Precise semiconductor nanotubes and nanoshells fabricated on (1 1 0) and (1 1 1) Si and GaAs

In our previous works, we showed that ultrathin epitaxial heterofilms (down to two monolayers for the case of InGaAs/GaAs) can be controllably detatched from substrates and rolled, under the action of internal stresses, into various cylindrical micro- and nanoshells (tubes, scrolls, rings, spirals, etc.). The present review outlines the cornerstone stages in the development of this fabrication technology for semiconductor and metal nanoobjects, including: (1) directional rolling of films yielding 3D micro- and nanoshells of various shapes; (2) assembling of micro- and nanoshells in more complex architectures; (3) super-critical drying of nanoshells, and (4) formation of nanoshells whose sizes can be precisely controlled in three dimensions.With this technology new possibilities that open up for the use of strained films, selectively, grown on uncommonly used (1 1 0) and (1 1 1) surfaces, are presented. The role of mechanical anisotropy in the formation of the 3D nanoshells and the electrical and mechanical properties of formed nanotubes are discussed.     

Two-photon photoemission from Ni (1 1 0) and (1 1 1) surfaces

Photoemission was observed when the samples were irradiated with photons in the energy range from 2.5 to 3.3 eV from a tunable dye laser with an intensity of 10⁸Wcm^?2. The emission shows a quadratic intensity dependence. The variation with angle of incidence and polarization is different for the two surfaces. The result obtained from the (1 1 0) surface is discussed with help of the band structure as a two-photon surface photoelectric effect.     

锰原子的二步多光子与三步三光子共振电离研究

激光共振电离技术是痕量分析中的重要手段之一。文章以速率方程理论为基础,对锰原子的激光共振电离过程进行了分析,讨论了电离过程中各级激发光功率密度及激光作用时间对电离效率的影响;提出了根据所要求的电离效率和激光作用时间计算所需要的各激发光或电离激光的功率密度的方法;得到了饱和激发或饱和电离的规律及阈值条件。研究发现,在激光作用时间为10 ns时,锰原子饱和电离的激光强度阈值基本都在108 W·cm-2的量级,只有“1+1”双色双共振低三个量级;而“1+1”和“1+1+1”饱和激发的激光强度阈值则在102～103 W·cm-2量级;并且随着激光作用时间的增加,各过程的饱和激发和饱和电离的激光强度阈值将单调减少。     

Existence and thermal stability of mono and dihydride phases on Si(1 1 1) and Ge(1 1 1) surfaces: A photoemission study

Based on UPS and XPS investigations, it is concluded that a monohydride phase forms at first on the Si(1 1 1)7 × 7 surface. Upon further hydrogen dosing at room temperature, a dihydride phase develops and superposes to the previously formed monohydride phase. The dihydride phase desorbs completely around 250°C and the monohydride phase at about 550°C. A pure dihydride phase obtained by H adsorption cannot be observed on a silicon surface. Silane or disilane adsorption at room temperature exhibits the characteristic features of the dihydride phase without the associated monohydride phase. The obtained phase desorbs at the same temperature as the H induced dihydride phase. That is to our mind the only possibility to obtain a pure dihydride phase.

For germanium in careful conditions we observe only a monohydride phase which desorbs at 150°C. For high hydrogen exposures, we obtain a new phase but XPS measurements indicate oxygen contamination. This place desorbs at 225°C and allows clear distinction between H adsorption and contamination. It is concluded that Ge and Si surfaces have different reactivities for hydrogen adsorption. These conclusions are extended to all Ge and Si surfaces either crystallized or amorphous.     

Structure ofN=1 conformal and Poincaré supergravity in 1+1 and 2+1 dimensions

We discuss a component formalism ofN=1 supergravity theories in 2 and 3 spacetime dimensions. Starting from gauge theories of the superconformal group, we derive the tensor calculus for conformal and Poincaré supergravity theories. A supersymmetric extension of the non-trivial analog of Einstein's equation for 2 dimensions is given in terms of the scalar curvature multiplet.     

Contrasting ion neutralisation spectra of Ni(1 1 1) and W(1 1 0) surfaces

We present the results of an appropriate calculation of the ion neutralisation spectrum of W(1 1 0) exposed to a beam of very low energy He⁺ ions. The calculated spectrum shows considerable structure in contrast to the spectrum of Ni(1 1 1). It appears, therefore, that experimental data on W(1 1 0), presently non available, would be most useful in understanding the ion neutralisation process.     

