Variation of total kinetic energy and mass distributions in the fusion-fission reaction of 16O,19F + 209Bi at near barrier energies

Fission fragment mass and energy distributions and their correlations have been measured for the ¹⁶O and ¹⁹F + ²⁰⁹Bi reactions over a wide range of excitation energies ( E ^* = 30-50 MeV). It is observed that in the case of ¹⁶O + ²⁰⁹Bi reaction, the average total fragment kinetic energy, <TKE> is nearly independent of the bombarding energy. However, in the case of ¹⁹F + ²⁰⁹Bi reaction, the average total kinetic energy of the fission fragments shows a peaking behaviour near the barrier. The variation in <TKE> at near barrier energies in the ¹⁹F + ²⁰⁹Bi system seems to be correlated with corresponding strong variation in the variance of the fragment mass distribution. The present results may imply certain dynamical effects leading to compact scission configurations in the fission of ¹⁹F + ²⁰⁹Bi system at near barrier bombarding energies. Received: 9 April 2001 / Accepted: 26 May 2001     

Fusion around the barrier in 11,9Be +209Bi

The ⁹Be +²⁰⁹Bi fusion cross sections were measured in the range 37.5 MeV ≤ E _lab ≤ 45.0 MeV at the Munich Tandem via the observation of ground state α-decay of the evaporation residues. Fusion cross sections of ²⁰⁹Bi with the “halo”¹¹Be unstable projectile in the region around the Coulomb barrier were deduced from an experiment done with the same technique at the RIKEN Ring Cyclotron. Above the Coulomb barrier the ¹¹Be cross sections are larger than the ⁹Be ones in agreement with theoretical predictions based on the larger ¹¹Be halo radius. Also below the barrier these theories foresee the same behavior in disagreement with the experimental results, since the two cross sections are rather similar. Received: 2 April 1998     

Influence of pre-fission neutron emission on fission fragment angular distribution for the system209Bi +16O

The data of fission fragment anisotropies measured for the system¹⁶O +²⁰⁹Bi in the centre of mass energy region of 73 to 95 MeV have been compared with the saddle point statistical model calculations. The corrections to the nuclear temperature and the spin distribution arising due to pre-fission neutron emission have been made. While the resultant calculations reproduce very well the data in the near- and sub-barrier energy regions, they deviate from the data at higher energies. This observation is similar to what was already reported for¹⁶O +²⁰⁸Pb system.     

A new approach for heavy ion fusion spin distribution

The method of optical model analysis of generalized elastic scattering angular distributions (GESA) has been applied to heavy ion scattering to derive fusion spin distributions. This method is used to reproduce the coupled channel fusion spin distributions. When applied to experimental data, particularly to the fissile systems like¹⁶O +²³²Th, the method gives large mean square spin values in agreement with “anomalous” values derived from experimental fission fragment anisotropies.     

Partial fusion of a weakly bound projectile with heavy target at energies above the Coulomb barrier

Partial-fusion cross-sections for the systems ⁶Li + ²⁰⁸Pb, ⁹Be + ²⁰⁹Bi have been determined. The effect of breakup on fusion for weakly bound projectiles ⁶Li and ⁹Be incident on ²⁰⁸Pb or ²⁰⁹Bi targets has been discussed comparing experimental fusion cross-section excitation functions to those evaluated with a semi-classical approach. It is shown that complete fusion of a weakly bound projectile with heavy target is reduced, whereas the breakup process has very little influence on the total-fusion cross-section for some of the studied systems at energies above the Coulomb barrier.     

Fragment angular distributions from fission of238U,209Bi and197Au by 140-MeV4He Ions

The fission fragment angular distributions from reactions of 140-MeV⁴He ions with²³⁸U,²⁰⁹Bi and¹⁹⁷Au have been studied. From the anisotropies in the angular distributions, values for? _eff, the effective moment of inertia at the fission saddle point, have been estimated and compared with results obtained at lower bombarding energies. The derivation of? _eff values has included corrections for the effects of incomplete fusion mechanisms on the orbital angular momentum distribution of the fissioning nuclei and for neutron evaporation prior to fission. The results are also compared with heavy-ion-induced fission data for systems of similar fissility. Also, examination of the forward-backward symmetry of the²³⁸U angular distribution substantiates other results which show that the fraction of fission reactions which follow complete fusion of the target and projectile is less than 0.5 for 140-MeV⁴He-ion bombardment of²³⁸U.     

