Effect of the Nature of Coke-Forming Species on the Crystallographic Characteristics and Catalytic Properties of Metal–Filamentous Carbon Catalysts in the Selective Hydrogenation of 1,3-Butadiene

The particle morphology and surface structure of nickel metal in metal–filamentous carbon catalysts were found to depend on the nature of coke-forming species used in the synthesis of catalysts. Metal carbonization with hydrocarbons that are characterized by high thermodynamic stability results in the formation of well-cut metal particles the surface of which is formed by (110) facets. Selective hydrogenation reactions of diene and acetylene hydrocarbons to olefins are typical of these catalysts. In the catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons with relatively low thermodynamic stability, metal particles become irregular in shape, and their surface is formed by (111) facets. In this case, the reactions of full hydrogenation of olefin, diene, and acetylene hydrocarbons to corresponding alkanes take place. These data are consistent with the found dependence of the catalytic properties of catalysts on the character of the exterior faceting of active metal particles.     

Catalysts based on filamentous carbon in the hydrogenation of aromatic compounds

In order to extend the area of application of the base catalytic system metal-filamentous carbon, the catalytic properties of Ni-filamentous carbon catalysts have been tested in the hydrogenation of aromatic compounds (benzene, benzyl cyanide, benzophenone, and nitrobenzene). The selectivity of the catalysts depends on the outer faceting of the active metal particles. The benzene ring is hydrogenated on the (111) face of the metal nanoparticles, whereas the selective hydrogenation of functional groups in substituted aromatic compounds occurs on the surface of active component nanoparticles in which the (111) face is blocked.     

巴豆醛气相选择性加氢催化剂

巴豆醛是α, β-不饱和醛中最具代表性的一类有机化合物,采用气相催化巴豆醛选择加氢制备巴豆醇符合原子经济和绿色化学要求,具有重要的工业应用和学术价值。本文综述了近十年国内外巴豆醛气相选择性加氢合成巴豆醇的负载型催化剂的研究成果,评述了贵金属催化剂(铂、金、铱、银、钯)和非贵金属催化剂(钴、铜)上巴豆醛选择性加氢性能,分析了活性组分、载体、助剂以及活性组分粒径对催化剂性能的影响,探讨了巴豆醛选择性加氢的反应机理和失活机理。最后,对气相巴豆醛选择性加氢催化剂所存在的问题进行总结,并对催化剂的发展趋势作出了展望。指出了非贵金属催化剂的巴豆醛选择性加氢性能因具有价廉易得等优势,将是该领域的研究方向之一。催化剂失活是巴豆醛气相选择性加氢工业化的最大障碍,因此研究和认识反应机理,解决催化剂失活问题是重点研究方向。     

纳米贵金属插入的粘土用于催化选择性加氢反应

 The use of clay minerals in the synthesis of nanosized noble metal particles to give increased catalytic activity was investigated. Nanosized platinum and ruthenium catalysts intercalated in clay (montmorillonite/hectorite) were synthesised and their catalytic activity was evaluated for the selective hydrogenation of three different α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, namely, crotonaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, and citral, in a gas phase microreactor. The metal nano-sol was prepared by the chemical reduction of its precursor by the micellar technique in the presence of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), and the micelle stabilized metal particles were intercalated in the clay mineral by ion exchange. TEM micrographs of the catalyst particles showed that the metal particles were in the nanometre range. The average diameters of the particles were 1–25 nm. The effects of temperature, metal loading, and hydrogen flow rate on the catalytic activity and selectivity for α,β- unsaturated alcohol were studied. The results were correlated with the structural properties of the catalysts. The products formed in each reaction over the different catalysts showed that the catalysts were very active for hydrogenation, and the selectivity for the desired product, namely, α,β-unsaturated alcohol, was good. The metal catalysts intercalated in montmorillonite showed better selectivity than that in hectorite because of its higher acidity. Increased selectivity for α,β-unsaturated alcohol was observed with increased flow rate of hydrogen.     

