A four-electron O(2)-electroreduction biocatalyst superior to platinum and a biofuel cell operating at 0.88 V

O2 was electroreduced to water, at a true-surface-area-based current density of 0.5 mA cm-2, at 37 degrees C and at pH 5 on a "wired" laccase bioelectrocatalyst-coated carbon fiber cathode. The polarization (potential vs the reversible potential of the O2 /H2O half-cell in the same electrolyte) of the cathode was only -0.07 V, approximately one-fifth of the -0.37 V polarization of a smooth platinum fiber cathode, operating in its optimal electrolyte, 0.5 M H2SO4. The bioelectrocatalyst was formed by "wiring" laccase to carbon through an electron conducting redox hydrogel, its redox functions tethered through long and flexible spacers to its cross-linked and hydrated polymer. Incorporation of the tethers increased the apparent electron diffusion coefficient 100-fold to (7.6 +/- 0.3) x 10-7 cm 2 s-1. A miniature single-compartment glucose-O2 biofuel cell made with the novel cathode operated optimally at 0.88 V, the highest operating voltage for a compartmentless miniature fuel cell.     

高效的尖晶石铁钴氧/氮掺杂有序介孔碳催化剂应用于可充电锌-空气电池

以电催化为核心的新能源储存和转换技术为缓解能源与环境问题提供了有效手段.可充电锌空气电池因其理论能量密度(1086 Wh·kg–1)高、成本效益显著、安全系数高、环境友好及放电平稳等优点被认为是一种具有前景的能源存储/转换装置,有望在新能源汽车、便携式电源等领域广泛应用.氧还原反应(ORR)和氧析出反应(OER)是锌-空气电池中的核心反应,目前,虽然贵金属催化剂对上述反应表现出一定的电催化活性,但由于其稀缺性、高昂价格和低稳定性因素严重阻碍了它们在锌-空气电池中的广泛应用.而非贵金属催化剂所面临的瓶颈在于ORR/OER反应动力学缓慢,导致其在实际应用过程中存在电压效率低和催化剂腐蚀等问题.因此,为了推进锌-空气电池商业化进程,研制低成本、高效、稳定的非贵金属催化剂迫在眉睫.本文通过一步法将双金属前驱体嵌入氮掺杂有序介孔碳(NOMC)中,合成了具有尖晶石型铁钴氧化物的高性能非贵金属电催化剂(FexCo/NOMC,x代表铁钴的摩尔比).实验结果表明,在x=0.5时,所制备的催化剂具有最佳的催化活性,与商业贵金属催化剂相比,该催化剂展现更优的电催化活性和稳定性.电化学测试结果表明,其ORR的半波电位为0.89 V(vs.RHE),当OER电流密度为10 mA·cm–1时,过电势仅为0.31 V,且电流-时间曲线测试结果表明催化剂表现出较好的稳定性.通过X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、穆斯堡尔谱(M?ssbauer)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和拉曼光谱(Raman)等表征手段对电催化剂的物化性质进行表征,结果表明该材料优异的氧电催化性能归因于双金属氧化物的电子调控作用、NOMC的介孔结构、高导电性和高比表面积,其ORR与OER的催化活性位点分别是氮活化的碳(N-C)和双金属氧化物.以优化的Fe0.5Co/NOMC为正极组装可充电锌-空气电池,该电池在空气环境下展现出优良的充放电性能,其在电流密度为100 mA·cm–2条件下操作时能量密度达到820 Wh·kg–1,在1.0 V时功率密度达到153 mW·cm–2,它还表现出较好的稳定性,经过144 h的循环实验,活性没有明显下降.本文不仅制备了一种有前景的尖晶石型氧化物碳基氧电催化材料,还为高效氧电催化剂的合理开发与构筑提供了一条新的思路.     

碳酸铅制备铅酸蓄电池电极的研究Ⅱ.涂膏式电极的制备

由PbCO3 、添加剂和硫酸溶液分别混合成正、负极膏 ,制成涂膏式铅酸蓄电池电极 .研究了不同化成方法和充放电条件对电极放电容量和活性物质利用率的影响 .结果表明 ,正极以 2 .0mA/cm2 化成后 ,在同一电流密度下充放电时 ,其性能优于较高电流密度化成的电极 ,活性物质利用率达 74.4% ;以不对称方波电流化成的负极 ,其活性明显高于恒电流化成负极的活性 .这种电极在 2 .0mA/cm2 放电条件下 ,活性物质利用率达 90 %以上 .文中还讨论了由上述正负极组成的简单模拟电池的放电行为 .     

