钢筋混凝土烟囱爆破拆除的下坐及早期断裂预测

为分析钢筋混凝土烟囱在爆破拆除时发生下坐与空中断裂现象的机制并对其进行预测,对一高180 m烟囱的下坐和空中断裂过程进行了观测和分析。基于混凝土的压缩全应力-应变曲线特征,分析了烟囱支撑区的破坏过程,构建了烟囱失稳下坐的判别模型。通过建立烟囱下坐冲击作用下爆破切口以上烟囱的动力响应模型,分析了下坐冲击附加动应变波在烟囱中的传播特征。研究结果表明,考虑混凝土全应力-应变曲线特征和支撑区横截面应力和应变分布特征时,倾覆力矩与抵抗力矩的比值f可作为失稳下坐的判别条件之一;烟囱发生下坐的必要条件是支撑区最小残余承载力小于烟囱的重量。烟囱在下坐结束阶段,获得一定初速度的烟囱冲击基础时将产生冲击荷载,并在烟囱中部引起大于底端应变的应变,即产生动应变高程放大效应,该效应是导致烟囱发生早期断裂的主要原因。烟囱越高,下坐冲击历时越短,动应变高程放大效应越显著,发生断裂的风险也越大。随着烟囱高度的增加,烟囱最危险截面的位置也越高：由烟囱中下部移至烟囱中上部。

     

从反射断裂谈开去

从反射断裂谈开去黄上恒（西安交通大学工程力学系，西安７１００４９）人们开始关注和研究反射断裂现象，可以追溯到本世纪初叶．１９１４年由Ｂ．Ｈｏｐｋｉｎｓｏｎ完成了一个颇具意义的实验，当引爆了放置在厚钢板表面的适量炸药后，他发现与炸药位置相对的钢板背面却...     

LC4—M材料复合型韧断主要影响因素的分析

通过分析LC4－M铝合金材料在不同复合比载荷下的断裂试验结果,参照常规断裂现象,修正了一般断裂试验中认定裂纹启裂方向的方法,结合不同复合比下裂尖附近应力三维、主应力方向的计算分析,得到：在裂端的钝化变形区域、应力三维度的极大值处,对应于裂纹的启裂位置,即使在高韧性材料中发生剪切断裂的情况下也是如此;裂纹的启裂方向在拉伸断裂时与启裂点最大拉应力方向有关,在剪切断裂时启裂点最大剪应力方向有关,引起两种形式断裂的主要因数和破坏机理有很大不同。     

基于扩展有限元法的颗粒增强复合材料静态及动态断裂行为研究

运用不含裂尖增强函数的扩展有限元法,分别研究了静态及动态载荷作用下颗粒增强复合材料的断裂行为.假定基体和颗粒都为线弹性材料并且绑定完好,研究了不同颗粒位置、数量对基体裂纹尖端断裂参数的影响.数值模拟结果清晰地显示了含刚性颗粒和柔性颗粒时不同的失效机制.结果同时证明论文采用的数值方法能够准确预报颗粒增强复合材料的断裂行为,也更易于被工程界所接受.     

稳态循环应力下结构断裂可靠性设计方法

对含初始缺陷（宏观裂纹）结构进行无限寿命断裂可靠性设计，给出了疲劳裂纹扩展应力强度因子的二维概率密度函数及其门槛值分布函数公式，通过应力强度因子，门槛值干涉模型可求得裂纹不扩展的可靠度和指定可靠度下不扩展裂纹的最大尺寸，并确定含裂纹构件的检修周期。     

牛股骨断裂力学的试验研究

本文用新鲜牛股骨做骨断裂力学试验,采用紧凑拉伸试样测定骨纵向裂纹的 K_C 值,且使用拱形三点弯曲试样和 C 形拉伸试样来测定骨横向裂纹的 K_C 值。试验结果表明:两种同为 CR 取向的横向裂纹试样的 K_C 平均值很接近,且骨纵向和横向有完全不同的断裂特征.     

