Time periodic viscosity of concentrated kaolin suspensions at constant shear rates

Knowledge of the viscosity of concentrated suspensions is required for several technical applications, e.g. process control in mechanical engineering, casting of ceramics and pipeline transport of solids. Our previous viscometric investigations of concentrated suspensions showed, under particular shear conditions, an apparent viscosity that was periodic in time for a constant shear rate and temperature. These results were obtained with rotational viscometers with a set coaxial geometry. The inner cylinder was rigidly coupled to the viscometer driving axis. In this paper we describe a viscosity time behavior which was found using another type of coupling. Measurements were performed with rotational viscometers with a non-rigidly linked inner cylinder (small sample adapter supplied by Brookfield). Using kaolin suspensions of 30% solid mass content, viscosity oscillations appear. They show a regular time pattern at certain intervals of low shear rates. The amplitudes reach up to 20% of the viscosity mean value. In addition a motion of the inner cylinder away from the coaxial position is observed. This dislocation is followed by a relocation into the coaxial position. A maximum in the viscosity value is correlated with a maximum of the dislocation position. The process of dislocation and relocation of the inner cylinder is assumed to be caused by local anisotropically distributed inhomogeneities, which originate from shear-induced agglomeration and deglomeration of suspended particles. The motion of the inner cylinder is described by introducing a perturbation term into the equation of motion. The parameters of the perturbation term are fitted to the experimental data. Received: 10 September 1998 Accepted: 28 April 1999     

Ti-6Al-4V在高应变率下的动态剪切特性及失效机理

采用基于霍普金森压杆的新型加载技术对Ti-6Al-4V材料的动态剪切特性及失效机理进行了测试研究。获得了Ti-6Al-4V材料在超过10⁴ s^-1应变率下的剪应力-剪应变曲线及失效参数。研究发现,材料的流动应力存在明显的应变率强化效应;随着应变率的增加,材料的失效应力逐渐增大,而失效应变逐渐减小。采用ABAQUS/Explicit对加载过程进行了数值模拟。结果显示,剪切区材料基本处于平面剪切状态,应力应变场分布较为均匀,计算得到的剪应力-剪应变曲线与实验结果吻合较好。经断口分析可知,随着应变率的升高,Ti-6Al-4V的失效机理存在由韧窝、拉伸韧窝至台阶及河流花样的演化过程,材料的失效模式主要表现为韧性断裂。

     

高速切削过程中诱发绝热剪切带形成的热塑性剪切波

提出了高速切削过程中诱发绝热剪切带形成的热塑性剪切波的传播机理,针对锯齿形切屑中热望性区域内的塑性梯度变形特征、动量和能量耗散情况,建立了与切削条件相关的热塑性剪切波的传播模型及剪切带宽度模型.在此基础上,通过淬硬45钢的切削实验并结合改进的Johnson-Cook本构模型分析了热塑性剪切波的传播规律,并将剪切带宽度模型与已提出的DB模型、WR模型和DM模型做了对比,结果表明,由热塑性剪切波传播理论推导的剪切带宽度模型与实验结果较其他模型吻合较好.     

Phenomena of high polymer solutions while flowing through capillaries at high rates of shear

Generally solutions of high polymers show a shear-rate dependent flow behaviour and so the properties of these fluids have to be measured under conditions of shear corresponding to the practical service. Capillary viscometry is suitable for achieving high rates of shear but relaxation phenomena can effect the results, which is proved experimentally. The flow behaviour of a lubricant blended with a high polymer additive is measured and a graphical representation of the dependence of flow behaviour on temperature and rate of shear is recommended.     

Simultaneous determination of shear and extensional viscosities and wall slip by on-line rheometry with parameter fitting: an application to EPDM rubber

Shear and extensional viscosities and wall slip are determined simultaneously under extrusion processing conditions using an on-line rheometer. Because it is not possible to independently control flow rate and temperature, classical methods for interpretation of capillary data cannot be used with on-line rheometry. This limitation is overcome using computational optimization to fit parameters in a flow model. This consists of three parts, representing shear viscosity, extensional viscosity, and wall slip. Three-parameter, power law forms, based on local instantaneous deformation rates and including temperature dependence, are used for each, and analytic solutions applied for entry flow and flow in the capillary. For entry flow, the Cogswell–Binding approach is used, and for developed flow in the capillary a solution incorporating wall slip is derived. The rheometer, with interchangeable capillaries, is mounted in place of the die on a rubber profile extrusion line. Pressure drops and temperatures for extrusion of an EPDM rubber through 2 mm diameter capillaries of length 0, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mm are logged and flow rates determined for a range of extruder speeds (5 to 20 rpm). Pressures ranged from 60 to 75 bar and temperatures from 86 to 116 °C. Mean flow velocity in the capillaries was between 5 × 10⁻³ and 5 × 10⁻¹ m s⁻¹. The nine material parameters are optimized for best fit of the analytic pressure drops to experimental data, using about 100 data points, with the Levenberg–Marquardt method. It is concluded that flow is dominated by extension and wall slip. Shear flow appears to play little part. The slip model indicates that slip velocity increases much more rapidly than the wall shear stress (in the range 0.5–1 MPa) and decreases with temperature for a given stress level. Results for the (uniaxial) extensional viscosity represent an engineering approximation to this complex phenomenon at the high strains (approximately 200) and high extension rates (up to 800 s⁻¹) applying in the extrusion. Results indicate a slight extension hardening and a decrease with temperature. Results are put into the context of the available studies in the literature, which, particularly with regard to wall-slip and extensional flow, consider conditions far removed from those applying in industrial extrusion. The present methods provide a powerful means for flow characterization under processing conditions, providing data suitable for use in computer simulations of extrusion and optimization of die design.     