Development of new glass composite membranes and their properties for low temperature H2/O2 fuel cells.

A new glass electrolyte formed by constant amounts of titanium oxide (TiO2) and various amount of phosphotungstic acid (PWA) doped P2O5-SiO2 is prepared using the sol-gel process. The structural formation is confirmed by Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and from thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) measurements, the glasses display good thermal stability. Further characterisation is undertaken by N2 adsorption/desorption measurements, proton conductivity and hydrogen permeability analyses and a H2/O2 fuel cell test is also performed. The glass materials with large pores and specific surface area are suitable for use as the electrolyte in H2/O2 fuel cells. The effect of TiO2 processing with constant amount of PWA in phosphosilicate glasses, is investigated and discussed. The hydrogen permeability is 1.57x10(-11) mol cm(-1) s(-1) Pa(-1) at 110 degrees C for 0.8 mm thick glass; a power density of 46.3 mW cm(-2) at 125 mA cm(-2) and a current density of 175 mA cm(-2) is obtained (T=28 degrees C, relative humidity).     

分子前驱体衍生的氧化镍电极催化水氧化性能研究

太阳能分解水制氢是解决当前能源和环境危机的潜在手段之一.其中由于水氧化半反应涉及4个电子和4个质子的转移,因此是全分解水反应的瓶颈所在.为了发展高效的水氧化催化剂,降低水氧化过电位,人们付出了巨大的努力.目前活性最高的水氧化催化剂都是基于钌和铱的贵金属催化剂,高昂的成本阻碍了这些催化剂的规模化应用,因此人们尝试利用各种方法制备基于廉价金属的水氧化催化剂.2008年,Nocera课题组利用电沉积法从磷酸溶液中得到了高活性氧化钴催化剂,之后该法逐渐得到推广.最近,Spiccia和Allen课题组利用分子前驱体通过电沉积法制备了氧化镍催化剂,但其催化活性和稳定性有待进一步提高.本文将一个简单的镍配合物[Ni(en)3]Cl2(en=1,2-乙二胺)作为前驱体溶解到磷酸缓冲溶液中,在FTO基底上电沉积得到具有高催化活性的氧化镍水氧化催化剂.在pH=11的磷酸缓冲溶液中,由分子前驱体沉积所得到的NiOx的催化电流达到1 mA/cm2时的过电位为375 mV,且可稳定工作10 h以上.其催化过程中的Tafel斜率为46 mV/decade,表现出优异的动力学特性.该电极和之前文献中催化活性最高的从分子前驱体衍生得到的NiOx相比展现出较大的优势.比如在1.3 V(相对于NHE)电压下,[Ni(en)3]Cl2衍生的NiOx催化电流密度可以达到8.5 mA/cm2,法拉第效率为98%.而Ni-氨基乙酸衍生的NiOx在相同条件下催化电流密度为4 mA/cm2,法拉第效率仅为60%.该工作充分证明以分子配合物作为前驱体是制备高效高稳定性多相水氧化催化剂的简便途径.有机配体和金属螯合的分子前驱体在结构上具有灵活可调的特性,从而有助于构建活性和效率更高的催化体系.     

Cobalt‐Nanocrystal‐Assembled Hollow Nanoparticles for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Generation from Neutral‐pH Water

Highly active and stable electrocatalysts for hydrogen generation from neutral‐pH water are highly desired, but very difficult to achieve. Herein we report a facile synthetic approach to cobalt nanocrystal assembled hollow nanoparticles (Co‐HNP), which serve as an electrocatalyst for hydrogen generation from neutral‐pH water. An electrode composed of Co‐HNP on a carbon cloth (CC) produces cathodic current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm^?2 at overpotentials of ?85 mV and ?237 mV, respectively. The Co‐HNP/CC electrode retains its high activity after 20 h hydrogen generation at a high current density of 150 mA cm^?2, indicating the superior activity and stability of Co‐HNP as electrocatalyst.     

