链段相容性对聚酯-聚醚多嵌段共聚物组成均一性的影响

<正> 由结晶型芳族聚酯为硬链段,无定型脂肪族聚醚为软链段的聚酯-聚醚多嵌段共聚物,是一类性能优良的热塑弹性体,本文研究链段相容性对这类聚合物组成均一性的影响,因此,合成了一系列不同链段结构的聚酯-聚醚多嵌段共聚物。 如硬链为聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)和丁二醇酯(PBT);软链段有聚乙二醇醚(PET)、聚丁二醇醚(PTMG)、聚二醇醚(PPG)和四氢呋喃同环氧丙烷的共聚醚二醇     

聚对苯二甲酸二甲酯/聚2,5-呋喃二甲酸二甲酯嵌段聚酯的合成与表征

以生物基单体2,5-呋喃二甲酸、乙二醇为原料合成聚2,5-呋喃二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEF)。采用熔融酯交换法以PEF聚酯部分取代聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET),制备了系列PET-b-PEF嵌段共聚酯。通过核磁共振仪(NMR)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、热失重仪(TGA)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)等技术手段表征了共聚酯的结构和性能。结果表明,该系列共聚酯的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)在75.8~80.3℃之间,且随着PEF链段质量分数的增加,PET-b-PEF嵌段共聚酯的Tg先降低后升高,结晶度和熔融温度逐渐降低。当PEF链段含量高于15%时,共聚酯没有结晶峰。该系列共聚酯具有良好的热稳定性,起始分解温度在392.2~407.9℃之间,与所制备的PET起始分解温度403.3℃接近。且当共聚酯中PEF链段含量低于15%时,起始分解温度均在407℃左右,优于PET的热稳定性。     

流场中聚乳酸/聚碳酸酯共混体系的酯交换反应及其形态结构研究

选用钛酸四丁酯作为聚乳酸(PLA)/聚碳酸酯(PC)的酯交换反应催化剂,通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)和核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)研究了流场中不同组分比的PLA/PC共混体系酯交换反应机理及酯交换反应对不同组分比的共混体系相形态的影响.研究发现,无论在PLA/PC共混体系中是否含有催化剂,酯交换反应次数、参与酯交换反应的PC的含量、生成的共聚物中PC链段的含量及生成的共聚物的总质量和总摩尔数均随组分中PLA含量的增加而增加,催化剂的加入更拉大了这种差距.主要原因是与PC作为连续相相比,当PLA作为连续相时PLA链段沿界面的取向程度更高,从而导致进行多次酯交换反应的几率增加.添加催化剂后,影响酯交换反应的主导因素发生变化,从而导致PLA/PC 30/70体系界面反应的机理发生改变.钛酸四丁酯有效地促进了PLA/PC体系的酯交换反应,使分散相的尺寸都得到不同程度降低,尤其当PLA为连续相时催化产生的共聚物的总摩尔数更多,从而使PLA为连续相时的分散相粒径较PC为连续相时降低的更多.     

一种支氏液晶共聚酯的合成

在聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯与对羟基苯甲酸 (HBA)形成的共聚酯 (PET HBA)分子链中 ,引入具有分形结构的单体———三羟基苯 (TOP) ,以降低其熔点 ,改善加工性能 .考察乙酰化时间、缩聚时间、压力、TOP和HBA加入量对新型分形共聚酯的对数比浓粘度的影响规律 ,以及TOP和HBA加入量对新型分形共聚酯的熔点和液晶清亮点的影响 .TOP的加入能使PET HBA共聚酯的熔点下降 10℃以上 ,而液晶清亮点没有变化 ,拓宽了液晶区域     

含磷全芳族热致液晶共聚酯的合成及热性能

全芳族热致液晶聚酯因其优良的力学性能、热稳定性及较低的熔融粘度而倍受关注 ,是当今最有前途的特种高分子材料之一 .但是 ,全芳族聚酯的刚性结构使其熔点较高 ,难以加工 ,因而通过分子设计制备熔点较低的热致全芳香族聚酯液晶成为研究的热点 .在主链型热致液晶高分子的分子设计中 ,通常采用共聚或在高分子链中引入取代基、柔性链段、扭结成分等方法来达到降低聚合物相转变温度的目的[1～ 6 ] .本文以对羟基苯甲酸、对苯二甲酸、间苯二甲酸和含磷二元酚化合物为单体 ,合成了一类具有较低熔点或流动温度的新型全芳族热致共聚酯液晶 ,其分子…     

