Kinetic conversion of complex hydrocarbon mixtures in reforming on platinum/alumina catalysts

General forms of the kinetic equations for the conversion of various hydrocarbons in reforming of multicomponent gasoline fractions on platinum/alumina catalysts have been confirmed experimentally by using a gradientless method.

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Specificity of hydrogen adsorption on chromia-supported platinum group metal catalysts

Hydrogen adsorption on chromia supported Pd, Rh and Pt was studied under various pretreatment conditions. The reduction temperature influences strongly the hydrogen uptake for all these metals. Platinum supported on chromia shows an unusually high hydrogen adsorption stoichiometry.

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Pd, Rh Pt, Cr₂O₃, . , . Cr₂O₃ .

     

Competitive hydrogenation of binary olefin mixtures in the liquid phase

The effect of a series of alcohol solvents on the selectivity of the competitive catalytic hydrogenation of 1-hexene and 2-methyl-3-butene-2-ol on Pt/SiO₂ catalyst has been investigated. With increasing molecular mass of the alcohol, the rate of hydrogenation of 1-hexene becomes relatively preferred; the same was observed also with branched alcohols compared with those having a straight chain. Systems were found in which the degree of coating of the platinum catalyst with copper affected (or did not affect) the selectivity of the competitive hydrogenation of pairs of olefinic substrates.

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— — 1- 2--3--2- Pt/SiO₂ . 1-, . , ( ) .

     

Thermal Investigation of 1,2-propanediamine complexes of nickel(II) in the solid phase

Thermal studies have been carried out on [NiL₃]X₂·n H₂O, whereL=1,2-propanediamine;X=Cl^–, Br^–, SCN^–, 1/2SO ₄ ^2– and 1/2 SeO ₄ ^2– ; andn= 2, 1.5 and 0. [Ni₂L₅(NCS)₂](SCN)₂ and [NiL₂SO₄] have been synthesized pyrolytically in the solid-state from their mother diamine complexes. The deaquation behaviour of [NiL₃]SO₄·2 H₂O appears interesting, and its monohydrate undergoes a solid-state reaction (88–102°) without mass loss, showing an exothermic peak at 95 °C (H=– 5.1 kJ mole^–1).

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Zusammenfassung Thermische Untersuchungen wurden an [NiL₃]X₂,n H₂O ausgeführt, wobeiL-1,2-Propandiamin;X=Cl^–, Br^–, SCN^–, 1/2 SO ₄ ^2– und 1/2 SeO ₄ ^2– ;n=2, 1.5 und 0. [Ni₂Ls(NCS)₂](SCN)₂ und [NiL₂SO₄] wurden ausgehend von den entsprechenden Diaminkomplexen pyrolytisch im festen Zustand synthetisiert. Das Dehydratisierungsverhalten von [NiL₃]SO₄·2 H₂O scheint interessant zu sein, und beim entsprechenden Monohydrat wird eine ohne Massenverlust verlaufende Festkörperreaktion (88–102°) beobachtet, die sich durch einen exothermen Peak bei 95 °C (H=– 5.1 kJ mol^–1) zu erkennen gibt.

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[N³L₃]₂· n₂O, L=1,2-,=l^–, Br^–, SCN^–, 1/2 SO ₄ ^2- , 1/2SeO ₄ ^2- , an=2, 1.5 0. [Ni₂L₅(NCS)₂](SCN)₂ [NiL₂SO₄] . [N³L₃]S₄·2 ₂ , 88–102° , 95 ° =– 5.1 ·^–1.

     

Selective hydrogenation of cyclopentadiene in the liquid phase on palladium catalysts

The catalytic hydrogenation of cyclopentadiene to cyclopentene was investigated under atmospheric pressure and 20°C in liquid phase with palladium carrier catalysts. The reaction was carried out in methanol and toluene in the presence of n-octylcatechol as a polymerization inhibitor. Using 0.56% Pd/Al₂ O₃, a 100% selectivity of the hydrogenation of cyclopentadiene to cyclopentene was achieved in toluene. In methanol, the selectivity of hydrogenation was lower and a partial polymerization of cyclopentadiene took place.

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20° C Pd- . -. 0,56% Pd/Al₂ O₃ 100%. , .

     

Catalytic action of cation-substituted forms of oxidized charcoal in the liquid phase oxidation of cumene

The catalytic properties of cation-substituted forms of oxidized charcoal in the liquid-phase oxidation of cumene have been investigated. It has been shown that oxidized charcoal inhibits, and its salt forms catalyze the reaction. The catalytic activities of ion-substituted charcoals depend on both the nature of the metal and the amount of supported ions.

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. , , — . , .

     

Spectroscopic studies of the state of Cu2+ ions in Cu?Zn?Al oxide catalysts

ESR and electronic spectroscopy have reveled that in low-temperature ZnO the copper ions form Cu–O–Cu type cluster structures with highly covalent bonds and strong exchange interaction between the ions. The nearer environment of the Cu²⁺ ions is an octahedron with distortion towards square planar coordination.