Comparing the band structure of Ag(1 1 1) monolayers on Ni(1 1 1) and Ni (0 0 1)

Ag(1 1 1) monolayers prepared on two substrates, Ni(1 1 1) and Ni(0 0 1), were studied with angle-resolved photoemission; their two-dimensional band dispersions were found to be identical within experimental uncertainties. Comparing the present results with those for Ag/Cu(0 0 1), the major difference is just a shift of 0.32 eV in all the binding energies. Thus the band topology of Ag overlayers in these systems is quite insensitive to the electronic and atomic structures of the substrates.     

Two-photon E1M1 and E1E2 transitions between 2p and 1s levels in hydrogen

Two-photon transitions in the hydrogen atom are analytically evaluated within the nonrelativistic limit utilizing the Coulomb Green function method. The two-photon emission probability for the transition process 2s→2γ(E1)+1s serves as a test for the other calculations and was compared with the results of previous analytical and numerical calculations. The two-photon emission probabilities for the processes 2p→ γ(E1)+γ(M1)+1s and 2p→γ(E1)+γ(E2)+1s are also evaluated and compared with previous numerical calculations. Different nonrelativistic “forms" for the decay probabilities in combination with different gauge choices are considered.     

Beryllium overlayers on Mo(1 1 2) and Mo(0 1 1) surfaces

Low-energy electron diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy and contact potential difference methods have been used to study formation of Be overlayers on the Mo(1 1 2) and (0 1 1) surfaces in the temperature range from T = 78 K up to the beginning of Be desorption. At a coverage θ = 1, where θ is defined as the ratio between concentrations of adatoms and surface substrate atoms, overlayers were found to be pseudomorphic on both the substrates. Various types of close-packed Be structures were observed at θ > 1. Annealing of the Mo samples covered with Be caused not only overlayer ordering, but also a partial solution of Be in the near-surface layer of Mo and creation of a surface alloy. It is inferred that the work function changes, positive on Mo(1 1 2) up to 0.4 eV and negative on Mo(0 1 1) down to ? 0.6 eV, are caused mainly by changes in surface roughness while the contribution of polarization of the BeMo adsorption bond seems to be only minor.     

Hanle lifetime measurements of SrI 1P1 and CaI 1P1 levels excited by a neutral beam of 1 1S0 helium atoms

A 0.8 keV He(1 ¹S₀) beam was used to coherently excite the ¹P₁ levels of Sr and Ca targets. The coherence appears as an alignment of the excited state with respect to the beam axis. We report here the results of a Hanle measurement, or a zero-field level-crossing experiment, performed on these coherently excited levels. The radiative lifetimes of the SrI ¹P₁ and CaI ¹P₁ levels were measured to be 4.7 ns and 5.3 ns, respectively. These values are in good agreement with conventional Hanle measurements.     

The conformal factor and DiffS1/S1

Two-dimensional gravity coupled with an open string is considered to geometrically construct a string field theory following Bowick and Rajeev. The phase space of this system can be thought of as an extended loop space, and is in fact a Kähler manifold. Each loop carries a conformal factor. Bowick and Rajeev's proposal is modified so that the ghost fields stand on the same footing as the x^μ-fields. The closed string field is modified to be the Kähler potential of the extended loop space. The canonical line bundle is not needed for the equation of motion for a closed string field. A covariant (free) open string field theory is constructed as a by-product in this approach.     