Industrial Ziegler-type hydrogenation catalysts made from Co(neodecanoate)2 or Ni(2-ethylhexanoate)2 and AlEt3: evidence for nanoclusters and sub-nanocluster or larger Ziegler-nanocluster based catalysis

Ziegler-type hydrogenation catalysts are important for industrial processes, namely, the large-scale selective hydrogenation of styrenic block copolymers. Ziegler-type hydrogenation catalysts are composed of a group 8-10 transition metal precatalyst plus an alkylaluminum cocatalyst (and they are not the same as Ziegler-Natta polymerization catalysts). However, for ～50 years two unsettled issues central to Ziegler-type hydrogenation catalysis are the nature of the metal species present after catalyst synthesis, and whether the species primarily responsible for catalytic hydrogenation activity are homogeneous (e.g., monometallic complexes) or heterogeneous (e.g., Ziegler nanoclusters defined as metal nanoclusters made from combination of Ziegler-type hydrogenation catalyst precursors). A critical review of the existing literature (Alley et al. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2010, 315, 1-27) and a recently published study using an Ir model system (Alley et al. Inorg. Chem. 2010, 49, 8131-8147) help to guide the present investigation of Ziegler-type hydrogenation catalysts made from the industrially favored precursors Co(neodecanoate)(2) or Ni(2-ethylhexanoate)(2), plus AlEt(3). The approach and methods used herein parallel those used in the study of the Ir model system. Specifically, a combination of Z-contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS), and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy are used to characterize the transition metal species both before and after hydrogenation. Kinetic studies including Hg(0) poisoning experiments are utilized to test which species are the most active catalysts. The main findings are that, both before and after catalytic cyclohexene hydrogenation, the species present comprise a broad distribution of metal cluster sizes from subnanometer to nanometer scale particles, with estimated mean cluster diameters of about 1 nm for both Co and Ni. The XAFS results also imply that the catalyst solutions are a mixture of the metal clusters described above, plus unreduced metal ions. The kinetics-based Hg(0) poisoning evidence suggests that Co and Ni Ziegler nanoclusters (i.e., M(≥4)) are the most active Ziegler-type hydrogenation catalysts in these industrial systems. Overall, the novelty and primary conclusions of this study are as follows: (i) this study examines Co- and Ni-based catalysts made from the actual industrial precursor materials, catalysts that are notoriously problematic regarding their characterization; (ii) the Z-contrast STEM results reported herein represent, to our knowledge, the best microscopic analysis of the industrial Co and Ni Ziegler-type hydrogenation catalysts; (iii) this study is the first explicit application of an established method, using multiple analytical methods and kinetics-based studies, for distinguishing homogeneous from heterogeneous catalysis in these Ziegler-type systems; and (iv) this study parallels the successful study of an Ir model Ziegler catalyst system, thereby benefiting from a comparison to those previously unavailable findings, although the greater M-M bond energy, and tendency to agglomerate, of Ir versus Ni or Co are important differences to be noted. Overall, the main result of this work is that it provides the leading hypothesis going forward to try to refute in future work, namely, that sub, M(≥4) to larger, M(n) Ziegler nanoclusters are the dominant, industrial, Co- and Ni- plus AlR(3) catalysts in Ziegler-type hydrogenation systems.     

氧化铁负载铂纳米簇催化卤代硝基苯本体氢化性质研究

复相金属催化剂中的载体效应研究具有重要意义。我们以结构不同的氧化铁载体吸附"非保护型"Pt金属纳米簇制备了具有相同Pt纳米簇的Pt/Fe_3O_4、Pt/γ-Fe_2O_3和Pt/α-Fe_2O_3催化剂,考察了其在无溶剂条件下(本体条件)催化邻氯硝基苯(o-CNB)选择性氢化反应的性能,发现三种铂/氧化铁催化剂的催化选择性远高于商购铂/碳催化剂,Pt/γ-Fe_2O_3和Pt/α-Fe_2O_3的催化选择性明显高于Pt/Fe_3O_4,而Pt/Fe_3O_4的催化活性较Pt/α-Fe_2O_3高50%。铂/氧化铁对不同卤代硝基苯的本体选择性氢化反应表现出优良的催化性能,相应卤代苯胺产物的选择性均可达到99%以上。考察了温度、氢气压力对Pt/Fe_3O_4催化o-CNB本体氢化性能的影响。本工作为理解氧化铁负载金属纳米簇催化剂的特殊催化性质,进而发展高效金属纳米簇基催化体系提供了新的基础。     