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, ZnO Cu–O–Cu . Cu²⁺- , .

     

Thermal behaviour of some new hydrazinium fluorometallates

Three new hydrazinium(1+) fluoro complexes, N₂H₅AsF₆, (N₂H₅)₂ZrF₆ and (N₂H₅)₂HfF₆, were prepared and characterized by means of chemical analysis, IR and Raman spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. Study of their thermal behaviour via TG, DTG and DTA measurements showed that they decompose in stages; the decomposition of N₂H₅AsF₆ proceeded in two steps, through the intermediate NH₄AsF₆; (N₂H₅)₂ZrF₆. Decomposed in three steps, through (NH₄)₂ZrF₆ and NH₄ZrF₅. The thermal decomposition of (N₂H₅)₂HfF₆ is more complex; in the first step (NH₄)₂HfF₆ with some N₂H₅HfF₅ was obtained, and in the second NH₄HfF₅. The intermediates were identified by means of chemical analysis and vibrational spectroscopy.

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Zusammenfassung Die Hydrazinium(1+)-fluorokomplexe N₂H₅AsF₆, (N₂H₅)₂ZrF₆ und (N₂H₅)₂HfF₆ wurden dargestellt und durch chemische Analyse, IR- und Ramanspektren sowie Röntgenbeugungsdiagramme charakterisiert. Die Untersuchung ihres thermischen Verhaltens durch simultane TG-DTG-DTA-Messungen zeigte, dass sie sich schrittweise zersetzen: N₂H₅AsF₆ zersetzt sich in 2 Stufen mit NH₄AsF₆ als Zwischenprodukt; (N₂H₅)₂ZrF₆ zersetzt sich in 3 Stufen über (NH₄)₂ZrF₆ und NH₄ZrF₅. Die thermische Zersetzung von (N₂H₅)₂HfF₆ ist komplizierter, der erste Schritt liefert (NH₄)₂HfF₆ mit wenig N₂H₅HfF₅, der zweite NH₄HfF₅. Die Zwischenprodukte wurden durch chemische Analyse und Schwingungsspektroskopie identifiziert.

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N₂H₅AsF₆, (N₂H₅)₂ZrF₆ (N₂H₅)₂HfF₆, - , ., , . , N₂H₅AsF₆ NH₄AsF₆, (N₂H₅)₂ZrF₆ — (NH₄)₂ZrF₆ NH₄ZrF₅. (N₂H₅)₂HfF₆ : (NH₄)₂HfF₆ N₂H₅HfF₅, NH₄HfF₅. .

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We thank Miss B. Sedej for chemical analysis. The work was financed through the Research Community of Slovenia.     

CeO2-supported nickel catalysts. Evidence of a strong metal-support ineraction

An increase of the reduction temperature of a Ni/CeO₂ solid results in a continuous decrease of the catalytic activity toward C₂H₆ hydrogenolysis and of the quantity of adsorbed H₂. O₂ treatments with subsequent reduction at low temperature restore a part of the initial properties. This behavior, typical of a strong metal support interaction, is similar to that of Ni/TiO₂, Ni/SiO₂ and Ni/ZrO₂ solids and shows that the SMSI phenomenon is general.

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Ni/CeO₂ C₂H₆ H₂. . , (), Ni/TiO₂, Ni/SiO₂ Ni/ZrO₂ , .

     

A Thermal study of the precipitates formed in ammonia neutralization of acidic solutions of dissolved phlogopite

The precipitates containing mainly iron, aluminium and magnesium hydroxides, obtained from phlogopite dissolved in nitric acid by means of the neutralization procedure with ammonia, have been investigated by thermal analysis (TG, DTG and DTA). According to the present study, which is part of a larger investigation into the chemical utilization of Finnish mica minerals, the formation of solid solutions between iron and aluminium hydroxides in silt increases with an increasing neutralization temperature. Nitrogen exists mainly in the form of nitrate in silts, and magnesium forms mixed hydroxides with aluminium, which causes a separation between the iron hydroxide and magnesium aluminium hydroxide phases.

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Zusammenfassung Die von in Salpetersäure gelöstem Phlogopit durch Neutralisierung mit Ammoniak erhaltenen, hauptsächlich Eisen-, Aluminium- und Magnesiumhydroxid enthaltenden Niederschläge wurden thermoanalytisch (TG, DTG und DTA) untersucht. In der vorliegenden Arbeit, die Teil einer grossangelegten Untersuchung zur chemischen Nutzung finnischer Glimmermineralien ist, wird gezeigt, dass die Bildung fester Lösungen von Eisen- und Aluminiumhydroxiden in Schluff mit zunehmender Neutralisationstemperatur ansteigt. Stickstoff kommt in Schluff hauptsächlich in Form von Nitraten vor, und Magnesium bildet Mischhydroxide mit Aluminium, was eine Trennung der Eisenhydroxidphase von der Magnesium-Aluminium-Hydroxidphase bewirkt.

