Sequential electron-transfer and proton-transfer pathways in hydride-transfer reactions from dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide analogues to non-heme oxoiron(IV) complexes and p-chloranil. Detection of radical cations of NADH analogues in acid-promoted hydride-transfer reactions

Hydride transfer from dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) analogues, such as 10-methyl-9,10-dihydroacridine (AcrH 2) and its derivatives, 1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH), and their deuterated compounds, to non-heme oxoiron(IV) complexes such as [(L)Fe (IV)(O)] (2+) (L = N4Py, Bn-TPEN, and TMC) occurs to yield the corresponding NAD (+) analogues and non-heme iron(II) complexes in acetonitrile. Hydride transfer from the NADH analogues to p-chloranil (Cl 4Q) also occurs to produce the corresponding NAD (+) analogues and the hydroquinone anion (Cl 4QH (-)). The logarithms of the observed second-order rate constants (log k H) of hydride transfer from NADH analogues to non-heme oxoiron(IV) complexes are linearly correlated with those of hydride transfer from the same series of NADH analogues to Cl 4Q, including similar kinetic deuterium isotope effects. The log k H values of hydride transfer from NADH analogues to non-heme oxoiron(IV) complexes are also linearly correlated with those of deprotonation of the radical cations of NADH analogues. Such linear correlations indicate that overall hydride-transfer reactions of NADH analogues to both non-heme oxoiron(IV) complexes and Cl 4Q occur via electron transfer from NADH analogues to the oxoiron(IV) complexes, followed by rate-limiting deprotonation from the radical cations of NADH analogues and subsequent rapid electron transfer from the deprotonated radicals to the Fe(III) complexes to yield the corresponding NAD (+) analogues and the Fe(II) complexes. The electron-transfer pathway was accelerated by the presence of perchloric acid, and the resulting radical cations of NADH analogues were detected by electron spin resonance spectroscopy and UV-vis spectrophotometry in the acid-promoted hydride-transfer reactions from NADH analogues to non-heme oxoiron(IV) complexes. This result provides the first direct evidence that a hydride transfer from NADH analogues to non-heme oxoiron(IV) complexes proceeds via an electron-transfer pathway.     

Synthesis and NMR elucidation of homoisoflavanone analogues

A series of five homoisoflavanone analogues have been synthesized from the corresponding 3,5-methoxy phenols via chroman-4-one in three steps. The complete NMR elucidation of these homoisoflavanone analogues is reported. The use of 2D NMR techniques (COSY, NOESY, HSQC and HMBC) proved to be very useful tools in the elucidation of homoisoflavanone analogues. The homoisoflavanone analogues exhibit an AA′BB′ spin pattern in the ring B of the homoisoflavanone. These homoisoflavanone analogues are potential antifungal and anti-inflammatory agents.     

Hydroxamate-based iron chelators: combinatorial syntheses of desferrioxamine B analogues and evaluation of binding affinities

This article describes the solid-phase combinatorial methods developed for the synthesis of polyhydroxamate-based siderophores. This strategy was applied to generate several libraries of structural DFO (1a) analogues that include DFO variants, non-amide analogues, C-terminal modified analogues, reverse-amide analogues, and hybrid analogues. To assess the relative iron-binding affinities of these compounds, a high-throughput spectrophotometric screening method based on competition with 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid was developed. Some of the promising candidates containing various terminal functional groups were identified and prepared on large scale to enable future studies in animal models for iron-overload diseases.     

Synthesis of novel migrastatin and dorrigocin A analogues from D-glucal

The synthesis of a range of analogues of the migrastatin macrolide core has been achieved from tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal in order to facilitate structure-activity studies. Efficient macrolactone formation was achieved in the presence of a reactive olefin, by increasing steric hindrance in the olefin environment. Acyclic analogues of migrastatin, structurally related to dorrigocin A, have also been prepared from D-glucal. The dorrigocin A analogues were prepared using the combination of the cross metathesis of ethyl 6-heptenoate with a glycal derivative and a subsequent allylic rearrangement-alkene isomerisation reaction (Perlin reaction). A synthetic route is thus provided that will enable dorrigocin A analogues to be prepared in parallel to migrastatin analogues in the search for novel anti-cancer and anti-arthritic therapeutics. Biological evaluation of one migrastatin and one dorrigocin A sugar derived analogue show that they inhibit proliferation and serum-induced migration of tumour and synovial cells at higher concentrations than evodiamine. Dorrigocin A analogues displayed similar potency to analogues of the migrastatin core.     