Water oxidation electrocatalyzed by an efficient Mn3O4/CoSe2 nanocomposite

The design of efficient, cheap, and abundant oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts is crucial to the development of sustainable energy sources for powering fuel cells. We describe here a novel Mn(3)O(4)/CoSe(2) hybrid which could be a promising candidate for such electrocatalysts. Possibly due to the synergetic chemical coupling effects between Mn(3)O(4) and CoSe(2), the constructed hybrid displayed superior OER catalytic performance relative to its parent CoSe(2)/DETA nanobelts. Notably, such earth-abundant cobalt (Co)-based catalyst afforded a current density of 10 mA cm(-2) at a small overpotential of ~0.45 V and a small Tafel slope down to 49 mV/decade, comparable to the best performance of the well-investigated cobalt oxides. Moreover, this Mn(3)O(4)/CoSe(2) hybrid shows good stability in 0.1 M KOH electrolyte, which is highly required to a promising OER electrocatalyst.     

Steady-state dc and impedance investigations of H2/O2 alkaline membrane fuel cells with commercial Pt/C, Ag/C, and Au/C cathodes

The performances of H(2)/O(2) metal-cation-free alkaline anion-exchange membrane (AAEM) fuel cells operated with commercially available Au/C and Ag/C cathodes are reported for the first time. Of major significance, the power density obtained with 4 mg cm(-2) Ag/C (60% mass) cathodes was comparable to that obtained with 0.5 mg cm(-2) Pt/C (20% mass) electrodes, whereas the performance when using the same Ag/C cathode in a Nafion-based acidic membrane electrode assembly (MEA) was poor. These initial studies demonstrate that the oxygen reduction electrokinetics are improved when operating Pt/C cathodes at high pH in AAEM-based fuel cells as compared with operation at low pH (in Nafion-based proton-exchange membrane fuel cells). The results of in situ alternating current impedance spectroscopy were core to the assignment of the source of the limited performances of the AAEM-based fuel cells as being the limited supply of water molecules to the cathode reaction sites. Minimizing the thickness of the AAEM improved the performances by facilitating back-transport of water molecules from the anode (where they are generated) to the cathode. The urgent need for development of electrode architectures that are specifically designed for use in AAEM-based fuel cells is highlighted.     

CoP/Co_2P/C纳米材料用于全pH值电催化析氢

在氮气下一步退火含有植酸和钴的前驱体,合成了一种新型的CoP/Co2P/C复合纳米材料作为电催化剂,该催化剂在全pH值范围下表现出优异的电催化析氢活性和稳定性.在0.5mol/L的硫酸中,电流密度为10mA/cm~2时,过电位为135mV.在1mol/L KOH溶液中,CoP/Co_2P/C催化剂需要141 mV的过电位才能使电流密度达到10 mA/cm~2,在0.1mol/L磷酸盐缓冲溶液中,需要155mV的过电位才能使电流密度达到10mA/cm~2.这种优异的析氢活性主要归因于CoP/Co_2P纳米粒子和C层之间的协同作用.     

Electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen at electrodes coated with a bimetallic cobalt(II)/platinum(II) porphyrin

Edge plane pyrolytic graphite (EPG) electrodes coated with 5-(4-pyridyl)-10,15,20-tris(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin and its Pt(II) and Co(II)/Pt(II) analogs undergo an electrochemical-chemical-electrochemical (ECE) reaction when anodically scanned in 1.0 M HClO4. The new redox couple formed from this anodic conditioning of the coated electrode is dependent on the pH of the solution. Roughened EPG electrodes coated with the Co(II)/Pt(II) bimetallic porphyrin show a catalytic shift of 500 mV for the reduction of O2 when compared to the reduction of O2 at a bare EPG electrode. An additional catalytic shift of ca. 100 mV is observed for O2 reduction at an EPG electrode coated with the Co(II)/Pt(II) porphyrin which has been oxidized in 1.0 M HClO4. In addition to the added electrocatalysis a significant percentage of O2 reduced at the oxidized Co(II)/Pt(II) EPG electrode is converted to H2O as determined by rotating disk electrode measurements.     