韧性断裂的微观模型及其在约束断裂中的应用

详细分析了不同形状断裂试件及小范围屈服模型裂纹端部的损伤演化，提出了韧性断裂的宏观起裂相当于裂尖前方一特征位置处的损伤达到一临界值。利用此模型获得了与实验相一致的宏观断裂韧性及与约束无关的理论断裂韧性。     

混凝土的断裂参数及断裂过程区

由于混凝土断裂破坏时，裂尖具有微裂缝区及主缝的亚临界扩展这一特征，采用实验室小尺寸试件和线弹性断裂力学确定的断裂参数，往往有明显的尺寸效应，即ｋＩＣ随试件的尺寸的增大而增大，净截面名义应力随试件尺寸的增大而减小。     

一个新的普遍形式的局部损伤断裂准则

利用损伤函数概念，建立了一个普遍形式的局部断裂准则。该准则考虑了局掊应力，应变和损伤历史对断裂的影响，根据损伤力学理选取了一个新的连续损伤函数，从而导出一个新的连续损伤断裂准则。新的临界断裂参数ＷＤＣ，具有明显的物理意义，且易通过试验测得，是一个不依赖于应力状态的材料九。文中还从细观力学理论和有关的试验资料出发，选取了相应的损伤函数，再现了前人的细观力学准则和经验准则。     

几种金属材料断裂条件的试验研究

考察了几种金属材料在常规破坏试验与拉-扭双轴破坏试验中，随受力条件不同，材料不同形式断裂破坏变化规律和相应的断裂条件；利用几种韧性材料复合型断裂试验结果，分析了随应力三维度变化，材料中孔洞成核形状与聚合方式的变化规律，分析了不同断裂形式时启裂点、启裂方向变化规律及主要影响因素。研究表明，从材料断裂物理机制来看，裂纹体与无裂纹体断裂破坏实质是相同的，随材料塑性因素与应力三维度变化的影响。材料内孔洞成核形状由椭球形逐渐变化为细长形，材料断裂由正拉断转向剪断，裂纹体与无裂体材料的断裂形式、断裂危险点、危险点上断裂方向等宏观量也有着相同的变化规律；区分不同物理机制建立断裂条件，可能适合解决金属材料不同形式的断裂力学问题。     

筒形建筑物爆破拆除的失稳原理及其参数分析

筒形建筑物爆破拆除参数的选取直接影响到建筑物倾倒的失稳过程、影响到建筑物倾倒时对地面的冲击作用,而建筑物对地面的冲击作用恰恰是爆破拆除应该控制的一个基本因素。本文阐述了筒形建筑物爆破拆除的物理过程,并由此导出最佳爆破参数。对于强度高、厚度大的建筑物,切口长度不宜小于圆周长度的60％,一般必须大于圆周长度的50％。切口长度的大小取决于建筑物的强度、密度和几何尺寸。本文最后讨论了烟囱爆破拆除对地面冲击作用问题,并提出冲量的最小值与烟囱的材料和几何尺寸有关。     

土垫层的防护作用

通过分析,探讨烟囱控爆拆除时塌落对地面的冲击过程以及土垫层的防护作用,并给出土垫层的最佳厚度。     

烟囱定向爆破拆除倒塌过程

针对烟囱爆破拆除,通过建立烟囱倒塌的力学模型,运用数学方法推演了烟囱最大弯矩区域和最 大剪应力区域。此外,采用有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA 对烟囱倒塌过程进行了数值模拟,并与实际倒塌 过程相比较。数值模拟结果表明,在距离地面约1/3、1/2和2/3处,筒体有应力集中现象,这些部位在烟囱倒 塌过程中容易折断,这与理论分析和实际过程相吻合。烟囱折断发生的位置和时间与筒体的切口形状和筒体 材料的力学性能密切相关,砖烟囱和钢筋混凝土烟囱的力学性能存在明显的差异。     

高耸异型烟囱结构风压和风振系数试验研究

本文在模拟的大气边界层中,对某一发电厂高耸异型烟囱的刚性模型进行了测压试验研究,得到了这一结构的平均风压系数、最大和最小风压系数分布,以及该结构的风荷载体型系数;结果表明在烟囱外形明显变化的局部区域,风压绝对值较大,与理论分析一致。同时,对动态测力试验模型进行了高频动态天平测力试验研究,详细介绍了试验及数据处理方法,根据试验结果计算得到了该烟囱在风作用下的动力响应和风振系数;根据试验结果计算所得的风振系数值大于按规范公式估算值。这些结果不仅为结构的风荷载计算提供了依据,也有助于进一步认识该类异性烟囱结构的风荷载和风振特性。     

Nucleation and growth rates of homogeneously condensing water vapor in argon from shock tube experiments

A special shock tube process combining a reflected expansion wave with a weak shock wave is analyzed and calibrated. The process is employed to transfer water vapor carried in argon into a known supersaturated state for a short period of time (0.5 ms). During that period steady state homogeneous nucleation takes place followed by condensational growth. Nucleation and growth rates are measured by a 90° Mie-light scattering technique in the temperature range 200–260 K. The results are compared with existing theoretical models.     