Syntheses, structures and reactivities of designed analogues of cobalt(III)- bleomycinsz : Insight into the mechanism of sequence-specific DNA cleavage upon illumination

Three Co (III) complexes of a designed ligand PMAH that mimics the metal-binding domain of the antitumor antibioticbleomycin (BLM) have been isolated and structurally characterized. The coordination structures of the various forms of Co(III)-BLMs have been established on the basis of spectral similarities between these synthetic analogues and the corresponding Co(III)-BLMs. All three analogues, like Co(III)-BLMs, induce DNA strand scission upon UV illumination. Both DNA cleavage and spin trapping experiments demonstrate that UV irradiation of the analogues generates a C/N-based radical on the ligand framework which rapidly reacts with water to produce -OH radical near the DNA helix and causes strand scission. A similar mechanism could account for the photoactivity of the Co(III)-BLMs. Covalent attachment of DNA-binding groups to these analogues enhances the DNA-affinities and photocleavage efficiencies to a great extent. The hybrid analogues promote sequence-specific DNA photodamage at micromolar concentrations. The metallated cores of the hybrid analogues are the primary determinant of the observed sequence-specificity. Details of the mode of binding of the hybrid analogues to DNA have been explored by NMR techniques.     

Three Efficient Methods for Preparation of Coelenterazine Analogues

The growing popularity of bioluminescent assays has highlighted the need for coelenterazine analogues possessing properties tuned for specific applications. However, the structural diversity of known coelenterazine analogues has been limited by current syntheses. Known routes for the preparation of coelenterazine analogues employ harsh reaction conditions that limit access to many substituents and functional groups. Novel synthetic routes reported here establish simple and robust methods for synthesis and investigation of structurally diverse marine luciferase substrates. Specifically, these new routes allow synthesis of coelenterazine analogues containing various heterocyclic motifs and substituted aromatic groups with diverse electronic substituents at the R² position. Interesting analogues described herein were characterized by their physicochemical properties, bioluminescent half‐life, light output, polarity and cytotoxicity. Some of the analogues represent leads that can be utilized in the development of improved bioluminescent systems.     

微波在核苷类化合物合成中的应用

核苷类化合物由于其显著的抗病毒、抗癌等生理活性而受到广泛关注. 利用微波促进核苷类化合物的合成与传统合成方法相比, 有明显的优势. 对近年来微波在核苷类化合物合成中的应用进行综述, 着重介绍了微波作用于几种重要核苷类化合物合成反应类型的研究状况.     

Role of the A-ring of bryostatin analogues in PKC binding: synthesis and initial biological evaluation of new A-ring-modified bryologs

The syntheses of three newly designed bryostatin analogues are reported. These simplified analogues, which lack the A-ring present in the natural product but possess differing groups at C9, were obtained using a divergent approach from a common intermediate. All three analogues exhibit potent, single-digit nanomolar affinity to protein kinase C.     

Synthesis and Anticholinesterase Activity of (-)-Physostigmine Analogues with Modifications at C3a and C5

A new series of physostigmine analogues 3a―3j with modifications at the C3a and C5 positions was designed and synthesized. Bioassay of the synthetic analogues 3a―3j, along with the previous synthesized C3a-ethyl-C5-triazole physostigmine analogues 1a―1g and 2a―2j was performed, which indicates that the replacement of the carbamoyl moiety of C3a-ethyl-C5-triazole analogues 1 and 2 with a triazole moiety decreased acetylcholinesterase(AchE) inhibitory activity, whereas the introduction of heterocycles into the triazole ring increased both AChE and butyrylcholinesterase(BchE) inhibitory activities. Structure-activity relationship(SAR) studies of C3a-methyl-C5-triazole analogues 3 reveal the C3a-methyl substituent is important for AChE and BChE inhibition and the introduction of a second ionizable N center improved the binding of the synthetic analogues to both AChE and BChE.     

Synthesis of disparlure analogues,using resolution on microcrystalline cellulose triacetate-I

The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, uses a chiral epoxide, (+)-(7R,8S)-2-methyl-7,8-epoxyoctadecane, (+)-disparlure, as its main sex attractant. The moths can detect both enantiomers of disparlure and respond differently to each one. In an effort to understand the structure–activity relationships of the gypsy moth olfactory system, we prepared the analogues of (+)- and (−)-disparlure. The key intermediate in route to the analogues was 2-epoxytridecan-1-ol. Herein we report the resolution of 2-epoxytridecan-1-yl esters on microcrystalline cellulose triacetate and the synthesis of 5-oxa and (5Z)-ene analogues of (+)- and (−)-disparlure. An effort to make 5-aza analogues resulted in the formation of anti-5-(1-hydroxy-1-undecyl)-3-(3-methylbutyl)oxazolidin-2-one. The analogues were tested for their electroantennogram responses and for their ability to bind to pheromone-binding protein 1 (PBP1). We found that the 5-oxa analogues gave strong responses and that the antenna and the PBP1 no longer distinguish the enantiomers of the 5-oxa analogues. The analogues all bound the PBP1 with similar affinity to (−)-disparlure.     