A laccase-wiring redox hydrogel for efficient catalysis of O2 electroreduction

Laccase was earlier wired to yield an O2 electroreduction catalyst greatly outperforming platinum and its alloys. Here we describe the design, synthesis optimization of the composition, and characterization of the +0.55 V (AgAgCl) laccase-wiring redox hydrogel, with an apparent electron diffusion coefficient (D(app)) of 7.6 x 10(-7) cm2 s(-1). The high D(app) results in the tethering of redox centers to the polymer backbone through eight-atom-long spacer arms, which facilitate collisional electron transfer between proximal redox centers. The O2 flux-limited, true-area-based current density was increased from the earlier reported 560 to 860 microA cm(-2). When the O2 diffusion to the 7-microm-diameter carbon fiber cathode was cylindrical, half of the O2 flux-limited current was reached already at 0.62 V and 90% at 0.56 V vs Ag/AgCl, merely -0.08 and -0.14 V versus the 0.7 V (Ag/AgCl) reversible O2/H2O half-cell potential at pH 5.     

氧还原和析氧反应的双功能电催化剂--氮磷共掺碳负载四氧化三钴

金属-空气电池具备诸多优势,譬如绿色环保、能量转化率高、启动快速、能量密度高、使用寿命和干态存储时间长等.与燃料电池相比,金属-空气电池结构简单,放电电压平稳,成本低,但依然存在一些制约发展的问题,如阴极催化剂.阴极催化剂在金属-空气电池中发挥催化氧还原反应(oxygen reduction reaction, ORR)和析氧反应(oxygen evolution reac-tion, OER)的关键作用.铂及其合金常用作 ORR的单功能催化剂,而钌和铱等是目前 OER催化效率最高的,但 ORR活性很低,因此需要开发出一种廉价而又具备双功能催化作用的催化剂.单异原子掺杂的碳基催化剂的研究集中在 ORR催化性能上,而多异原子共掺碳最近有研究表明具有双催化氧的性质,如氮磷共掺碳.在这些氮磷共掺的碳架中,氮磷共掺物起着 OER催化作用,掺氮物为 ORR催化的活性位点,而掺磷物起着强化作用.异原子掺杂负载的钴基催化剂(如掺氮还原氧化石墨烯载 Co3O4)是近年来双功能催化剂研究的另一个热点.钴基催化剂有着催化 ORR和 OER的多价价态,然而其本身导电性能差,这一缺陷可通过杂化石墨化碳来弥补,石墨化碳有着优良的导电性能.据我们所知,目前仍没有关于氮磷共掺碳负载的 Co3O4双催化氧的研究.我们合成了氮磷共掺碳(NPC)负载的 Co3O4(Co3O4/NPC),并首次探索了其氧还原和析氧性能. Co3O4/NPC合成分两步进行.首先通过三聚氰胺与植酸之间的酯化或缩聚覆盖在导电炭黑颗粒表面,在保护气氛下焙烧得到 NPC,然后经溶剂热反应以及空气中氧化合成 Co3O4/NPC.催化剂的性能综合考虑了催化活性和稳定性两方面.采用线性扫描伏安法评估了 OER和 ORR的催化活性.对于 OER, Co3O4/NPC的起始电势是0.54 V (以饱和甘汞电极为参比电极),在0.80 V时电流密度达到21.95 mA/cm2,均优于 Co3O4/C和 NPC. Co3O4/NPC的高效 OER催化可归因于氮磷共掺物与 Co3O4之间的协同作用.对于 ORR, Co3O4/NPC的催化效率与商用 Pt/C相近,它们的扩散极限电流密度分别为–4.49和–4.76 mA/cm2(E =–0.80 V).在 ORR过程中, Co3O4起到主要的催化作用.采用计时电流(电流-时间)法评估了催化剂的稳定性.经6 h测定,对于 OER, Co3O4/NPC剩46%电流;而对于 ORR,剩95%电流.整体而言, Co3O4/NPC在 OER和 ORR中都表现出高的催化效率以及良好的稳定性.     