IB金属对Ni/SiO2催化剂乙炔选择性加氢反应性能的影响

乙烯是合成聚乙烯的原料,其主要来源是石油裂解气,其中少量的乙炔杂质会严重毒化生产聚乙烯的催化剂,因此需要将其去除.对于乙炔选择加氢反应,传统工业上使用的是Pd基催化剂,尽管其乙炔转化率很高,但对乙烯的选择性很低.我们前期的研究发现,IB族金属(Au,Ag和Cu)与Pd形成的合金单原子催化剂可以有效地提高乙烯的选择性.作为与Pd同组的非贵金属,Ni催化剂在多种催化加氢反应中显示出优异活性,而在乙炔选择加氢反应中,Ni是否能够替代贵金属Pd尚无定论.本文系统地研究了IB金属对Ni/SiO2催化剂乙炔选择性加氢性能的影响.与Pd/SiO2催化剂不同,单金属Ni/SiO2催化剂在低温下不具有活性.将IB金属添加到Ni/SiO2催化剂中,可以显著提高其催化活性以及对乙烯的选择性.其中,AuNix/SiO2和CuNix/SiO2催化剂的催化活性随还原温度升高而提高,而AgNix/SiO2催化剂对预处理温度不敏感.通过调变IB/Ni原子比和还原温度优化了催化剂的催化性能,发现优化后的三种催化剂(CuNi0.125/SiO2、AgNi0.5/SiO2和AuNi0.5/SiO2)的活性和选择性随反应温度升高表现出相似的变化趋势.催化稳定性考察结果显示,CuNi0.125/SiO2催化剂表现出最高选择性和稳定性;尽管AuNi0.5/SiO2的初始活性最高,但是稳定性最低.采用XRD、TPR和微量吸附量热等表征手段对不同IB金属对Ni基催化剂性质的影响进行了系统考察.以Cu-Nix/SiO2催化剂为例,H2-TPR测试结果表明,Cu-Ni双金属纳米颗粒的形成使得还原温度低于相应的单金属催化剂,表明铜和镍之间存在明显的相互作用.此外,通过TPR获得的CuNix/SiO2催化剂上的氢气消耗量与理论耗氢量相吻合,表明在还原处理的过程中双金属催化剂中的CuO和NiO可以被完全还原.乙炔的微量吸附量热结果表明,在CuNi0.125/SiO2,AgNi0.5/SiO2,AuNi0.5/SiO2和Ni0.5/SiO2催化剂上的初始吸附热分别为187,196,304和103 kJ/mol,即它们的初始乙炔吸附强度顺序为AuNi0.5/SiO2>AgNi0.5/SiO2>CuNi0.125/SiO2>Ni0.5/SiO2.该结果与三者的初始催化活性顺序一致,表明IB金属的加入可以增强乙炔在催化剂表面的吸附,从而提高催化活性.     

Colloidal Noble‐Metal and Bimetallic Alloy Nanocrystals: A General Synthetic Method and Their Catalytic Hydrogenation Properties

A general single‐step strategy has been developed for the direct thermal decomposition of noble‐metal salts in octadecylamine to synthesize octahedron‐ and rod‐shaped noble‐metal aggregates and monodisperse noble‐metal or bimetallic alloy nanocrystals without introducing any additive into the system. It has presented a facile and economic way to fabricate these nanocrystals, especially alloy nanocrystals, which does not require a post‐synthesis solid‐state annealing process. The morphology of the nanocrystals can be easily controlled by tuning the synthetic temperature. Their ability to catalyze heterogeneous Suzuki coupling reactions has been investigated and showed satisfactory catalytic activity. The catalytic performance of the monometallic and bimetallic alloy nanocrystals were also evaluated in the selective hydrogenation of citral in a conventional organic solvent (toluene) and a green solvent (supercritical carbon dioxide, scCO₂). Interestingly, the catalysts performed differently to each other when they were in scCO₂ owing to the different morphology, which should be readily optimized for further use.     

