煤-焦炉气共热解半焦燃烧动力学特性研究──燃烧模型的建立及其表观活化能动态描述

采用热重分析方法（ＴＧＡ）对煤－焦炉气共热解半焦燃烧动力学特性进行研究,建立了半焦燃烧动力学模型,采用新的数学处理方法,实现了表观活化能在半焦燃烧过程中的动态描述及平均表观活化能的求取。分析结果表明,表观活化能在半焦燃烧过程中呈“两头高、中间低”的“钟”型动态分布,其变化范围为：４７～９５ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ,其中主要燃烧失重阶段（转化率为２０％～８０％）的表观活化能较低且变化幅度较小,约为４７～６０ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ,在燃烧转化率为４０％左右出现最低活化能约４７ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ。同一半焦燃烧过程中,表观活化能与燃烧速率动态分布具有良好的对应关系,即较大燃烧速率对应着较低表观活化能,这说明表观活化能的大小直接体现了半焦燃烧反应活性的高低     

Pt／NM,Pd／NM催化剂上甲苯深度氧化反应动力学

在氧气过量的条件下，考察了Ｐｔ／ＮＭ、Ｐｄ／ＮＭ催化剂上甲苯深度氧化反应动力学及反应活性。Ｐｔ／ＮＭ催化剂对甲苯的氢化活性高于Ｐｄ／ＮＭ，深度氧化反应服从反应物强吸附双分子反应Ｌｔａｎｇｍｕｉｒ－Ｈｉｎｓｈｅｌｗｏｏｄ机理，其动力学方程为：相应的动力学参数，Ｐｔ／ＮＭ为：活化能△Ｅ＝４９．９ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ，吸附热Ｑ＝－２９．６ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ；Ｐｄ／ＮＭ为：△Ｅ＝９４．２ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ，Ｑ＝－１９．１ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ．     

生物质热解、加氢热解及其与煤共热解的热重研究

在加压热天平上用非等温热重法进行生物质（锯末、稻壳）在Ｎ２气氛下的热解和加氢热解研究。考察了升温速率（５～２５℃／ｍｉｎ）和压力（０．１～７ＭＰａ）的影响，求取了热解动力学参数，并研究了生物质与煤在常压Ｎ２气下的共热解过程。研究结果表明：生物质在４００℃左右即完成热解反应，总失重率大于７０％（Ｗ％，ｄａｆ．），热解时仅一个峰位于３００℃左右；与煤热解行为相同，随升温速率及压力的升高，转化率下降，ＤＴＧ峰移向高温，但由于热解反应在较低温度下进行，氧气的存在对生物质热解ＴＧ和ＤＴＧ的影响远小于煤热解。证明生物质热解以其内部氢对自由基的饱和及分子重排反应为主。生物质热解可用一级反应动力学处理，主要热解阶段及表现活化能分别为：锯末，２６７～３１４℃，６９．６６ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ；稻壳，２８３～３１０℃，５３．４５ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ；生物质由于与煤的热分解温度相差很大，因而在其共热解过程中无协同作用。     

煤液化重质产物压力流体萃取过程的研究 Ⅰ.萃取物料和溶剂的选择

实验室研究结果表明,压力流体萃取是从煤液中分离矿物质和回收低挥发度煤衍生液体产物的有效技术。在萃取氢-煤法减压蒸馏釜液或水力旋风分离器底流物时,这些重质物料可分离成灰分在0.05%以下的低灰液体产品和灰分达60%以上的富灰残渣。以溶剂精炼煤法所得的滤料作为萃取原料时,也得到了良好的结果。分别采用正壬烷、甲苯,乙苯、对二甲苯、四氢呋喃、对甲酚和吡啶作为压力流体萃取用的溶剂,在100大气压和350℃条件下萃取时,上述溶剂中芳香烃是适宜的溶剂。用甲苯、乙苯或对二甲苯萃取时,萃取物收率均非常接近于用吡啶的萃取物收率,而且比用相应溶剂在索氏萃取器中所得为高。可以设想,在压力流体萃取过程中,有一部分甲苯不溶物转化成甲苯可溶物。     