Experimental investigation of chimney-enhanced natural convection in hexagonal honeycombs

The natural convective heat transfer performance of an aluminum hexagonal honeycomb acting as a novel heat sink for LED cooling is experimentally investigated. The concept of adding an adiabatic square chimney extension for heat transfer enhancement is proposed, and the effects of chimney shape, height, and diameter are quantified. The average N u_av of a heated honeycomb with straight chimney is significantly higher than that without chimney, and the enhancement increases with increasing chimney height. At a given chimney height, honeycombs with divergent chimneys perform better than those with convergent ones. For a fixed divergent angle, the N u_av number increases monotonically with increasing chimney height. In contrast, with the convergent angle fixed, there exists an optimal chimney height to achieve maximum heat transfer.     

Boiling driven mixed convection in a L-shaped slab geometry

 The behaviour of a two-phase mixed convection loop with subcooled boiling has been investigated in order to design a passive cooling system. In a test facility with a L-shaped slab geometry subcooled water is pumped into the horizontal lower duct and heated up by the hot bottom plate. Vapour bubbles generated at the heated wall establish a disperse two-phase region with considerable void, measured by a gamma densitometer. The structure and stability of the two-phase mixed convection can be characterised by the Phase Change Number and the Subcooling Number. Operation regimes with flashing induced instabilities in the chimney are indicated in the stability diagram. For the numerical simulation the Eulerian two-fluid-model in the commercial software package CFX4 has been used. The two-fluid-model had to be extended with physical models for bubble generation under subcooled boiling in the lower duct and for water-bubble interfacial forces in the chimney, which have been validated by data of a bubbly flow experiment and of a boiling experiment. Received on 17 January 2000     

Head-on Collision of a Detonation with a Planar Shock Wave

The phenomenon that occurs when a Chapman–Jouguet (CJ) detonation collides with a shock wave is discussed. Assuming a one-dimensional steady wave configuration analogous to a planar shock–shock frontal interaction, analytical solutions of the Rankine–Hugoniot relationships for the transmitted detonation and the transmitted shock are obtained by matching the pressure and particle velocity at the contact surface. The analytical results indicate that there exist three possible regions of solutions, i.e. the transmitted detonation can have either strong, weak or CJ solution, depending on the incident detonation and shock strengths. On the other hand, if we impose the transmitted detonation to have a CJ solution followed by a rarefaction fan, the boundary conditions are also satisfied at the contact surface. The existence of these multiple solutions is verified by an experimental investigation. It is found that the experimental results agree well with those predicted by the second wave interaction model and that the transmitted detonation is a CJ detonation. Unsteady numerical simulations of the reactive Euler equations with both simple one-step Arrhenius kinetic and chain-branching kinetic models are also carried out to look at the transient phenomena and at the influence of a finite reaction thickness of a detonation wave on the problem of head-on collision with a shock. From all the computational results, a relaxation process consisting of a quasi-steady period and an overshoot for the transmitted detonation subsequent to the head-on collisions can be observed, followed by the asymptotic decay to a CJ detonation as predicted theoretically. For unstable pulsating detonations, it is found that, due to the increase in the thermodynamic state of the reactive mixture caused by the shock, the transmitted pulsating detonation can become more stable with smaller amplitude and period oscillation. These observations are in good agreement with experimental evidence obtained from smoked foils where there is a significant decrease in the detonation cell size after a region of relaxation when the detonation collides head-on with a shock wave.     

Feasibility study on optimization of a typical solar chimney power plant

The solar chimney which has been built in Kerman (Kerman city-Iran) is a small scale electrical power plant. The chimney of this unit has 60 m height and 3 m diameter. The collector of this unit is 40 m × 40 m square. To reach nominal power of this unit of power plant, parameters which are effective in optimization are studied. In this regard, we deliberate and propose suggestions to maximize usage of solar energy and kinetic energy. The calculation of maximum power is one of the objectives of this study, so the paper present economic analysis for Kerman solar chimney. A home code has been written for this modeling, in MATLAB.