗粒粒度,具有最高的加氢催化活性,其在120°C,H_2压力为0.5 MPa和质量空速为2 h~(-1)的反应条件下,能获得近100%的顺酐转化率和90%的丁二酸酐选择性,同时该催化剂具有优良的稳定性.以上结果表明,尖晶石型衍生的Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂是一个十分有应用前景的顺酐加氢催化剂.     

制备条件对Ni在Al_2O_3表面上的分配形态及Ni/Al_2O_3体系催化加氢性能的影响

用比表面和孔体积测定、XRD和程序升温还原(TPR)方法研究了一系列不同制备条件对Ni在Al_2O_3表面上的分配形态及其对CO加氢反应催化性能的影响.实验发现,本文所用制备条件对催化剂的比表面、孔体积及孔径分布无显著的影响.浸渍时间愈长,催化剂上能在较低温度下还原的物种愈少,催化剂上CO的加氢活性愈低;在浸渍前对载体作室温抽空处理后制得的催化剂上,Ni在Al_2O_3表面是高度分散的,这一高度分散物种易于在低温下还原,使该催化剂具有很高的CO加氢活性和生成CH_4选择性;载体的抽空温度及对载体加热均对Ni物种形态及其分配、催化剂性能有明显影响.     

山西芮城永乐宫元代天花、藻井研究*

采用不同方法制备了一系列Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂,在无NH_3、无碱条件下对其己二腈催化加氢制1,6-己二胺的反应性能进行研究.通过XRD、 BET、 TEM、 XPS及程序升温实验等结果表明,采用沉淀剂有利于细小Ni纳米颗粒在催化剂介孔内的分散。然而较强的Ni与载体间相互作用不利于氢气的吸附活化,还原处理后催化剂中仍存在较高含量的氧化态Ni物种.采用浸渍法制备的Ni/Al_2O_3-I催化剂中颗粒的平均尺寸为18.5 nm, Ni颗粒暴露在载体表面,生成较高含量的还原态Ni0物种及有利于反应物吸附的中等强度酸性位点.该Ni/Al_2O_3-I催化剂表现出优良的低温活性,在60℃时,己二腈转化频率(TOF)可达39.7 h~(-1);80℃时转化率为100%, 1,6-己二胺收率可达73.0%.然而,由于Ni/Al_2O_3-I催化剂中Ni与Al_2O_3间相互作用较弱,经过3次循环性能测试,催化剂活性明显下降.进一步以少量Cu元素修饰低含量Ni/Al_2O_3-I催化剂, Cu助剂的引入有效改善了Ni纳米颗粒的分散性,并与部分Ni组分形成双金属纳米颗粒.Ni_(15)Cu_3/Al_2O_3催化剂经5次循环反应后无明显失活现象,催化剂的形貌及化学结构亦无明显变化, Cu的引入在保持Ni基催化剂低温活性的同时有效提升了催化剂的循环稳定性,催化剂的TOF为52.1 h~(-1).     

负载Ni催化剂上1,4-丁炔二醇加氢反应的载体效应研究

制备了Ni负载量为15%的3种催化剂Ni/Al_2O_3、Ni/SiO_2、Ni/ZrO_2,考察了其在1,4-丁炔二醇加氢反应中的催化性能,结合XRD、H_2-TPR、H_2-TPD、N_2物理吸附等表征,研究了载体性质对催化剂1,4-丁炔二醇加氢性能的影响.结果表明,Ni/SiO_2催化剂上,由于Ni与SiO_2间弱的相互作用,Ni物种主要以大晶粒形式存在,产生大量弱吸附H_2物种,有利于低温下1,4-丁炔二醇加氢,在温度50℃,氢气压力1 MPa时,反应2 h可实现1,4-丁炔二醇的完全转化,1,4-丁烯二醇和1,4-丁二醇选择性分别达到68.1%与18.2%.Ni/Al_2O_3中Ni与载体间具有强相互作用,主要存在Ni-Al_2O_3界面或溢流到Al_2O_3载体表面的强吸附H_2物种,而Ni表面的弱吸附H_2物种较少,催化加氢活性明显降低.Ni/ZrO_2中由于还原过程中ZrO_2的迁移包裹作用,Ni表面低温吸附H_2物种最少,活性最低,1,4-丁炔二醇转化率仅为8.1%,主产物为1,4-丁烯二醇.     