Components of wall shear rate in wavy Taylor-Couette flow

The time-resolved axial and azimuthal components of the wall shear rate were measured as function of Reynolds number by a three-segment electrodiffusion probe flush mounted in the inner wall of the outer fixed cylinder. The geometry was characterized by a radius ratio of 0.8 and an aspect ratio of 44. The axial distribution of the wall shear rate components was obtained by sweeping the vortices along the probe using a slow axial flow. The wavelength and phase celerity of azimuthal waves, axial wavelength of vortices and their drifting velocity were calculated from the limiting diffusion currents measured by three simple electrodiffusion probes.     

Shear induced periodic structure changes in concentrated alumina suspensions at constant shear rate monitored by FBRM

Concentrated aqueous suspensions of alumina as disperse phase show a particular non-Newtonian time dependent flow behavior. The apparent viscosity measured by means of a rotational viscometer with coaxial cylinders at constant shear rate oscillates with time. The period of the oscillations varies on a scale of several hundred seconds. It is assumed that this behavior is caused by shear induced self-organized structure changes. In order to detect structure changes during the shear process a particle analysis system based on the focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) technique was applied. We have found a significant correlation between the oscillations of the viscosity and alterations of the chord length distribution.     

The role of the mathematical mean value theorem (MVT) in rheometry: an easy way to convert apparent flow curves into correct ones

The mean value theorem of integral calculus guarantees that the apparent viscosity η _a can easily be converted into the correct viscosity η. For ordinary liquids there is a direct identity between η _a and η but the apparent shear rate (or apparent shear stress) has to be shifted to the representative shear rate γ˙^ (or representative shear stress τ^). A model free approximation scheme is introduced which implies a constant shift factor. The corresponding approximation for η is acceptable for liquids most commonly encountered. For plastic fluids the relation between η and η _a is more complex since it involves a function depending upon α; the yield stress relative to the maximum stress within the viscometer. Using the same approximation scheme as before the shift factor will involve α as well. The corresponding approximation of η is shown to be acceptable for the whole range of α. Received: 7 February 2000/Accepted: 15 February 2000     

Low frequency/shear rate measurements on polymer melts with a novel rheometer

To obtain the time dependent viscosity function over a wide experimental window, data from two different measuring instruments and methods were combined. The instruments involved were a conventional dynamic rheometer and the magnetoviscometer (MVM), a novel apparatus specially designed for measuring at low shear rates. For most of the investigated materials the MVM-data allow an expansion of the known time-range to higher values, thus giving additional information about the longest relaxation times in the systems, which in turn correspond to the high-molecular tail of the molar mass distribution. Especially in the long time range where it is difficult to get good dynamical data the experimental error of the MVM-data is very small.     

Newtonian drop in a Newtonian matrix subjected to large amplitude oscillatory shear flows

The dynamics of a single Newtonian drop immersed in a Newtonian matrix subjected to large-amplitude oscillatory shear flow is investigated. The ratio of the drop and matrix viscosity is above criticality, and thus break-up is absent under constant shear flow. At small forcing amplitudes the drop shape follows a regular oscillation. As the forcing amplitude increases, multipeaked oscillations of drop shape and orientation are observed. Experimental results are compared with predictions obtained with a phenomenological model. Model predictions are in qualitative good agreement with experimental data. The model suggests that the appearance of higher harmonics in the drop response is mainly due to flow nonaffinity.     

基于DIHPB技术的高应变率剪切测试方法

在测试材料动态力学性能时,直接撞击式霍布金森压杆（direct impact Hopkinson pressure bar,DIHPB）实验系统相对于分离式霍布金森压杆（split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB）,往往能获得更高的应变率。本文中采用一种新型双剪切试样,在DIHPB系统下对603钢进行了动态剪切测试。获得了603钢在应变率1 500～33 000 s⁻¹的剪应力-剪应变曲线,并与SHPB系统下的测试结果进行了对比。结果表明,由两种测试方法获得的流动应力具有较好的一致性,但曲线的上升沿存在明显区别。采用数值模拟对DIHPB方法的准确性进行了验证,并对该实验方法的适用条件进行了分析。采用DIHPB方法,可以观察到603钢的流动应力存在明显的应变率效应,但在较高的加载速度下材料的失效应力随着加载速度的增加而呈降低趋势。

     

Scale-up of a high shear wet granulation process using a nucleation regime map approach