Symmetric and asymmetric fission of Ac isotopes near the fission threshold

Fission probabilities and fragment anisotropies were investigated for fission of ²²⁷Ac and ²²⁸Ac by means of direct reactions with a ³He beam on a ²²⁶Ra target. Triple-humped mass distributions are found also for excitation energies where second-chance fission is excluded. The fission barrier is higher for symmetric fission compared to that for asymmetric fission by 1.2 and 2.0 MeV, respectively, suggesting that the character of the mass split is already predetermined at the saddle point.     

Dynamical analysis of the induced fission time obtained by the crystal blocking technique for the 235U + α reaction

The crystal blocking technique has been used to measure the total time of the induced fission process for the ²³⁵U + α reaction in the energy rage of bombarding α-particles from 25.9 to 31.2 MeV. The experimental fission lifetimes observed in this reaction vary from 10⁻¹⁷ to 10⁻¹⁶ s, depending on the projectile energy. The experimental data (along with the corresponding data on the angular anisotropy and fissionability of Pu isotopes produced in the investigated reaction) have been analyzed within the dynamic-statistical approach with allowance for the nuclear dissipation phenomenon and the double-humped fission barrier model. It is demonstrated that the time of induced fission reaction at low excitation energies is sensitive to the nuclear viscosity. Original Russian Text ? A.A. Dermenev, V.A. Drozdov, D.O. Eremenko, F. Malaguti, P. Olivo, S.Yu. Platonov, V. Togo, A. Uguzzoni, O.V. Fotina, O.A. Yuminov, 2009, published in Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Fizicheskaya, 2009, Vol. 73, No. 6, pp. 882–886.     

Temperatures and Excitation Energies of Hot Nuclei in Reactions of 40Ar+natAg,209Bi at MeV/u

Coincidence measurements of fission fragment and light charged particle have been perfotrmed for the reactions of ⁴⁰Ar+^natAg,²⁰⁹Bi at E/A=25MeV using 4 PPAC and 11 sets of ΔE-E telescopes.Angular correlations of fission fragment were ploted as a function of the folding angle between the two detected fission fragments.The linear momentum transfer distributions were derived by measuring angular correlations.The backward spectra of light particles detected in coincidence with fission fragments having different average〈LMT〉are analyzed with Maxwell distribution.After some corrections the initial temperatures of the hot nuclei are determined from the energy spectra.The excitation energies corresponding to the different average〈LMT〉are obtained considering the reaction Q values and pre-equilibrum emission.In the central collision of the ⁴⁰Ar+^natAg,²⁰⁹Bi reactions,excitation energies are measured to be about 4.2MeV/u,2.4MeV/u and temperatures about 6.1MeV,5.5MeV,respecdvely.In semi-central collision,excitaionen energies are measured to be about 3.5MeV/u,1.9MeV/u and temperatures about 5.8MeV,4.8MeV respectively.     

Combined dynamical and statistical approach to describing induced fission of heavy nuclei

A combined dynamical and statistical approach to describing induced fission of heavy nuclei is proposed. This approach takes into account the nuclear-dissipation phenomenon and the double-humped structure of the fission barrier. A method that is intended for calculating the angular distribution of fission fragments and which is applicable over a broad range of excitation energies is discussed. The potential of the approach is demonstrated by addressing the problems of self-consistently describing experimental data on fission probabilities for plutonium and americium isotopes, the yields of shape isomers in the α+²³⁸U reaction at alpha-particle energies in the range E _α = 20–32 MeV and the d+^242,240Pu reactions at deuteron energies in the range E _d = 20–30 MeV, fission times in the α + ²³⁸U reaction at alpha-particle energies in the range E _α = 20–32 MeV, and angular distributions of fission fragments in the α + ²³⁸U, ²³⁷Np reactions at alpha-particle energies in the range E _α = 20–100 MeV.     