运用1H-NMR和13C-NMR研究聚对苯二甲酸-2,5-呋喃二甲酸乙二醇共聚酯（PEFT）的序列结构

采用直接酯化法,通过改变对苯二甲酸(PTA)与2,5-呋喃二甲酸(FDCA)的摩尔比,制备了一系列聚对苯二甲酸-2,5-呋喃二甲酸乙二醇共聚酯(PEFT)。运用1H-NMR和13C-NMR测试手段研究PEFT共聚酯的链结构。通过观察PEFT共聚酯链上乙二醇单元中氢原子和碳原子的化学位移及相应的4种信号的强度变化,计算出共聚酯的数均序列长度(L),无规度值(B)和共聚物的组成。通过Yamadera和Murano公式计算所得共聚酯无规度值B均接近于1,说明PEFT共聚酯为无规共聚物;PEF-block-PET嵌段共聚物B为0.577,PEF-blend-PET共混物的B为0;差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测试结果表明,0PEFT共聚酯均有一个玻璃化温度,进一步说明了PEFT共聚酯为无规共聚物。其中PTA∶FDCA的摩尔比为1∶1时,即PEFT-50,B值最大,基于1H-NMR谱图计算得B=1.012,13C-NMR谱图计算得B=1.028。上述结果表明,2,5-呋喃二甲酸与对苯二甲酸在与乙二醇的亲核取代反应中活性相近。     

1,2-丁二醇共聚对聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯结晶行为及力学性能的影响

为了探索生物基乙二醇中的1,2-丁二醇(1,2-BDO)作为共聚单体对生物基聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)的结晶行为和力学性能的影响。 本文合成了生物基PET均聚物和不同1,2-BDO共聚单元摩尔分数的系列生物基PET共聚物(共聚单体摩尔分数分别为2.0%、2.7%和5.6%),并采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和力学测试等技术手段研究了其结晶行为和力学性能。 结果表明,随着1,2-BDO共聚单元摩尔分数的增加,PET共聚物的熔融温度、结晶速率及结晶度均明显降低,表明1,2-BDO共聚单体的引入破坏了PET分子链的规整性,阻碍了PET链段的结晶。 PET材料的拉伸强度随着1,2-BDO共聚单元摩尔分数的增加而降低,而弯曲强度和弯曲模量略有升高。     

嵌段质量分数对手性超分子螺旋结构自组装的影响

首先,以溴代聚乙二醇单甲醚(PEO-Br)为引发剂、甲基丙烯酸丁酯(BMA)为单体,通过原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)制备了一系列具有不同聚乙二醇(PEO)质量分数的聚甲基丙烯酸丁酯-b-聚乙二醇嵌段共聚物(PBMA-b-PEO)。在此基础上,将手性酒石酸(TA)以氢键的方式选择性掺入到嵌段共聚物的PEO相中,诱导嵌段共聚物自组装制备具有手性螺旋结构的复合薄膜PBMA-b-PEO/TA。利用小角X射线散射(SAXS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和圆二色光谱(CD)对嵌段共聚物复合薄膜进行表征,研究了嵌段质量分数对手性诱导嵌段共聚物螺旋结构自组装的影响。结果表明:掺入TA与嵌段共聚物质量比为0.12、0.15的TA,当PEO质量分数为0.17～0.24时,有利于嵌段共聚物相分离形成柱状螺旋结构;当PEO质量分数增加至0.26时,嵌段共聚物自组装则形成层状结构,在分子间氢键作用下虽然发生手性转移,但无法得到螺旋结构。     

基于相形态的微孔发泡PP/POE共混物泡孔结构调控

采用挤出共混制备3种不同相形态的厚壁聚丙烯/乙烯-辛烯共聚物(PP/POE)共混物样品,并对样品在110℃发泡温度下进行高压釜发泡.利用共混物相形态以及两相黏弹性和超临界二氧化碳溶解度的差异,有效地调控厚壁样品内泡孔的形状、分布和尺寸等,获得了3种典型的泡孔结构.分散相呈椭球状液滴的80/20 PP/POE共混物发泡后泡孔呈椭球状,且两者具有相同数量级的平均直径和密度;分散相呈长纤维状的80/20共混物发泡后泡孔呈长孔状,两者的平均直径较为接近.呈部分共连续相结构的60/40共混物发泡后形成了具有较高连通度的开孔结构.进一步地,通过改变发泡温度,获得了更接近共混物中液滴状分散相平均直径和密度的近似球状的泡孔以及具有更高连通度的开孔结构.     