SiO2负载的Au-Ni双金属催化剂在乙炔选择加氢反应中的应用

负载型Au催化剂在乙炔选择加氢反应中表现出很高的乙烯选择性,但其转化率相对较低.通过添加第二种金属如Pd,Fe,Ag和Cu等,制备双金属催化剂是提高其在加氢反应中催化活性的一种非常有效的手段.其中Au-Pd双金属催化剂是最受关注的体系之一,Pd的加入可以非常显著地提高其催化乙炔选择加氢反应的活性.据文献报道,与Pd同一主族的Ni也具有较好的加氢活性.尽管与Pd相比,Ni很难与Au形成合金,但目前已有Au-Ni双金属催化剂在多种反应中表现出协同效应的报道,如水气变换、CO氧化以及芳香硝基化合物选择加氢等.因此,向Au催化剂中添加Ni也可能提高催化剂在乙炔选择加氢反应中的催化活性.因此,我们采用两步法制备了一系列SiO2负载的具有不同Ni:Au原子比的Au-Ni双金属催化剂,并将其用于乙炔选择加氢反应,发现Au-Ni双金属催化剂在该反应中表现出了显著的协同效应,其活性明显优于相应单金属催化剂的活性.尽管其乙烯选择性略低于单金属Au催化剂,但明显高于单金属Ni催化剂.通过调节还原温度和/或Ni:Au的比例,对催化剂的性能进行了优化.结果显示,当Ni:Au=0.5时,催化剂表现出最优的综合性能,即兼具较高的乙炔转化率和乙烯选择性.为了研究Au-Ni双金属催化剂中金属纳米粒子的结构、组成以及Au-Ni之间的相互作用,我们对催化剂进行了X射线衍射(XRD)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)、能量散射谱(EDS)以及原位红外光谱(DRIFTS)表征.XRD和TEM结果显示,催化剂中的Au-Ni双金属纳米粒子都具有高分散和粒径均匀的特点.通过EDS分析,发现在Au-Ni双金属催化剂中的单个金属纳米粒子同时含有Au和Ni两种元素,尽管每个纳米粒子中Ni:Au的比例有差异.HRTEM结果发现,Au-Ni双金属纳米粒子的晶格间距介于Au(111)和Ni(111)的晶面间距之间,说明在Au-Ni双金属催化剂中有Au-Ni合金形成.原位DRIFTS结果显示,在Au-Ni双金属催化剂中,Au的存在促进了Ni的还原,说明Au与Ni之间存在紧密的相互作用.综上可见,Au和Ni在乙炔选择加氢反应中所表现出的协同效应主要归功于Au-Ni合金的形成,其中金属态Ni起主要的活性作用,而Au的存在则提高了催化剂的乙烯选择性.     

Covalently Immobilized Colloidal Metal Particles as Selective Catalysts for Olefin Hydrogenation

Abstract

Homogeneous colloidal dispersions of ultrafine noble metal particles have been prepared by the reduction of the corresponding metal ions in the presence of protective polymers. These colloidal metal particles show effective and selective catalyses in hydrogenation of olefins’. However, separation of these homogeneous catalysts from reaction mixtures for the repeated use is difficult. Thus, immobilization of these colloidal metal particles to supports is required. This paper reports immobilization of colloidal rhodium particles onto polymer support by use of covalent bonding between the protective polymer and the support. Activities and selectivities of the resultant immobilized catalysts for hydrogenation of olefins are shown.     