Does break-up affect 9Be +209Bi fusion at the barrier?

The ⁹Be +²⁰⁹Bi fusion cross sections were measured in the 36.0 MeV ≤ E_lab≤ 50.0 MeV range, down to 0.6 mb, with high accuracy via in-beam detection of the ground state α-decay of the evaporation residues produced. The elastic scattering cross sections around 150° and 135° were also obtained with moderate angular resolution. The cross sections below the barrier are reproduced by coupled channel calculations which include only one break-up channel with a moderate strength and a phenomenological renormalization of the potential depth. These simple calculations overestimate the cross sections above the barrier most likely due to the fact that the ⁹Be break-up process becomes much stronger. The barrier distributions extracted do not have evident break-up signature since they show one-barrier structure. Received: 22 February 1999 / Revised version: 26 March 1999     

Light charged particle emission and fission in238U+238U collisions at 1,740 MeV

Inclusive⁴He and⁴H energy spectra and heavy fragment coincidence correlations have been measured for reactions of 7.31 MeV/u²³⁸U with²³⁸U and^?197Au targets. The H/He production cross sections are in the range 15–26 mb, and their emission spectra are very similar for the two systems. The observed strong kinematic shifts with angle are reproduced in shape and magnitude by Monte Carlo simulations of particle evaporation from projectile-like and target-like fragments, indicating competition between charged particle emission and sequential fission. No evidence is found for high energy charged particle emission associated with ultra-highZ composite systems. Heavy fragment measurements indicate an abundance of quasielastic and deeply inelastic reaction fragments, as well as sequential fission of target and projectile nuclei. For²³⁸U nuclei, the fission occurs predominantly in an asymmetric mode, reminiscent of fission at low excitation energy. For²³⁸+²³⁸U reactions in the vicinity of the grazing angle, the frequency of single sequential fission (with survival of the partner fragment) is twice as large as double sequential fission in which both the target and projectile undergo fission. In²³⁸U+¹⁹⁷Au reactions, the survival probability of the heavy fragments is even greater. The surprisingly high survival probabilities of high-Z fragments imply a preponderance of very soft collisions in these very-heavy-ion reactions, at least at energies not very far over the Coulomb barrier.     

Linear Momentum Transfer in the Reactions Induced by 50MeV/A12C Bombarding 209Bi and 197Au

The Distributions of the linear momentum transfer (LMT) in the reactions induced by 50MeV/u ¹²C with ²⁰⁹Bi and ¹⁹⁷Au were measured using fission fragment angular correlation technique.The most probable value of the linear momentum transfer per projectile,p^mp is dependent on the target.173MeV/c and 184MeV/c for ²⁰⁹Bi and ¹⁹⁷Au were obtained.In these distributions,there exists a small hump around 0.3 of LMT,which can probably be attributed to the alpha cluster transfer.     

Interaction at the barrier in the systems 9, 10, 11Be + 209Bi: Well-established facts and open questions

The experimental data relative to the interaction for the systems ^{9, 10, 11}Be + ²⁰⁹Bi at the Coulomb barrier are critically discussed and compared also with present theories. The break-up (BU) of the two loosely bound projectiles, ^{9, 11}Be, seems to influence the fusion process by “hindering” the fusion cross-sections; but, contrary to expectations, the ¹¹Be halo structure has no influence, since no “enhancement” is evident from the existing data. Attempt to describe simultaneously all the ⁹Be + ²⁰⁹Bi system data: fusion, elastic scattering and BU, within a coupled-channel (CC) approach is only partly successful. It is important, from a theoretical viewpoint, to include in the CC formalism as well as possible the BU process both to continuum states as well as to unbound resonances. More accurate and well-focused experiments are also necessary to pin down this problem. Received: 1 May 2001 / Accepted: 4 December 2001     

Investigation of the role of the projectile-target orientation angles on the evaporation residue production

The measured yield of evaporation residues in reactions with massive nuclei have been well reproduced by using the partial fusion and quasifission cross sections obtained in the dinuclear-system model. The influence of the orientation angles of the projectile- and target-nucleus symmetry axes relative to the beam direction on the production of the evaporation residues is investigated for the ⁴⁸Ca + ¹⁵⁴Sm reaction as a function of the beam energy. At the low beam energies only the orientation angles close to αP = 30° (projectile) and αP = 0°–15° (target) can contribute to the formation of evaporation residues. At large beam energies (about E _c.m. = 140–180 MeV) the collisions at all values of orientation angles αP and α _T of reactants can contribute to the evaporation residue cross section which ranges between 10–100 mb, while at E _c.m. > 185 MeV the evaporation residue cross section ranges between 0.1–1 mb because the fission barrier for the compound nucleus decreases by increasing its excitation energy and angular momentum.     