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, , , . . , , . , , , , .

     

Physical properties of the catalyst used for partial oxidation of anthracene to anthraquinone. II. Electron paramagnetic resonance study

Electron paramagnetic resonance studies on intermediates and final active catalyst material used for partial oxidation of anthracene to anthraquinone are reported.

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, .

     

Gas phase thermolysis of cyclohexyl thiol

The pyrolysis of cyclohexyl thiol has been studied in a static system at subambient pressures in the temperature range 420–497°C. It is proposed that in the presence of a large excess of cyclohexene the mechanism is a radical non-chain process.

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, , 420–497°C. , .

     

Calculation of recombination rate constants in (H2?O2) system

Rate constants of the three-body recombination for the elementary three-molecule stages in hydrogen oxydation have been calculated.

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, .

     

Promotive effect of H2S for hydrocarbon conversions over Na zeolites

H₂S promotes remarkably the catalytic cracking of n-butane and the isomerization of cyclopropane over various Na zeolites, presumably because of the formation of new Brönsted acid sites on catalyst surface.

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H₂S - Na-, , .

     

Catalytic activity of high-silicon TsVK and Y type zeolites

Conversion of paraffins on TsVK and Y zeolites follow a similar mechanism yielding the same intermediates. Low selectivity of Y zeolites with respect to aromatic hydrocarbons is attributed to the strong adsorption of these hydrocarbons on zeolites. It is assumed that the centers of strong adsorption are Al³⁺ ions in cationic positions in zeolite.

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, . . , Al³⁺ .

     

Steady conduction of heat in prolate spheroidal systems

The steady local temperature distribution has been determined for arbitrary prolate spheroidal systems with various boundary conditions. The temperature was derived for all possible systems, such as when the temperature was kept constant on the hyperbolic surfaces and variable on the prolate spheroidal surfaces, and vice versa. In'the latter case, roots with respect to the degree of the associated Legendre function for arguments larger than unity had to be determined. Some of the presented solutions have been evaluated numerically, and the isothermal surfaces have been presented.

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Zusammenfassung Für beliebig ausgedehnte sphäroide Systeme wurde mit verschiedenen Randbedingungen eine stationäre lokale Temperaturverteilung ermittelt. Die Temperatur wurde für alle möglichen Fälle ermittelt, so auch für den Fall, in dem die Temperatur an der Hyperbeloberfläche konstant gehalten und an den ausgedehnten sphäroiden Flächen veränderlich ist bzw. umgekehrt. Für letzteren Fall mußten für Argumente größer als eins Wurzeln betreffs des Grades der zugehörigen Legendre Funktion ermittelt werden. Einige der dargestellten Lösungen wurden numerisch ermittelt und die isothermen Flächen dargestellt.

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. , . , . .

     

Activation of magnesia by hydrogen spillover

Magnesia aerogel activated by hydrogen spillover at 430 °C or at 200 °C becomes a catalyst for the hydrogenation of ethylene. This catalytic activity, observed already at 50 °C, is further enhanced by a treatment in oxygen at 430 °C.

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, 430 200°C, . 50°C 430°C.

     

Stability and intermediate phase formation

A close relation between thermal data and the thermodynamic stability of intermetallic compounds is pointed out. Several series of intermediate phases formed by metals of theA and transition groups with elements of groups IB to IVB have been considered. The dependence of the thermal and thermodynamic stabilities on the atomic size, the electronic configuration, the electronegativity and the melting temperature of the component is discussed.

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Zusammenfassung Es wird auf eine enge Beziehung zwischen thermischen Daten und der thermischen Stabilität von intermetallischen Verbindungen hingewiesen. Verschiedene Serien von intermediären Phasen der Metalle der A- oder Übergangsgruppen mit den Elementen der Gruppen IB bis IVB werden in Betracht genommen. Die Abhängigkeit der thermischen und thermodynamischen Stabilität von der Atomgröße, der Elektronenkonfiguration, der Elektronegativität und dem Schmelzpunkt der Metallkomponenten wird diskutiert.

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. , IB–IVB. , , .

     

Ru(III) catalyzed oxidation of some aliphatic alcohols by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS). A kinetic study

Kinetics of Ru(III) catalyzed oxidation of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, isopropanol and iso-butanol by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in the presence of Hg(II) acetate have been studied in acid medium. The oxidation exhibits a fractional order in [alcohol] and first order in [NBS]. The applicability of Taft's equation was tested. The probable mechanism is discussed.

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, , -, -, - () Hg(II), Ru(III), . . . .

     

Evaluation of quantum yields in the presence of an absorbing additive

A method is proposed for the evaluation of quantum yields of photochemical reactions studied in the presence of absorbing additives using cylindrical sample tubes.

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