炔醇选择加氢催化剂研究进展

炔醇选择加氢制备相应的烯醇在医药、农药、食品添加剂、香精、香料和聚合物单体等众多高端精细化学品合成中是一个非常重要的化工过程.通过一系列复杂的平行和连续的反应,炔醇可加氢生产若干个关键中间体.提高对烯醇的选择性和保持催化剂的效率是工业生产的关键,也是一个巨大的挑战.迄今为止,各种有效的贵金属和非贵金属催化剂得到了广泛的发展,尤其是钯基和镍基多相催化剂取得了显著进展.从经典的Lindlar催化剂和Raney-Ni催化剂到生物基金属催化新材料,本文系统综述了近几十年炔醇选择加氢催化剂的设计,从催化剂本身的金属活性中心、助剂(第二金属、有机配体和稳定剂)的作用、载体的性质(孔结构、酸碱性、金属与载体强相互作用)以及反应条件等因素对催化活性、目标产物的选择性和稳定性的影响进行了系统的综述.借助先进的表征技术、理论计算和实验研究,本文还阐述了炔醇选择加氢反应的机理.研究发现:(1)在所有贵金属催化剂中,Pd基催化剂对炔醇半加氢制烯醇的效率最高,且选择性最好.稳定剂和抑制剂的加入可以提高中间体的选择性,但在一定程度上降低了催化活性.此外,Zn,In和Cu等第二金属的掺杂可以调节金属Pd的几何效应和电子结构,从而调节底物和中间产物的吸附,并抑制过度加氢.与传统的Lindlar型催化剂相比,这种Pd基合金或金属间化合物可广泛应用于炔醇的选择性加氢反应,显著提高烯醇的选择性,且不需要引入有毒添加剂.(2)Ni基材料作为可替代贵金属催化剂,可分别实现炔醇的高选择性加氢制备烯醇或烷醇.然而,与贵金属催化剂相比,其反应条件相对苛刻.炔醇加氢产物分布很大程度上取决于助剂的引入和载体的酸性.此外,碳物种易沉积在Ni表面造成活性位点被覆盖,且在水热环境下Ni颗粒因团聚而失活,因此,用于炔醇选择加氢反应的镍基催化剂稳定性仍有待提高.尽管炔醇选择加氢反应在学术界和工业界都有广泛研究,但对于这些催化体系,特别是催化剂的结构性能关系和反应机理,仍有待进一步明确.(1)原位表征技术和理论计算的发展,将有助于人们理解炔醇选择性加氢的催化过程,并指导研究者根据炔醇加氢的特点设计出具有良好选择性的高效催化剂.(2)烯醇类产品一般应用于医药中间体和高分子单体,对产品纯度要求较高.因此,在不引入有毒添加剂的情况下,设计高效、高选择性催化剂至关重要.(3)水相或醇相中炔醇选择加氢反应对催化剂的水热稳定性有很高的要求.通过锚定和包覆来增强金属与载体的相互作用,抑制金属纳米粒子的聚集和流失是一种有效的手段.此外,在炔醇选择加氢反应中引入耐水载体可以有效提高催化剂的稳定性.(4)短碳链炔醇催化选择加氢反应一直是研究的热点.然而,关于长碳链炔醇的选择加氢反应过程,国内外报道相对较少.基于长碳链炔醇底物分子的空间位阻效应,有必要设计具有特殊孔道结构的选择加氢催化剂.(5)目前,绝大多数炔醇选择加氢过程还处于间歇性操作.随着市场对烯醇的需求不断增加,为了获得高品质的产品,连续化操作将是一个必然趋势.     

Properties of Pd–Ag/C catalysts in the reaction of selective hydrogenation of acetylene

Samples of Pd/C and Pd–Ag/C, where C represents carbon nanofibers (CNFs), are synthesized by methane decomposition on a Ni–Cu–Fe/Al₂O₃ catalyst. The properties of Pd/CNF are studied in the reaction of selective hydrogenation of acetylene into ethylene. It is found that the activity of the catalyst in hydrogenation reaction increases, while selectivity decreases considerably when the palladium content rises. The obtained dependences are caused by the features of palladium’s interaction with the carbon support. At a low Pd content (up to 0.04 wt %) in the catalyst, the metal is inserted into the interlayer space of graphite and the catalytic activity is zero. It is established by EXAFS that the main share of palladium in catalysts of 0.05–0.1 wt % Pd/CNF constitutes the metal in the atomically dispersed state. The coordination environment of palladium atoms consists of carbon atoms. An increase in the palladium content in a Pd/CNF catalyst up to 0.3 wt % leads to the formation of highly dispersed (0.8–1 nm) Pd particles. The Pd/CNF samples where palladium is mainly in the atomically dispersed state exhibit the highest selectivity in the acetylene hydrogenation reaction. The addition of silver to a 0.1 wt % Pd/CNF catalyst initially probably leads to the formation of Pd–Ag clusters and then to alloyed Pd–Ag particles. An increase in the silver content in the catalyst above 0.3% causes the enlargement of the alloyed particles and the palladium atoms are blocked by a silver layer, which considerably decreases the catalytic activity in the selective hydrogenation of acetylene.     