The CMSSM and NUHM1 after LHC Run 1

We analyze the impact of data from the full Run 1 of the LHC at 7 and 8 TeV on the CMSSM with \(\mu > 0\) and \(<0\) and the NUHM1 with \(\mu > 0\) , incorporating the constraints imposed by other experiments such as precision electroweak measurements, flavour measurements, the cosmological density of cold dark matter and the direct search for the scattering of dark matter particles in the LUX experiment. We use the following results from the LHC experiments: ATLAS searches for events with \({E\!\!/}_{T}\) accompanied by jets with the full 7 and 8 TeV data, the ATLAS and CMS measurements of the mass of the Higgs boson, the CMS searches for heavy neutral Higgs bosons and a combination of the LHCb and CMS measurements of \(\mathrm{BR}(B_s \rightarrow \mu ^+\mu ^-)\) and \(\mathrm{BR}(B_d \rightarrow \mu ^+\mu ^-)\) . Our results are based on samplings of the parameter spaces of the CMSSM for both \(\mu >0\) and \(\mu <0\) and of the NUHM1 for \(\mu > 0\) with 6.8 \(\times 10^6\) , 6.2 \(\times 10^6\) and 1.6 \(\times 10^7\) points, respectively, obtained using the MultiNest tool. The impact of the Higgs-mass constraint is assessed using FeynHiggs 2.10.0, which provides an improved prediction for the masses of the MSSM Higgs bosons in the region of heavy squark masses. It yields in general larger values of \(M_h\) than previous versions of FeynHiggs, reducing the pressure on the CMSSM and NUHM1. We find that the global \(\chi ^2\) functions for the supersymmetric models vary slowly over most of the parameter spaces allowed by the Higgs-mass and the \({E\!\!/}_{T}\) searches, with best-fit values that are comparable to the \(\chi ^2/\mathrm{dof}\) for the best Standard Model fit. We provide 95 % CL lower limits on the masses of various sparticles and assess the prospects for observing them during Run 2 of the LHC.     

3-三苯基锗基-1,1-二苯基-1-丙烯及其同系物的拉曼光谱和红外光谱

我们合成了一类多苯基取代的烯丙基锗烷类化合物,并测量了这三种化合物的拉曼光谱和红外光谱。经光谱分析,指认了主要波数所对应的分子振动。在这三种化合物的拉曼光谱中,Ge-Ph均在1000cm-1附近出现非常强的振动峰;烯丙基中的C=C键在1615 cm-1和1595 cm-1附近出现强的振动峰;在1585 cm-1附近出现芳香环的多重振动峰;在3050 cm-1(m)1、025 cm-1(m)、615 cm-1(m)附近出现芳香环的C-H伸缩振动,C-H面内弯曲振动和C-H面外弯曲振动峰;与饱和碳原子相连接的Ge-C振动峰分别出现在595 cm-1、592 cm-1和597 cm-1。在红外光谱中,这类化合物的Ge-C振动和饱和Ge-C振动较为明显,分别出现在1090 cm-1(s)附近和625 cm-1~577 cm-1(w)之间。     

Mass and lattice effects in trapping: Ar, Kr, and Xe on Pt(1 1 1), Pd(1 1 1), and Ni(1 1 1)

The trapping probabilities of argon, krypton, and xenon on Pd(1 1 1) and Ni(1 1 1) have been investigated using supersonic molecular beam techniques. The trapping probability of argon exhibits normal incident energy in a similar fashion on both Pd(1 1 1) and Pt(1 1 1) because the mass of argon is significantly less than the surface mass of either Pd or Pt. In contrast, dynamic corrugation in the gas-surface potential is observed for krypton trapping on Pt(1 1 1) and Pd(1 1 1), resulting in a decreased angular dependence of the trapping probability compared to argon. For xenon trapping on Pd significant lattice deformation during the gas-surface collision appears to give rise to total energy scaling. The trapping probability of xenon on Pd(1 1 1) remains high at unusually high incident kinetic energies due to the overall enhanced energy transfer from the incident atom to the lattice. Trapping probabilities of Ar, Kr, and Xe are significantly lower on Ni(1 1 1) than on either Pt(1 1 1) or Pd(1 1 1) despite the lower surface mass of the Ni atoms. This result is attributed to the lower binding energy of the rare gases on Ni(1 1 1) and the higher Debye temperature of Ni. The energy scaling of Ar trapping on Ni(1 1 1) is determined by static corrugation, but the energy scaling for Kr and Xe on Ni(1 1 1) may involve the effects of dynamic corrugation. In the latter cases, the greater stiffness of the nickel lattice decreases the dynamic corrugation relative to Pt(1 1 1) and Pd(1 1 1).     