含有二个聚醚软链段的聚醚聚酯嵌段共聚物的合成及其血液相容性的研究

本文报道了一类新的具有二种聚醚软链段(PTMGT和PEGT)和一种聚酯硬链段(PET)的混合聚醚-聚酯嵌段共聚物(MPEE)的合成和它的血液相容性,并与具有相同软、硬链段比及相同软链段组成比(PTMGT/PEGT)的二种聚醚聚酯嵌段共聚物(PTMGT-PET和PEGT-PET)的共混物(BPEE)的性质进行了比较,结果表明:(1)聚醚聚酯嵌段共聚物的血液相容性可以通过引入亲水性好的PEGT组分而得到提高;(2)在多数的组成比下,共聚型的MPEE具有比共混型的BPEE优良的血液相容性;(3)特定的组成比:PTMGT/PEGT=60/40(mol),共混型的BPEE:(60/40)呈现最好的血液相容性以及最佳的力学性质。研究中发现材料的微相分离结构同血液相容性有关,细微的相分离结构可导致优良的血液相容性。     

Crystallization and melting behavior of liquid crystalline copolyesters based on poly(ethylene terephthalate)

A series of copolyesters were prepared by the incorporation of p‐hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA), hydroquinone (HQ), and terephthalic acid (TA) into poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). On the basis of viscosity measurements, high molar mass copolyesters were obtained in the syntheses, and ¹H‐NMR analyses indicated the total insertion of comonomers. They exhibit nematic phase above melting temperature, as observed by polarized light microscope (PLM). Their crystallization and melting behaviors were also studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD). It was found that these copolyesters are more crystalline than copolyesters prepared from PET and HBA. Introduction of HQ/TA disrupts longer rigid‐rod sequences formed by HBA, and thus enhances molecular motion and increases crystallization rate and crystallinity. Isothermal crystallization at solid phase polymerization conditions (up to 24 h at 200°C) resulted in increased copolymer randomness (by NMR) and higher melting point, the latter attributed to structural annealing. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 369–377, 1999     

The mechanical properties of thermally treated 73/27 HBA/HNA copolyester

The mechanical properties of fiber molded samples and monofilaments of thermally treated 73/27 4‐hydroxy benzoic acid/2‐hydroxy‐6‐napthoic acid (HBA/HNA) copolyester have been investigated using both tensile tests and flexural three‐point bending tests. The thermal treatment which involves step annealing at temperatures well below the degradation temperature of the 73/27 system has been shown to produce branching and crosslinking in the crystalline regions of these polymers. The flexural strength of the degraded sample decreased up to 10% of the untreated fiber molded sample. In case of tensile strength of a single fiber, the values for the degraded samples are in line with the untreated fiber in the low draw ratio region while a slight decrease in tensile strength was observed in the high draw ratio region. The decrease in flexural and tensile strength appears to result from a small amount of branching and crosslinking reactions which arise uniquely in the orthorhombic phase of the 73/27 HBA/HNA copolyester. The branching and crosslinking would prevent the molecular orientation along flow direction in the molten state. For the fiber molded samples of degraded 73/27 HBA/HNA the destruction of the chain regularity along fiber axis direction was observed by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. The 73/27 HBA/HNA copolyester including 1 wt% of a crosslinked oligomer was used to simulate the branching and crosslinking of the degraded 73/27 HBA/HNA copolyester. Plots of tensile strength versus draw ratio were similar for the degraded 73/27 HBA/HNA and a copolyester which included 1 wt% of a crosslinkable oligomer. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Copolyesters of hydroxyphenylalkanoic acids: Synthesis,properties, and in vitro degradation of poly(4‐oxybenzoate‐co‐4‐oxyphenylacetate)

Hydrolytically degradable copolyesters of the naturally occurring monomer 4‐hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HPAA) with 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA) were synthesized for the first time by the acidolysis melt polymerization of their acetoxy derivatives. The HPAA/HBA copolyesters prepared by acidolysis melt polycondensation had higher yields and molecular weights than those obtained by a one‐pot method. The high‐temperature solvent Dowtherm® improved the color of the polyester. Although catalysts did not affect the inherent viscosity and yield of the polymer, they did reduce the polymerization time. A higher degree of polymerization was achieved with postpolymerization and annealing techniques. Copolyesters prepared in different molar ratios were analyzed by elemental analysis, IR, NMR, and inherent viscosity and were further characterized for their thermal and phase properties by thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, and polarized light microscopy. The composition of the copolyesters affected the yield, solubility, and inherent viscosity. The NMR data indicated comparatively high randomization for the copolyester obtained by acidolysis melt polymerization. The 60/40 HPAA/HBA copolyester formed a birefringent melt with a grainy texture above 175 °C with isotropization at 297 °C and thermal stability above 350 °C. The occurrence of birefringence with a grainy texture in the melt indicates a layered smectic phase; this was supported by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction powder patterns. The in vitro hydrolytic degradability of the copolyester was studied by the measurement of the water absorption of the film samples in buffer solutions of pH 7 and 10 at 30 and 60 °C. The copolyester showed considerable hydrolytic degradation, enough to be called biodegradable, compared with the commercial polyester Vectra®, thereby demonstrating prospects for syntheses of copolyesters with tailor‐made degradability. The degradation of the copolyester was identified by Fourier transform infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. These polyesters with controlled crystallinity and degradability should be considered for possible applications in biomedical areas (e.g., bone fixation devices in fracture treatment) in which high strength with biodegradability is an essential requirement. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 39: 693–705, 2001     