Catalytic ionic hydrogenations

Catalytic ionic hydrogenation of ketones occurs by proton transfer to a ketone from a cationic metal dihydride, followed by hydride transfer from a neutral metal hydride. This contrasts with traditional catalysts for ketone hydrogenation that require binding of the ketone to the metal and subsequent insertion of the ketone into a M-H bond. Ionic hydrogenation catalysts based on the inexpensive metals molybdenum and tungsten have been developed based on mechanistic understanding of the individual steps required in the catalytic reaction.     

金属有机骨架高温自还原制备高性能等级孔碳负载Co基催化剂

以钴基金属有机框架为前驱体, 利用一步高温碳化自还原法, 通过精确调控碳化过程, 实现等级孔道结构及钴纳米颗粒分散性的可控调节, 制备出高催化活性及产物选择性的等级孔碳负载Co基催化剂. 研究发现, 600 ℃碳化后的催化剂为具有高比表面积的等级孔道结构和高分散的钴纳米颗粒, 在选择性催化1,3-丁二烯加氢反应中, 丁二烯完全转化温度低至60 ℃, 对应丁烯的选择性高达61%, 实现了低温高选择性催化加氢.     

Geometric and electronic approaches to size effects in heterogeneous catalysis

The influence of electronic and geometric factors is considered in the context of the manifestation of size effects in heterogeneous catalytic oxidation and hydrogenation reactions. Both of the factors are interdependent; however, the electronic factor predominates with regard to small metal and metal oxide particles (smaller than 10 nm), for which the energies of electron transitions in an activated complex are size-dependent. Only the geometry of active component nanoparticles exerts the main effect on the catalytic properties of coarser particles. In this case, the geometric factor depends on the accessibility of the active surface to reactants. The probability of the occurrence of complex active centers including several surface atoms increases as the active component particles of a catalyst become larger. The efficiency of the approach proposed to study the activating effect of nanophase catalysts is demonstrated using the oxidation and hydrogenation reactions of carbon oxides and the hydrogenation of acetonitrile and acetone as examples.     

负载铂催化剂中沸石载体酸性对甲烷两步转化的影响

考察了具有相同金属分散度的Pt/NaY、Pt/HNaY、 Pt/HY、Pt/NaBeta和Pt/HBeta催化剂中沸石载体的酸性对在低温下（≤250 ℃）甲烷两步等温转化反应以及由甲烷解离吸附产生的表面碳物种分布的影响。由甲烷等温两步转化生成的C2+烃类产物的总量随着载体酸性的增加而明显增加;C2～C6产物的分布也发生了变化。由表面碳物种的程序升温加氢结果表明,在各种催化剂上碳物种的形式是相似的,其总量和具有活性的Cα物种的量均因载体酸性增加而增加,反应性也增大。这种因沸石载体酸性变化而引起的载体效应是由金属和载体的相互作用造成负载在酸性载体上铂粒子的贫电子性而引起,即由金属粒子电子性质的变化而引起的催化性质的变化。     

Selective,catalytic carbon-carbon bond activation and functionalization promoted by late transition metal catalysts

The selective catalytic activation and functionalization of carbon-carbon bonds in a series of substituted cyclopropane substrates has been developed using commercially available transition metal catalysts. Catalytic hydrogenation and olefination procedures, tolerant of a range of functional groups, have been discovered. Introduction of a chelate-assisting substituent such as [PPh2] is effective in altering the kinetic selectivity and lowering the activation barrier for the catalytic processes.     