Scattering effects and damping of electrons in Pt(1 1 1) and Cu(1 1 1)

In this work an analysis of experimental and theoretical data associated with the scattering and attenuation of electrons in the Pt(1 1 1) and Cu(1 1 1) crystalline samples is presented. The information about the crystalline structure of the first few atomic layers was obtained by the directional elastic peak electron spectroscopy (DEPES) at the primary electron beam energies E_p from 1.5 keV to 2.0 keV. The comparison of the experimental and theoretical DEPES distributions indicates a qualitative agreement between experiment and theory. The relative signal values associated with the intensity maxima were found to be different. The latter effect suggest that the electron attenuation in the crystalline samples can have an anisotropic character. A qualitative analysis of the characteristic pattern around the [1 1 1] direction concerning the calculation of the scattering factors was performed. The collective scattering of electrons by atoms located around the threefold symmetry axis resulting in the so called ring focusing effect is discussed.     

Preparation and characterization of Fe3O4(1 1 1) nanoparticles and thin films on Au(1 1 1)

Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles and thin films were prepared on the Au(1 1 1) surface and characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Fe₃O₄ was formed by annealing α-Fe₂O₃(0 0 0 1) structures on Au(1 1 1) at 750 K in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) for 60 min. Transformation of the α-Fe₂O₃(0 0 0 1) structures into Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles and thin films was supported by XPS. STM images show that during the growth procedure used, Fe₃O₄ initially appears as nanoparticles at low coverages, and forms thin films at ～2 monolayer equivalents (MLE) of iron. Two types of ordered superstructures were observed on the Fe₃O₄ particles with periodicities of ～50 and ～42 Å, respectively. As the Fe₃O₄ particles form more continuous films, the ～50 Å feature was the predominant superstructure observed. The Fe₃O₄ structures at all coverages show a hexagonal unit cell with a ～3 Å periodicity in the atomically resolved STM images.     

Kinetic normal ordering and the 1 + 1 dimensional U(1) anomaly

We consider 1 + 1 dimensional, massless fermions coupled to an external electric field. We show that, contrary to common belief, the computation of the chiral anomaly involves no divergences and no ambiguities. The computation is done in hamiltonian formalism and is based on two steps: (I) the computation of the Schwinger term in the equal time commutator of currents, (II) the physically correct normal ordering with respect to kinetic energy.     

Radiative lifetimes and tensor polarizabilities of 1s4f 1 F and 1s5f 1 F level of He I

He atoms have been excited by Ne⁺ ion impact and the depolarization of the fluorescence lines at 668 nm and 492 nm by magnetic and electric fields has been studied. The Ne⁺ ion energy could be chosen such that pure cascade level crossing signals were observed. From the widths of magnetic depolarization signals the radiative lifetimes τ(1s4f ¹ F)=74(2) ns and τ(1s5f ¹ F)=133(5) ns have been determined. By investigating the electric field splitting of the magnetic depolarization signals the tensor polarizabilities ¦α _ten(1s4f ¹ F)¦=0.58(1) kHz/(V/cm)² and ¦α _ten(1s5f ¹ F)¦=4.2(1) kHz/(V/cm)² have been deduced. From the latter value a mean frequencyv(1s5g?1s5f)=14.4 GHz of the transitions between the levels of the 1s5f configuration and those of the 1s5g configuration has been derived.α _ten(1s4f ¹ F) depends sensitively on the singlet-triplet mixing in the 1s4f configuration and thus a mixing coefficient could be deduced for this configuration.     

Structures and stability of Ag clusters on Ag(1 1 1) and Ni(1 1 1) surfaces

The structures of the lowest total energy for small Ag_N clusters with N = 2-20, which are grown on Ag(1 1 1) and Ni(1 1 1) surfaces, have been determined using a combination of the embedded-atom method and the basin-hopping algorithm. It is found that the particularly stable Ag clusters with N<18 have similar geometries on both surfaces when comparing clusters of the same size. On the other hand, the geometries of the less stable Ag clusters in the same size range differ for the two surfaces. From N?18, the sizes of the particularly stable structures are different for the two different substrates. Due to the large size mismatch of the two types of atoms it is energetically unfavorable for Ag to form a pseudomorphic monolayer structures on Ni(1 1 1) and there is considerable strain produced at the interface. The effect of this strain and the increased adatom-substrate interactions lead to irregular and elongated structures of the adsorbed Ag clusters.