Scattering of 11Be halo nucleus from 209Bi at the Coulomb barrier

The scattering of the radioactive, weakly bound, halo nucleus ¹¹Be from ²⁰⁹Bi has been studied at 40MeV beam energy. The measurement performed with a low-intensity and a large-emittance secondary beam could be made using an extremely compact, large solid angle (∼ 2π sr) detecting set-up, based on 8 highly segmented Si telescopes. The ^{11, 9}Be scattering angular distributions, as well as their relative reaction cross-sections, resulted to be rather similar. This may suggest that at Coulomb barrier energies the halo structure and the very small binding energy of the ¹¹Be projectile have no big influence on the reaction dynamics.     

46．7MeV／A~（12）C轰击~（159）Tb、~（197）Au和~（209

用４６．７ＭｅＶ／Ａ１２Ｃ轰击１５９Ｔｂ、１９７Ａｕ和２０９Ｂｉ，测量关联裂片的速度和角度．研究了线动量转移、质量和出平面角分布，提取了核温度．应用级联两体统计衰变理论进行了拟合与解释，结果表明：在入射能约为５０ＭｅＶ／Ａ的中能重离子碰撞中，以非完全熔合方式形成了核温度高达４－５ＭｅＶ的类复合核，其后通过裂变、蒸发级联统计两体衰变而退激．     

Sub-barrier fission fragment angular distributions for the system19F+232Th

The measurements of fission fragment angular distributions for the system¹⁹F+²³²Th have been extended to the sub-barrier energies of 89.3, 91.5 and 93.6 MeV. The measured anisotropies, within errors are nearly the same over this energy region. However, the deviation of the experimental values of anisotropies from that of standard statistical model predictions increases as the bombarding energy is lowered.     

Fusion-fission reactions induced by 6He-ions

The experimentally measured excitation functions for the fission and 4n evaporation channels are presented for the ⁶He + ²⁰⁹Bi reaction. The secondary ⁶He beam was produced using the special beam line (Q4DQ-spectrometer) of the U400M accelerator at FLNR, JINR. The comparison of the obtained experimental data with similar results for the ⁴He + ²⁰⁹Bi reaction shows that in the case of the ⁶He + ²⁰⁹Bi reaction a significant enhancement of the cross-section is observed for energies above the barrier. In order to get an agreement between the experimental data and the theoretical calculations it is necessary to reduce the Coulomb barrier by 15-20% , which corresponds to an increase of the parameter r₀ of the nuclear potential up to 1.5-1.6 fm. Received: 1 May 2001 / Accepted: 4 December 2001     

46.7MeV/u 12C轰击159Tb、197Au和209Bi的裂变测量及分析

用46.7MeV/u~(12)C轰击~(159)Tb、~(197)Au、~(209)Bi,测量关联裂片的速度和角度,研究了线性动量转移(LMT)、质量和出平面角分布,提取了核温度,应用级联两体统计衰变理论进行了拟合与解释,结果表明:在～50MeV/u入射能的中能重离子碰撞中,以非完全熔合方式形成了核温度高达4～5MeV的类复合核,其后通过裂变、蒸发级联统计两体衰变而退激。 The velocities and angles of fission partners emitted from reactions in ~(12)C+~(159)Tb, ~(197)Au,~(209)Bi systems with bombarding energy of 46.7MeV/u are measured. The linear momentum transferfrom projectile to target、mass and out-of-reaction plane angle distributions of fission fragments arestudied, and the temperatures of the target residues are extracted. These results have been explained by statistical binary decay model. It seems that the compound-likesystem with high temperature...