Catalytic properties of CoMo/Al2O3 sulfide catalysts in the hydrorefining of straight-run diesel fraction mixed with rapeseed oil

CoMo/Al₂O₃ sulfide catalysts varying in preparation method and Co/Mo ratio have been tested in the hydrorefining of a mixture of straight-run diesel fraction and rapeseed oil in a flow reactor at a temperature of 340–360°C, a hydrogen pressure of 4.0–7.0 MPa, and a liquid hourly space velocity of 1–2 h^?1. A comparison between catalysts prepared using citric acid (CoMo/Al₂O₃-1.5) and both citric and orthophosphoric acids (CoMoP/Al₂O₃-1.5) as promoters, with Co/Mo = 0.3 and 0.5, has demonstrated that the most active catalyst in hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation is the phosphorus-containing Co/Mo ≈ 0.5 sample. The addition of rapeseed oil to straight-run diesel fraction lowers the hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation activities of the CoMo sulfide catalysts, irrespective of the method by which they were prepared. The fatty acid triglyceride conversion selectivity of these catalysts depends on the Co/Mo ratio and on reaction conditions: decreasing the Co/Mo ratio from 0.46 to 0.26, lowering the reaction temperature, and raising the hydrogen pressure and hydrogen-to-feedstock ratio increase the C¹⁸/C¹⁷ hydrocarbon ratio in the hydrogenated product. The addition of rapeseed oil improves the quality of the product; however, for attaining the preset residual sulfur level in this case, the process needs to be conducted at a higher temperature than the hydrorefining of straight-run diesel fraction containing no admixture.     

Catalytic activities of Mo-modified Ni/Al2O3 catalysts for thioetherification of mercaptans and di-olefins in fluid catalytic cracking naphtha

A series of molybdenum-modified Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts were prepared, and their catalytic activities and stabilities for thioetherification of mercaptans and di-olefins in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) naphtha were investigated. The sulfided catalyst samples were characterized by a range of physical techniques. The results showed that the addition of Mo to Ni catalysts could improve the degree of dispersion of Ni species in the carrier, inhibit the formation of NiAl₂O₄ crystallites, enhance the presulfidation degree of the metals, and change the chemical environment and electronic structure of Ni. These effects could significantly improve the activity of the Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts for thioetherification in FCC naphtha. Furthermore, addition of a small amount of Mo improved the di-olefin selective hydrogenation ability of the Ni/Al₂O₃ catalyst and significantly reduced coke formation during the reaction.     

Study of reduced Mo/Al2O3 metathesis catalysts prepared via metal complexes

The Mo/Al₂O₃ catalysts for propene metathesis were prepared both via anchoring Mo complexes of various nuclearities and by conventional method of impregnation. The catalysts from metal complexes were found to be active in metathesis at ambient temperature after reduction with H₂ or CO at 400–500°C. The average oxidation state of Mo in the activated catalysts was determined with regard to oxygen consumption needed for oxidation of the reduced Mo species to Mo⁶⁺.     

乙醇辅助的化学沉积法制备硫化型Mo/γ-Al2O3加氢脱硫催化剂

以硫代乙酰胺为硫源,钼酸钠为钼源,乙醇为分散剂,采用化学沉积法制备了MoS₃/Al₂O₃催化剂前驱体,再用H₂高温处理得到高分散硫化型MoS₂/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,运用N₂吸附-脱附、X射线光电子能谱以及高分辨透射电子显微镜等技术对MoS₂/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂进行了表征,并以二苯并噻吩作为模型化合物评价了催化剂的加氢脱硫(HDS)活性.结果表明,与浸渍法相比,所制催化剂具有更大的比表面积和孔体积、更高的活性金属分散度、更佳的Mo物种硫化度以及更短的MoS₂片层长度和更高的堆积度,因而在二苯并噻吩HDS反应中表现出远优于浸渍法所制催化剂的活性.乙醇可通过S?H-O氢键吸附至MoS₃纳米粒子表面,可有效防止其生长和团聚,起到分散剂的作用.     

M/Al2O3-CeO2（M=Pt-Ru，Ru，Pt）催化剂在甲胺催化湿式氧化中的活性与选择性

采用浸渍法制备了M/Al₂O₃-CeO₂（M=Pt-Ru,Ru,Pt）催化剂,并将其用于甲胺的催化湿式氧化反应（CWAO）.结果表明,Pt-Ru/Al₂O₃-CeO₂具有最佳活性和选择性.运用程序升温还原、X射线光电子能谱、X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜、N₂吸附和CO化学吸附等技术对催化剂的物化性质进行了表征.Pt组分的引入可有效提高双金属催化剂活性组分的分散度,从而明显提高了其催化性能.升降温过程中总有机碳（TOC）转化率与N₂选择性迟滞效应表明,甲胺CWAO遵循化学吸附-脱附机理.     