Keggin型缺位磷钨杂多阴离子的电化学性质及电催化还原过氧化氢

循环伏安实验显示, 缺位磷钨杂多阴离子 的酸性水溶液在玻碳(GC)电极上有两对可逆的还原-氧化波. 第一对波的电荷迁移数为1.4, 有2个质子参与反应; 第二对波的电荷迁移数为1.0, 参加电极反应的质子数为1. 根据峰电流与电位扫描速率平方根的关系得到 在0.1 mol•L－1 NaOAc＋HOAc溶液中的扩散系数 Do为3.54×10－6 cm2•s－1. 交流伏安和交流阻抗实验表明, 的电极过程包含吸附和脱附步骤, 第一对波的电荷迁移阻抗较大, 第二对波的较小, 对应的交换电流密度i0分别为4.6×10－5和6.7×10－4 A•cm－2. 电极过程的可逆性及其缺位特性使它对H2O2的还原有显著的电催化作用, 因此有望用于有机物的氧化和降解. 同时, 还提出了一个相关的电催化机理.     

酸性喷淋石墨屑电极氧还原为过氧化氢研究

酸性喷淋石墨屑电极氧还原为过氧化氢研究①陆兆锷＊张关永钟天耕方国女（华东理工大学化学系,上海２００２３７）石墨在碱液中对氧还原为过氧化氢根ＨＯ－２有良好的电催化作用．碱液喷淋的石墨屑床阴极已应用于氧还原制备ＨＯ－２［１～５］．Ｓａｂｕｐｏｖ［６］研究...     

Temperature dependence of oxygen reduction activity at Pt-Fe, Pt-Co, and Pt-Ni alloy electrodes

Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and H(2)O(2) formation at Pt(54)Fe(46), Pt(68)Co(32), and Pt(63)Ni(37) electrodes in 0.1 M HClO(4) solution at 20 to 90 degrees C were investigated by using a channel flow double electrode method. In the temperature range of 20-50 degrees C, the apparent rate constants k(app) for ORR at these electrodes were found to be 2.4-4.0 times larger than that at a pure Pt electrode, whereas their apparent activation energies of 41 kJ mol(-1) at -0.525 V vs E degrees (0.760 V vs RHE at 30 degrees C) were comparable to that at the Pt electrode. H(2)O(2) yield was ca. 1.0% at Pt(54)Fe(46) and ca. 0.16% at Pt(68)Co(32) and Pt(63)Ni(37) between 0.3 and 1.0 V vs RHE. The k(app) values at the alloy electrodes decreased with elevating temperature above 60 degrees C, and settled to almost the same values at the Pt electrode. The H(2)O(2) production was not detected at the alloy electrodes once heated at the high temperature in the solution, probably due to the thickening of the Pt skin-layer by a considerable dissolution of nonprecious metal components (Fe, Co, Ni) from the alloys.     

Br?nsted酸性离子液体活化电极催化制氢性能研究

分别采用玻碳( GC)、铂( Pt)和金( Au)电极研究了在Br?nsted酸性离子液体[ HMIm] HSO4中电解水制氢的催化活性,活性大小为Pt > Au >> GC。水中离子液体的含量对析氢电流影响很大,当[ HMIm] HSO4含量为30%(V/V)时,Pt电极催化电解水产氢的阈值电位高达-0.3 V (Ag丝为准参比电极, Ag QRE),在-0.5 V (Ag QRE)处电流密度高达110.52 mA/cm2,为相同条件下Au电极的15倍,GC电极的650倍。计算结果表明,Pt电极在该电解液中的反应活化能为5.68 kJ/mol。电极的高催化活性与[ HMIm] HSO4电离产生的质子有关,使水以H3 O+的形式捕集电子,效率更高。     

锂离子电池正极材料LiFePO4的结构与电化学性能的研究

利用固相法和球化工艺合成了橄榄石型LiFePO4粉体.该粉体由直径为10-15μm的团簇体组成.以合成材料为正极的锂离子电池的循环伏安特性表明,在循环过程中,锂离子插入和脱出具有单一的可逆机制.在不同温度下,材料的交流复阻抗谱表明,随着温度的升高,电池电化学阻抗明显减小.充放电测试结果表明,在17mA/cm2的电流密度下,材料工作电压平稳,电极极化效应较小,容量接近其理论值.在170mA/cm2的电流密度下,电池容量没有明显的减小趋势,而在170mA/cm2电流密度以上时,电池容量迅速降低,且电极极化效应比较显著.经过较大的电流密度测试后,材料在小电流密度下仍然保持着接近理论容量的循环容量.     