脱水KFI沸石中钾离子分布的模拟退火研究

基于四个固定的参量设值：阳离子位能差ＥＭ２－ＥＭ１＝２５．５０ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ、ＥＭ３－ＥＭ１＝－１０．７３ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ和最近邻阳离子对互作用能Ｗ１２＝４５．６ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ、Ｗ１４＝０．５６ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ以及一个温度依赖的参量ＥＭ４－ＥＭ１＝２．６８（Ｔ／３２３）２．５ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ，以能量极小原则，通过模拟退火优化途径研究了ＫＫＦＩ（Ｋ２２．４Ａｌ２２．４Ｓｉ７３．６Ｏ１９２）沸石分子筛中钾离子在四个结晶学不等价可交换阳离子位（Ｍ１－４）上分布的温度依赖。理论预测的阳离子位占据率Ｐｉ（ｉ＝１～４）在Ｔ＝３２３～９２３Ｋ温域与高温ＸＲＤ实验分析数据相符。     

交换镧离子NaA,NaX,NaY型分子筛的交流电导

用Ｘ射线衍射、原子吸收光谱法、差热热重分析、化学分析等方法测定了交换Ｌａ３＋前后ＮａＡ、ＮａＸ、ＮａＹ型分子筛的物相及组成．测量了其在－４０～８０℃的离子电导率，由电导率随温度的变化得到电导活化能分别为５４．９，３８．８和４９．６ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ，适度交换Ｌａ３＋的ＬａＮａＡ、ＬａＮａＸ、ＬａＮａＹ的电导表观活化能可分别降低至３４．６、２７．９和４１．３ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ．讨论了Ｎａ＋扩散迁移与分子筛的骨架结构、硅铝比、单位晶胞中Ｎａ＋数目的关系，以及交换Ｌａ３＋对分子筛骨架结构中Ｎａ＋扩散迁移的影响．     

用ab initio方法研究NaN_3的几何构型、电子结构和热力学、动力学性质

用ａｂｉｎｉｔｉｏＭＯ方法，在ＭＰ２（ｆｕｌ）／６３１１Ｇ水平下，全优化计算了叠氮化钠（ＮａＮ３）分子的线状和环状两种稳定构型及其转化过渡态的几何参数、电荷分布、分子总能量和振动频率，并研究了它们的热力学性质及转化速率常数和平衡常数．结果表明，线状比环状构型稍稳定（能量低６．０４ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ）；两者相互转化的能垒分别为１３．１５ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ（线型→环状）和７．１１ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ（环状→线型）．热力学和动力学计算均表明：ＮａＮ３通常主要以线型结构存在（占８５％以上），且随温度升高而增多（在１０００Ｋ大于９１％）．     

油页岩燃烧释放二氧化硫的本征动力学和机理

将油页岩通过酸处理和低温灰化，获得高纯度的有机质和矿物质，利用程序升温装置与二氧化硫在线分析仪，在升温速率为５℃／ｍｉｎ的条件下，分别研究了在燃烧过程中茂名油页岩及其有机质与矿物质释放二氧化硫的本征动力学。结果表明，有机硫释放二氧化硫的温度范围为２１０～４７０℃，按两段处理得到的动力学参数为：反应级数皆为１，在２１０～３４０℃，活化能Ｅ＝７６．１８ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ，频率因子Ａ＝９．９１×１０￣３ｓ￣（－１），在３４０～４７０℃，Ｅ＝１５４．７０ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ，Ａ＝７．８５×１０￣８ｓ￣（－１）ＭＰａ￣（－１）；黄铁矿硫释放二氧化硫的温度范围为２９０～５１０℃，动力学参数为Ｅ＝１９９．１０ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ，Ａ＝４．３０×１０￣（１１）ｓ￣（－１）ＭＰａ￣（－１），ｎ＝１．４。文中对油页岩中硫的燃烧转化机理进行了初步探讨。     