超高稳定性的等级孔碳负载高分散铜基选择性加氢催化剂

负载型Pd,Pt,Au等贵金属催化剂由于具有较高活性而被广泛应用于选择性加氢催化领域,但资源稀缺、价格昂贵等问题严重制约了其在催化领域的长远发展.目前大量研究结果表明,非贵金属催化剂也具有较高的选择性催化加氢能力,在已被报道的非贵金属加氢催化剂中,铜基催化剂由于在选择性加氢反应中表现出较高加氢选择性和活性引起了人们的广泛关注.然而,早期研究的负载型铜基催化剂普遍存在催化稳定性较低的问题,所以提高铜基催化剂的使用寿命成为了问题关键.本文以铜基有机金属框架HKUST-1作为合成目标催化剂的前驱体,首先探究了水热合成条件对HKUST-1合成结构完整性及结晶度的影响,再通过精确调控HKUST-1的原位碳化过程,利用金属有机框架高温分解自还原行为,成功制备出了等级孔碳负载的高分散铜基催化剂,并将所制备的催化剂应用于1,3-丁二烯选择性加氢反应中.扫描电子显微镜、高分辨透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射、氮气吸脱附、傅里叶红外吸收光谱、X射线光电子能谱等技术用来表征了碳化前后催化剂载体结构的变化,铜粒子尺寸、价态及其在载体中分布的变化.文中也深入探究了以上因素对催化剂选择性催化加氢性能的影响.研究表明:120℃水热合成18 h能获得尺寸在15μm左右,结晶度高且形貌规整的HKUST-1前驱体.随后通过合理地控制金属有机框架分解过程,可实现对碳载体的等级孔结构和活性铜纳米粒子的分散程度的精确调控,获得高效等级孔载体结构和高分散铜位点的催化剂.不仅如此,通过一步碳化自还原HKUST-1制备的等级孔碳负载Cu的催化性能表现出对碳化温度高度的关联性.其催化活性随碳化处理温度的升高呈现先增强后减弱的趋势,但所有获得的催化剂对单烯烃都具有很高的选择性(>98%).特别地,本文发现在600℃碳化合成的催化剂在低温75℃反应可实现对1,3-丁二烯的100%转化,对丁烯的选择性为100%.同时,该催化剂在恒温75℃下持续反应120 h以上,其对丁二烯转化率和对丁烯选择性依然保持100%,表现出了超高的催化稳定性和潜在的商用价值.本文展示了通过简单地调控金属有机骨架的碳化过程是获得具有优异选择性催化加氢性能的铜基催化剂的有效途径.     

负载型Ni-B非晶态合金催化剂的表征及催化性能

采用ICP,XRD,DSC,BET,SEM和TEM等技术对负载型Ni-B非晶态合金催化剂进行了表征,研究了这类催化剂对乙烯中微量乙炔的选择加氢性能.结果表明,在负载型非晶态合金催化剂中,Ni-B以超细微粒的形式分散在载体上,但在不同载体上的分散度不同.通过载体的引入,提高了非晶态合金的热稳定性,阻止了超细Ni-B的聚集.负载型非晶态合金催化剂对乙烯中微量乙炔的选择加氢表现出优良的催化性能.     

MIL-100(Fe) Supported Pt−Co Nanoparticles as Active and Selective Heterogeneous Catalysts for Hydrogenation of 1,3-Butadiene

Superior catalytic performance for selective 1,3-butadiene (1,3-BD) hydrogenation can usually be achieved with supported bimetallic catalysts. In this work, Pt−Co nanoparticles and Pt nanoparticles supported on metal–organic framework MIL-100(Fe) catalysts (MIL=Materials of Institut Lavoisier, PtCo/MIL-100(Fe) and Pt/MIL-100(Fe)) were synthesized via a simple impregnation reduction method, and their catalytic performance was investigated for the hydrogenation of 1,3-BD. Pt1Co1/MIL-100(Fe) presented better catalytic performance than Pt/MIL-100(Fe), with significantly enhanced total butene selectivity. Moreover, the secondary hydrogenation of butenes was effectively inhibited after doping with Co. The Pt1Co1/MIL-100(Fe) catalyst displayed good stability in the 1,3-BD hydrogenation reaction. No significant catalyst deactivation was observed during 9 h of hydrogenation, but its catalytic activity gradually reduces for the next 17 h. Carbon deposition on Pt1Co1/MIL-100(Fe) is the reason for its deactivation in 1,3-BD hydrogenation reaction. The spent Pt1Co1/MIL-100(Fe) catalyst could be regenerated at 200 °C, and regenerated catalysts displayed the similar 1,3-BD conversion and butene selectivity with fresh catalysts. Moreover, the rate-determining step of this reaction was hydrogen dissociation. The outstanding activity and total butene selectivity of the Pt1Co1/MIL-100(Fe) catalyst illustrate that Pt−Co bimetallic catalysts are an ideal alternative for replacing mono-noble-metal-based catalysts in selective 1,3-BD hydrogenation reactions.