Oxidative addition of hydrogen in the “reduced” Mo/Al2O3 catalysts

An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of Mo/Al₂O₃ catalysts prepared via [Mo^V ₂O₄(C₂O₄)₂(H₂O)₂]^2- complexes showed that after heating the catalysts with hydrogen in the spectrometer chamber, the position of the Mo3d line shifted to higher values of binding energy. This shift is interpreted as oxidative addition of hydrogen to the surface Mo species. A similar phenomenon was observed for a CO treated catalyst. A temperature-programmed desorption study has shown that hydrogen is strongly bounded to Mo and can only be removed from the catalysts at temperatures as high as 500°C. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Co-K and Mo-K edges Quick-XAS study of the sulphidation properties of Mo/Al2O3 and CoMo/Al2O3 catalysts

The sulphidation process of two catalysts (Mo/Al₂O₃ and CoMo/Al₂O₃) has been investigated by time-resolved X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. With the unique edge jumping capability available at the SOLEIL synchrotron, studies of cobalt and molybdenum species have been conducted simultaneously on the same bimetallic catalyst. A methodology combining Principal Component Analysis and Multivariate Curve Resolution with Alternating Least Squares methods unravels a 3-stepped or 4-stepped sulphidation process for the bimetallic and monometallic catalysts, respectively. An oxysulphide-based molybdenum species has been identified as an intermediate for Mo/Al₂O₃ and a MoS₃-like species has been observed for both catalysts.     

Comparison of the quantity and reactivity of carbon deposit arising on Mo/Al2O3 and Mo/ZrO2 catalysts

The quantity and reactivity of carbon deposit arising on Mo/Al₂O₃ and Mo/ZrO₂ catalysts in propane decomposition was investigated. Results showed that the Mo/ZrO₂ catalyst is more resistant to carbon deposit formation process. The coke formed on the surface of this catalyst is more reactive in oxygen atmosphere than the carbon deposit formed under the same conditions on Mo/Al₂O₃. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Fluoride modification of Mo/Al2O3 catalysts: Characterization of the changes induced in support and Mo phases

The characterization of fluoride-modified Mo/Al₂O₃ catalysts was performed in order to investigate on the effect that low levels of fluoridation of the alumina support (0-2.0 wt.%) cause on the support itself and on the supported Mo oxide and sulfide phases. Fluoride-modified Al₂O₃ supports and Mo/Al₂O₃ catalysts where characterized by nitrogen physisorption, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM-EDX), isoelectric point (IEP), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), infrared spectroscopy of adsorbed CO₂ (IR-CO₂), and temperature programmed reduction (TPR). The dispersion of the sulfided catalysts was estimated by dynamic NO chemisorption. The results indicate that the different hydroxyl types present on the alumina surface react to a different extent with fluoride and that it is the most basic hydroxyl groups that are titrated first.The consumption of the alumina OH by F⁻, inhibits, during the deposition of Mo, the formation of tetrahedral molybdenum oxide species in strong interaction with the support, leading to an increased number of polymeric octahedral Mo surface species. The NO adsorption results put in evidence a drop in the dispersion of the MoS₂ phase present in the sulfided samples.     

乙烷氧化脱氢用Ni/Al2O3催化剂中活性镍物种前驱体（英文）

Ni/Al2O3 catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation(ODH) of ethane were prepared by impregnation of Al2O3 with nickel acetate or nickel nitrate,and by mechanical mixing of NiO and Al2O3.The Ni-based catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption,X-ray diffraction,diffuse reflectance UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy,and temperature-programmed reduction of hydrogen.The results showed that formation of crystalline NiO particles with a size of < 8 nm and/or non-stoichiometric NiO species in the Ni/Al2O3 catalysts led to more active species in ODH of ethane under the investigated reaction conditions.In contrast,tetrahedral Ni species present in the catalysts led to higher selectivity for ethene.Formation of large crystalline NiO particles(22-32 nm) over Ni/Al2O3 catalysts decreased the selectivity for ethene.