Scale-up of the high shear wet granulation (HSWG) process is considered a challenge because HSWG is complex and influenced by numerous factors, including equipment, formulation, and process variables. For a system of microcrystalline cellulose and water, HSWG experiments at three scales (1, 2, and 4 L working vessel) were conducted with a granulator. Scale-up was implemented on the basis of a nucleation regime map approach. To keep dimensionless spray flux and drop penetration time constant, water addition time at three processing scales were 300, 442, and 700 s, respectively. The other process parameters were kept unchanged. Granule size distributions were plotted and compared, and scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze granule surface morphology. Physical characterization was undertaken using a modified SeDeM method. At nearly all scales, granule yield was greater than 85% and all the cosine values were larger than 0.89. At the same experiment points, granules at all scales had similar surface morphology and similar physical characteristics. The results demonstrate that a rational scaling-up of the HSWG process is feasible using a regime map approach.     

Development of a filtered drag model considering effect of the solid shear rate

This study investigates a 2D gas–solid fast fluidized bed of typical Geldart A particles using highly resolved simulations with two-fluid model. The results show that the solid shear rate has a considerable impact on the orientation of the meso-scale structures and hence on the filtered drag force. On the basis of the correlation for the filtered drag force established in the literature using the traditional markers (such as filtered solid volume fraction, filtered slip velocity and filter scale), a correction correlated with the solid shear rate in the direction of gravity is proposed for better prediction of the filtered drag force. The corrected model is shown to produce improved results in posterior tests of flows in different fluidization regimes including bubbling, turbulent and fast fluidization.     

计算钝感炸药爆轰过程的一种新反应率模型

根据钝感炸药爆轰过程中含有激化过程和慢反应,建立了一种新的反应率模型。与其他反应率模型相比,这种反应率模型可以应用于较粗的网格。在每厘米50个网格条件下,炸药驱动铝飞片和钽飞片的自由面计算结果与实验结果很接近。同时,应用此反应率模型计算了钝感炸药驱动LiF过程,在每厘米50个网格的条件下,炸药与LiF间速度的计算值同实验值接近,且误差随网格尺寸变小而变小。这些表明,此反应率模型能够在较粗的网格条件下,比较准确地描述钝感炸药驱动飞片过程,有利于在工程实际中应用。     

PTFE材料在高应变率冲击下的力学性能

聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)在高速碰撞或者爆炸加载时的应变率可高达10⁶ s^-1,高应变率下PTFE材料的力学响应会对其材料性能产生较大影响。本文中采用压剪炮试验系统(PSPI)测试了PTFE材料在高应变率(10⁵~10⁶ s^-1)下的压缩力学性能,实验中碳化钨(WC)飞片板以一定速度撞击由前靶板、试件和后靶板组成的三明治结构,并采用激光干涉仪记录后靶板自由面的速度变化。对实验结果处理后得到该PTFE材料的应力应变数值,并拟合得到应力应变曲线。本研究对PTFE/金属复合材料制成的动能侵彻体强度及其冲击碎化机理的分析具有指导意义。

     

对膨胀壳体材料失稳的一种简化处理

提出一种简化的塑性失稳处理并被作为高应变率拉伸下材料破坏的粗估判据。这种准则假设局部化失稳在如下条件下发生：应变及应变率硬化率恰被几何及热软化率平衡。指出了经验本构方程及本征本构方程对膨胀断裂应变的影响。通过算例也说明了热软化壳体在内压作用下的破裂过程。     

A relation between shear flow material functions for a single-integral constitutive equation

This contribution suggests some relations between normal-stress differences and shear stress, both in the steady state and in the transient regimes. It shows that the general form of the BKZ-type equation can be used for the discussion of the relations between several material functions. In addition, a geometric interpretation is offered and some examples are discussed.     

高速切削锯齿形切屑内绝热剪切带微观特征研究

使用光学显微镜、显微硬度计、X射线衍射、SEM、TEM等方法对高速切削30CrNi3MoV高强度钢锯齿形切屑中第一和第二变形区内形成绝热剪切带和白层进行了观察和研究。结果表明,形成了两种形式的绝热剪切带,即低速下形成的形变带和高速下形成的转变带。转变带内的硬度高于形变带和切屑基体。X射线衍射表明白层内发生了马氏体相变。TEM观察发现,形变带内为经历了大塑性变形的回火马氏体组织。转变带是由尺寸为50～100 nm的等轴晶组成,绝热剪切带形成过程中发生了动态再结晶。     

基于晶体塑性理论研究铝材料高压高应变率下的强度特性

为了了解金属材料在极端加载下复杂动态响应过程中的多种机制和效应,重点针对Al材料在高压、高应变率加载下的塑性变形机制,在经典晶体塑性模型的基础上,对其中的非线性弹性、位错动力学和硬化形式进行改进,建立适用于高压、高应变率加载下的热弹-黏塑性晶体塑性模型。该模型可以较好地描述单晶铝和多晶铝材料屈服强度随压力的变化过程,相比宏观模型,用该模型还获得了多晶Al材料在冲击加载下的织构演化规律,揭示了织构择优取向行为和压力的关系。