非绝热电子转移动力学模型及O_2O_2~－→O_2~－O_2研究

描述非绝热电子转移的半经典模型，揭示了对称双势阱非绝热电子转移的过渡态能垒与Ａｒｒｈｅｎｉｕｓ活化能关系的一些新特征。在４－３１Ｇ加负离子ｓｐ弥散函数水平上优化了共线反应的反应物、络合物和过渡态的构型，成功地进行了电子定域ＵＨＦ诱导自洽场计算，获得电子转移矩阵元ＶＡＢ为７．ＯｋＪ／ｍｏｌ，活化能垒Ｅｃ为２８．４ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ，３００Ｋ时反应速率常数ｋ为９．２×１０８／ｓ，讨论了理论模型及计算结果。     

Pd（Ⅱ）与α－氨基肟配体PnAO配位反应的动力学研究

本文用紫外可见分光光度法研究了Ｐｄ（Ⅱ）与ＰｎＡＯ生成配合物的反应动力学，测得了几个温度下的反应表观速率常数，提出了一个由螯合作用促进的多步反应机理，计算求得了速率控制步骤的反应速率常数和该步的活化参数，△Ｈ≠＝５７．５７ｋＪ·ｍｏｌ－１，△Ｓ≠＝－３４．２４Ｊ·ｍｏｌ－１·Ｋ－１。讨论了介质酸度和离子强度对反应速率的影响．     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Copper catalyzed/mediated synthetic methodology for ebselen and related isoselenazolones

Scope of the copper catalyzed/mediated selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been studied for the synthesis of isoselenazolones. It is noticed that the 2-chloro, 2-bromo-, and 2-iodo-aryl amides substrates can be exploited in the selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction by employing 25-100 mol % of CuI/1,10-phenanthroline (L) and potassium carbonate as a base in DMF. Furthermore, electron rich 2-chloro-arylamides also underwent selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction to give biologically important selenium-nitrogen heterocycles. Also, copper-catalyzed selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been meticulously applied for the synthesis of diaryl diselenides having methoxy, amine, and amide functionality from respective aryl iodides in the presence of stoichiometric amount of succinimide as an external Se-N coupling partner.     

Knoevenagel condensation catalyzed by novel Nmm-based ionic liquids in water

A series of novel N-methyl morpholine (Nmm) based ionic liquids with 1,2-propanediol group were synthesized and used as catalysts for Knoevenagel condensation at room temperature in water. Under the effect of the catalyst, various aldehydes or aliphatic ketones could react with a wide range of activated methylene compounds well, including malononitrile, alkyl cyanoacetate, cyanoacetamide, β-diketone, barbituric acid, 2-arylacetonitrile and thiazolidinedione. Furthermore, most of the products could be separated just by filtrating and washing with water. Additionally, the catalyst is recyclable and applicable for the large-scale synthesis.     

Construction of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives via sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction

A series of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives were obtained in moderate to excellent yields via a catalyst-free sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 under mild conditions. We also present the first asymmetric sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 with moderate to good enantioselectivities catalyzed by readily available chiral phase-transfer catalysts (PTCs).     

Suzuki-Miyaura reactions of the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor NS2028: a non-product specific route to C-8 substituted analogues

Both soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitors ODQ 1 and NS2028 2 are synthesized via improved protocols. In the former case treating 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one oxime 8, which can be prepared in two steps from 1,2-benzenediamine, with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) gives the dihydro-ODQ 10 that in the presence of KMnO₄ oxidises to give ODQ 1 in an overall yield of 46% starting from 1,2-benzenediamine. In the latter case, the synthesis affords NS2028 2 from 2-amino-4-bromophenol 3 in three steps with an overall yield of 85% and avoids the need for chromatography. Furthermore, Suzuki-Miyaura reaction conditions are described that enable the preparation of 8-aryl and 8-heteroaryl derivatives of NS2028 directly from NS2028 2. Finally, demethylation of the 8-(methoxyphenyl) substituted analogues afforded the 8-(hydroxyphenyl) derivatives 40-42. All new products are fully characterised.