Dendritic cells maturation facilitated by group-adjustable lipopolysaccharide analogues synthesized via RAFT polymerization

Transforming immature DCs into mature state to activate cellular immunity is a critical step in initiating immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) can promote DCs maturation by binding receptor on DCs surface, but their clinical application is limited due to biological toxicity. Although many LPS analogues have been developed, complex synthesis and purification hinder their practical application. Here, we propose a novel and simple strategy to synthesize LPS analogues with adjustable structural units. Using monomer units similar to the key functional groups of LPS, we synthesize LPS analogues with different group ratios by RAFT polymerization. The obtained analogues have little negative effect on cell viability. Compared with LPS, the analogues show greater promoting effect on DCs maturation. And the analogues can be applied to different scenarios since the degrees of promoting DCs maturation by LPS analogues with different group ratios are different. This strategy provides a new direction for synthesizing LPS analogues, and it has the potential to produce LPS analogues on a large scale with tunable promoting DCs maturation effect.     

Synthesis and PKC binding of a new class of a-ring diversifiable bryostatin analogues utilizing a double asymmetric hydrogenation and cross-coupling strategy

The design, asymmetric synthesis, and biological evaluation of a new class of bryostatin analogues based on a pseudosymmetric spacer domain are described. An aryl bromide diversification site is incorporated allowing access to systematically varied analogues. The new analogues all exhibit potent, nanomolar affinity to PKC.     

Synthesis and evaluation of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate analogues as chelation-based inhibitors of methylerythritol phosphate synthase

[structures: see text] A series of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) analogues were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of E. coli methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) synthase. In analogues 1-4, the methyl group in DXP was replaced by hydroxyl, hydroxylamino, methoxy, and amino moieties, respectively. In analogues 5 and 6, the acetyl moiety in DXP was replaced by hydroxymethyl and aminomethyl groups. These compounds were designed to coordinate to the active site divalent metal in MEP synthase. The carboxylate (1), methyl ester (3), amide (4), and alcohol (5) analogues were inhibitors with IC50's ranging from 0.25 to 1.0 mM. The hydroxamic acid (2) and amino (6) analogues did not inhibit the enzyme.     

Graphene analogues of layered metal selenides

Graphene analogues of MoSe(2) and WSe(2) have been prepared by three different chemical methods and characterized by electron microscopy and other methods. Graphene analogues of these diselenides as well as of GaSe have also been obtained by liquid-phase exfoliation. Raman spectra of the graphene analogues show significant changes relative to those of the bulk samples.     

HPLC separation of tetracycline analogues: comparison study of laser-based polarimetric detection with UV detection

A sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method based upon laser-based polarimetric detection is developed for the determination of six tetracycline analogues. By interfacing the laser-based polarimeter online with an HPLC system, the specific rotation of each analogue is obtained as compounds elute from the separation system. The six structurally similar tetracycline analogues exhibit significant differences in specific rotations. The experiments suggest that specific rotation can be useful in identifying closely related tetracycline analogues. Linear relationships are found to be in the range of 0.342-0.0043 mg for the tetracycline analogues. Five of the six analogues exhibit excellent linearity (R(2) value >/= 0.99). The polarimetric results are compared with UV detection. The HPLC-laser-based polarimetric detection instrument is able to quantitate the studied tetracycline analogues with high precision, accuracy, and sensitivity, which make it useful for the development of a standard method for the determination of tetracyclines in biological specimens. The performance of the HPLC-polarimetric system for the analysis of tetracyclines in a biological matrix is evaluated. The selectivity of polarimetric detection provides a distinct advantage in the analysis of tetracycline analogues in milk. The HPLC-polarimetric system provides a rapid and sensitive technique that involves minimal sample cleanup and pretreatment for the analysis of tetracyclines in milk.     

