煤的超临界醇萃取脱硫：Ⅰ.间歇式反应器实验结果

本文采用１００ｍｌ间歇式反应器对难脱硫的高变质焦煤进行了超临界醇萃取脱硫的研究。考察了反应温度、萃取时间、醇／煤比对脱硫的影响，并研究了有机硫煤样的脱除规律，比较了甲醇、乙醇脱硫效果的差异。结果表明：随反应温度的升高，脱硫率增加，在４００℃，５０ｍｉｎ时发生硫的再吸收而导致脱硫率下降；随醇／煤比增加脱硫率上升，其主要原因是醇／煤比增大有利于化学键的断裂。从脱除有机硫的角度而言，没有必要先用ＨＮＯ＿３处理煤样；甲醇、乙醇的脱硫效果相差不大，气相产物中ＣＨ＿４、Ｃ＿２Ｈ＿６的含量取决于所使用溶剂的种类。     

超声波强化四氯乙烯溶剂法脱除煤中有机硫的研究

研究了超声波辐射强化四氯乙烯溶剂萃取法脱除煤炭有机硫的技术。采用单因子法考察了煤的粒度、煤浆浓度、超声辐射萃取反应温度、超声辐射萃取反应时间、超声辐射功率等因素对脱硫率的影响，优选出了超声辐射四氯乙烯溶剂萃取法脱除煤样中有机硫的最佳工艺条件为：用四氯乙烯作溶剂，环境压力下，煤浆浓度为10mL/g、煤粒度为0．074mm、萃取反应时间120min，萃取反应温度90℃，超声辐射功率500W，超声辐射频率40kHZ,煤样有机硫的脱硫率可达到59．1％。研究结果表明：超声波辐射下四氯乙烯溶剂萃取是脱除煤中有机硫的一种有效方法。与四氯乙烯溶剂萃取法相比，能够显著的缩短反应时间，提高脱硫率。     

煤的超临界醇萃取脱硫：Ⅱ.碱处理及溶剂组成的影响

在半连续和间歇式反应器中考察了不同的碱处理方式和溶剂组成对煤脱硫的影响。半连续实验结果表明，用浸泡法处理煤样时随碱浓度的增加，脱硫率增加，但当碱浓度大于１０％，浸泡时间超过３０ｍｉｎ后，脱硫率又下降。用醇碱液作为萃取溶剂可明显地提高脱硫率，最高为５９．６％。改变溶剂组成并不能显著地影响脱硫率，当甲醇／水＝１∶１（摩尔）时，有机硫的脱除率最大（３２．９％。间歇釜实验结果证实，当碱／煤比大于０．５后，     

氯化铜-四氯乙烯复合脱除煤中有机硫的研究

通过正交实验确定了用氯化铜-四氯乙烯复合脱除煤中有机硫的最佳条件，研究了脱硫条件对有机硫脱除率的影响，考察了使用复合法脱硫对煤质的影响。研究结果表明：用氯化铜-四氯乙烯复合脱除煤中有机硫效果较好，反应条件温和；最佳脱硫条件是：用四氯乙烯为有机溶剂，煤的粒度为0.076 mm,反应时间为120 min，反应温度为120 ℃，煤浆浓度为0.067 g/mL，在此条件下，脱硫率最高达43%；有机硫脱除率随着煤的粒度的减小而增大，随着反应时间、反应温度、煤浆浓度的增加先增大，达到一定程度后，其变化不再明显，甚至降低；脱硫后，煤的结构基本未发生变化，发热量损失较少。     

氧化性气氛下流化床中煤的热解脱硫及硫的分布

兖州（YZ）原煤，在氧气体积分数为3.0%、5.6%、8.7%，热解温度400℃～800℃, 热解停留30min，在流化床反应器中进行了热解脱硫实验。结果表明，兖州煤在3.0%O2，600℃时的脱硫效果最佳，可达70%；此时的黄铁矿硫全部脱除，而有机硫也可脱除60%以上。而相同温度惰性气氛下的总硫和有机硫的脱除率则分别为25%和15%。在氧化性气氛下，脱除的硫主要分布在焦油中；随着氧气体积分数的提高，半焦收率下降的很快，下降幅度要比脱硫率的增加幅度大。因此，氧气体积分数过高，在选择性断裂C—S键的同时，也使C—C键发生了断裂。     