Fructose/dioxygen biofuel cell based on direct electron transfer-type bioelectrocatalysis

One-compartment biofuel cells without separators have been constructed, in which d-fructose dehydrogenase (FDH) from Gluconobacter sp. and laccase from Trametes sp. (TsLAC) work as catalysts of direct electron transfer (DET)-type bioelectrocatalysis in the two-electron oxidation of d-fructose and four-electron reduction of dioxygen as fuels, respectively. FDH adsorbs strongly and stably on Ketjen black (KB) particles that have been modified on carbon papers (CP) and produces the catalytic current with the maximum density of about 4 mA cm(-2) without mediators at pH 5. The catalytic wave of the d-fructose oxidation is controlled by the enzyme kinetics. The location and the shape of the catalytic waves suggest strongly that the electron is directly transferred to the KB particles from the heme c site in FDH, of which the formal potential has been determined to be 39 mV vs. Ag|AgCl|sat. KCl. Electrochemistry of three kinds of multi-copper oxidases has also been investigated and TsLAC has been selected as the best one of the DET-type bioelectrocatalyst for the four-electron reduction of dioxygen in view of the thermodynamics and kinetics at pH 5. In the DET-type bioelectrocatalysis, the electron from electrodes seems to be transferred to the type I copper site of multi-copper oxidases. TsLAC adsorbed on carbon aerogel (CG) particles with an average pore size of 22 nm, that have been modified on CP electrodes, produces the catalytic reduction current of dioxygen with a density of about 4 mA cm(-2), which is governed by the mass transfer of the dissolved dioxygen. The FDH-adsorbed KB-modified CP electrodes and the TsLAC-adsorbed CG-modified CP electrodes have been combined to construct one-compartment biofuel cells without separators. The open-circuit voltage was 790 mV. The maximum current density of 2.8 mA cm(-2) and the maximum power density of 850 microW cm(-2) have been achieved at 410 mV of the cell voltage under stirring.     

泡沫镍负载Pd-Ir作为Al-H_2O_2半燃料阴极的研究

以泡沫镍为基体,应用电化学沉积法制备Pd-Ir/Ni复合催化剂.由SEM、XPS分析样品的表面形态、组成以及各组分的价态.电化学测试表明该催化剂对H2O2电还原具有较高的催化性能,当过氧化氢的浓度为0.4 mol/L时,极限电流密度可超过318 mA/cm2.以纯铝或其合金作阳极、Pd-Ir/Ni作阴极组装Al-H2O2半燃料电池,得出其最大放电功率可达198 mW/cm2.     

CO2 reduction at low overpotential on Cu electrodes resulting from the reduction of thick Cu2O films

Modified Cu electrodes were prepared by annealing Cu foil in air and electrochemically reducing the resulting Cu(2)O layers. The CO(2) reduction activities of these electrodes exhibited a strong dependence on the initial thickness of the Cu(2)O layer. Thin Cu(2)O layers formed by annealing at 130 °C resulted in electrodes whose activities were indistinguishable from those of polycrystalline Cu. In contrast, Cu(2)O layers formed at 500 °C that were ≥~3 μm thick resulted in electrodes that exhibited large roughness factors and required 0.5 V less overpotential than polycrystalline Cu to reduce CO(2) at a higher rate than H(2)O. The combination of these features resulted in CO(2) reduction geometric current densities >1 mA/cm(2) at overpotentials <0.4 V, a higher level of activity than all previously reported metal electrodes evaluated under comparable conditions. Moreover, the activity of the modified electrodes was stable over the course of several hours, whereas a polycrystalline Cu electrode exhibited deactivation within 1 h under identical conditions. The electrodes described here may be particularly useful for elucidating the structural properties of Cu that determine the distribution between CO(2) and H(2)O reduction and provide a promising lead for the development of practical catalysts for electrolytic fuel synthesis.