Stabilization of zwitterions in solution: GABA analogues

The solution-phase structures of a number of conformationally restricted gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogues are investigated at the MP2/6-31+G* level of theory, using both explicit water molecules and the conductor-like screening solvation model (COSMO) to model solvation. GABA analogues constrained in a cis conformation by either a double bond or cyclopropane ring have the potential to attain either folded, intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded, or partially folded conformations in solution. Systems constrained in a cis conformation by a cyclopentane or cyclopentene ring are more conformationally restricted and exist only in a folded, intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded form. GABA analogues constrained in a trans conformation by either a double bond or cyclopropane ring have the potential to adopt either partially folded or fully extended conformations in solution. Due to a lack of conformational flexibility, analogues that are constrained in a trans conformation by a cyclopentane or cyclopentene ring attain only partially folded conformations. Like GABA, conformationally flexible GABA analogues possess a large number of stable rotamers, and may exist in any or all of these conformations in aqueous solution. The structures of these analogues provide an essential foundation for subsequent structure-activity analysis of ligand binding at GABA receptors and transporters. This work is therefore expected to facilitate the design and development of new biologically active GABA analogues to treat GABA-related neurological disorders.     

L-核苷类抗HIV、HBV活性化合物研究进展

抗病毒新试剂的不断涌现,为HIV、HBV感染者的临床治疗提供了有效的方法.在抗病毒试剂中,核苷类化合物占据了十分重要的地位.本文阐述了核苷类化合物抗病毒的作用机理,介绍了L型核苷的发展历史及一些新型具有抗HIV、HBV生物活性的L型核苷类化合物的分类.同时,通过对一些新型具有抗HIV、HBV生物活性的核苷类化合物如BCH、FTC、OddC、d4A、Fd4C等,D型和L型不同对映异构体抗病毒活性及生物毒性的对比发现,L型异构体比其相应的D型异构体具有抗病毒活性更高、生物毒性更低的特点.药物化学家们对此产生了极大的兴趣,进一步开展了新型L型核苷类化合物设计、合成的相关研究,以便筛选出更安全有效的抗病毒试剂.     

Computational investigation into the fluorescence of luciferin analogues

Luciferin analogues that display bioluminescence at specific wavelengths can broaden the scope of imaging and biological assays, but the need to design and synthesize many new analogues can be time-consuming. Employing a collection of previously synthesized and characterized aminoluciferin analogues, we demonstrate that computational TD-DFT methods can accurately reproduce and further explain the experimentally measured fluorescence wavelengths. The best computational approach yields a correlation with experiment of r = 0.98, which we expect to guide and accelerate the further development of luciferin analogues. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Synthesis of monofluorinated analogues of lysophosphatidic acid

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA, 1- or 2-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate) displays an intriguing cell biology that is mediated via interactions both with G-protein coupled seven transmembrane receptors and with the nuclear hormone receptor PPARgamma. Synthesis and biological activities of fluorinated analogues of LPA are still relatively unknown. In an effort to identify receptor-selective LPA analogues and to document in detail the structure-activity relationships of fluorinated LPA isosteres, we describe a series of monofluorinated LPA analogues in which either the sn-1 or the sn-2 hydroxy group was replaced by fluorine, or the bridging oxygen in the monophosphate was replaced by an alpha-monofluoromethylene (-CHF-) moiety. The sn-1 or sn-2 monofluorinated LPA analogues were enantiospecifically prepared from chiral protected glycerol synthons, and the alpha-monofluoromethylene-substituted LPA analogues were prepared from a racemic epoxide with use of a hydrolytic kinetic resolution. The sn-2 and sn-1 fluoro LPA analogues were unable to undergo acyl migration, effectively "freezing" them in the sn-1-O-acyl or sn-2-O-acyl forms, respectively. The alpha-monofluoromethylene LPA analogues were unique new nonhydrolyzable ligands with surprising enantiospecific and receptor-specific biological readouts, with one compound showing a 1000-fold higher activity than native LPA for one receptor subtype.     

胰高血糖素样肽-1类似物的合成及其生物学活性研究

通过改变胰高血糖素样肽-1 (GLP-1)易被酶水解部位, 采用Fmoc/t-Bu正交保护固相合成策略, 并运用微波照射促进高效快速地合成了抗二肽基肽酶IV (DPP IV)的GLP-1类似物, 最后经过反相制备高效液相系统纯化得到目标多肽纯品. 生物学活性研究结果显示, 改造后的GLP-1类似物能有效抵抗DPP IV的水解, 并且有很好的降血糖活性. 所合成的GLP-1及其类似物的分子量和纯度均经过电喷雾质谱和高效液相确证.