煤在合成气、氢气和氮气气氛下的热解研究

采用固定床反应器，在合成气气氛下对中国寻甸褐煤、蒙古Shiveeovoo褐煤和Khoot油页岩进行了热解研究。升温速率10 ℃/min，褐煤热解温度400 ℃～800 ℃，油页岩热解温度300 ℃~600 ℃，研究结果与氢气和氮气气氛下的热解进行了比较。结果表明,与加压热解不同，褐煤在不同气氛下常压热解半焦和焦油收率差别不大，但对油页岩，合成气和氢气气氛下热解焦油收率高于氮气，气体收率低于氮气。黄铁矿硫在不同气氛下热解均极易脱除，并部分转化为有机硫。油页岩的总硫脱除率远低于褐煤，与油页岩的高灰分含量有关。与氮气甚至氢气相比，合成气下寻甸褐煤的高总硫脱除率和低有机硫含量与合成气中的CO有关。但CO在油页岩热解脱硫中不起作用，也与油页岩高灰分含量有关。研究结果也表明合成气可代替氢气进行加氢热解。     

金属盐对轻质油品氧化脱硫效果的影响

过氧化氢与低分子醛的氧化体系可以氧化脱除轻质油品中的部分硫,金属盐作为助剂有利于提高油品的脱硫率,尤其对硫醇硫和硫醚硫的脱除。以氧化法分别对三种类型硫-硫醇硫、硫醚硫和噻吩硫的模拟轻质油品进行脱硫实验,并考察四种不同金属盐的助脱硫效果,研究发现助剂SnCl4的作用最为显著。本文还考察了助剂的不同加入比例对脱硫率的影响,结果表明,硫醚硫的脱硫率与SnCl4加入量的大小正比关系比较明显;硫醇硫仅表现于脱臭率的增加;噻吩的硫原子参与芳香环共轭,与金属离子较难络合,因此助剂的加入对其脱除并没有明显效果。     

原煤低温氧化预脱硫的实验研究

采用三种高硫煤，在固定床反应器中考察了原煤在空气、空气水蒸气和空气氮气气氛下低温氧化预脱硫过程的影响因素，包括煤种（总硫含量、形态硫分布和挥发分含量）和化学反应条件（温度、停留时间）。脱硫前后的样品中硫及硫形态、热值、工业分析和元素分析依据国际进行测定。实验结果表明硫及碳质的氧化在开始阶段以不同的速率析出，随后反应中差别减小；黄铁矿硫可得到高的脱除率；水蒸气适当比例的加入可以增加黄铁矿的脱除，同时降低碳的转化和热量的损失；而氮气的加入在降低碳和热量的损失外，降低了硫的脱除。     

煤的超临界醇萃取脱硫：Ⅲ.形态硫的变化

本文分别应用Ｍｏｓｓｂａｕｅｒ谱和ＸＰＳ（Ｘ射线光电子能谱）技术考察不同反应 条件下固体产物中的无机硫和有机硫的形态变化，结果表明；在超临界醇萃取脱硫过程中，黄铁矿硫的转化反应如下：ＦｅＳ２－ＦｅＳ＋Ｆｅ１－ｘＳ，，转化的数量和深度主要取决于反应温度。２７５℃时磁黄铁矿（Ｆｅ１－ｘＳ）形式为ＦｅＳ１．１０１，４５０℃时为ＦｅＳ１．０８５；有机硫基团中ＰｈＳＨ ，Ｐｈ２Ｓ和四氢噻吩较易脱除，Ｐｈ２Ｓ     

煤气部分返回炼焦过程焦炭脱硫

将半焦中的硫区分为无机硫和有机硫，在不同气氛和温度下进行脱硫实验；计算煤气返回对焦炉温度的影响和模拟炼焦过程返回煤气在炭化室的分布。结果表明：增加氢气浓度对有机硫和无机硫的脱除都有利，但是温度升高并不总是有利于脱硫；氢气脱硫效果要好于甲烷和一氧化碳；指出了炼焦后期在焦炉煤气返回之前预热煤气可以减少对炉温的影响，但是煤气的预热温度不能太高，否则甲烷裂解容易堵塞管道；煤气的最佳返回时机是在焦炭中孔隙分布较为均匀之时。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.