Fiber spinning from the nematic melt. V. Flow instabilities in the 75:25 copolyester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and 2-hydroxy-6-naphthoic acid

We have investigated the rheological properties of the Celanese copolyester with the composition 75 mol% p-hydroxybenzoic acid and 25 mol% 2-hydroxy-6-naphthoic acid (designated as 75HBA/25HNA). Three different samples having inherent viscosities 3.0, 6.0, and 9.2 dL/g were studied. A flow instability is observed at low shear stress which produces an irregularity in the fiber diameter. The surface irregularity becomes less pronounced above a minimum shear stress, indicating that the flow instability originates in the capillary. For these nematic melts, the minimum shear stress marking the onset of more regular flow is found to decrease with increasing temperature and with decreasing inherent viscosity of the copolyester. The die swell ratio of extrudates decreases with increasing shear stress. Fibers were spun from the samples having η_inh = 9.2 and 3.0 dL/g. The initial modulus and tenacity to break for 75HBA/25HNA fibers spun at sufficiently high shear stress to produce smooth filaments are significantly lower than the values we previously reported for fibers of the 58HBA/42HNA copolyester. Moreover, the optimum properties are obtained at relatively low spin-draw ratios. The 75HBA/25HNA polyester also exhibits a yield stress which decreases with increasing temperature. This observation indicates the presence of crystallities at the test temperatures. We believe that the higher content of HBA in the present copolymer gives rise to crystallization of HBA blocks in the thread line and that defects are introduced at higher spin-draw ratios which cause the mechanical properties to become worse.     

Detailed kinetics of liquid crystalline copolyester synthesis: Copolyesterification between poly(ethylene terephthalate), terephthalic acid and hydroquinone diacetate

The kinetics of liquid crystalline copolyester synthesis via melt transesterification between poly(ethylene terephthalate)[PET], terephthalic acid [TA] and hydroquinone diacetate [HQDA] is examined. A number of assumptions are proposed and validated to simplify the kinetics and to make the analysis tractable. A key postulation is that the reaction originates between terephthalic acid [TA] and hydroquinone diacetate [HQDA] to form a dimer which slices PET chain. The subsequent coupling of PET segments reforms PET chain with random incorporation of TA-HQDA units. Steady state approximation is invoked for the rate of generation of dimer. The kinetic analysis reveals the implicit simplicity of complex systems.     

sPS/PET/SsPS-H共混体系的研究

以自制间规聚苯乙烯(sPS)功能化合成的磺化间规聚苯乙烯（SsPS-H)作相容剂,研究其对sPS/PET共混物微相结构与性能的影响,发现SsPS-H能够有效地改善二者的相容性,当sPS/PET/SsPS-H为85／15／2（重量比）时,冲击强度达到11．4kJ/m^2,为纯sPS的3倍,此时材料的弯曲强度为39．1MPa,下降约8％;DMA结果表明,随SsPS-H用量的增加,共混物的Tg逐渐提高;DSC分析结果表明,共混体系中sPS的熔点不受SsPS-H含量的影响,而PET的熔点在加入6份SpPS-H时明显降低。sPS在达到最大结晶速率的温度均随SsPS-H用量的增加先提而后下降。SEM观察到加入SsPS-H后,PET分散相的尺寸减小,且均匀程度增加,共混物室温下冲击断裂显著地由脆性转变为韧性,当加入6份SsPS-H后,冲击断裂又出现脆性。     

聚酯／改性共聚酯共混体系的相分离及其共混纤维的结构和性能

本文研究聚酯(PET)和含3.5-二甲酸苯磺酸钠(SIPM)结构单元的改性共聚酯(PEI)的共混体系。差示扫描量热分析,X射线衍射分析,染色后的透射和扫描电镜照片等均表明该体系是一个热力学不相溶的体系。在加工成形过程中,特别是在结晶过程中,富PEI相中的SIPM结构单元被排斥在晶格之外形成集簇形态,利用这种相分离的结构形态以及改性共聚酯优先水解的机理,PET/PEI共混纤维经碱水解处理后可制得微孔型的高吸水吸湿纤维。本文讨论了相分离结构对该微孔型纤维的微孔尺寸分布,吸湿保水性能以及纤维力学性能的影响。     

Synthesis and eutectic behavior of liquid crystalline copolyesters

A series of liquid crystalline copolyesters, derived from 1,4‐hydroxy‐benzoic acid (HBA), 6‐hydroxy‐2‐naphthoic acid (HNA), terephthalic acid (TA), and hydroquinone (HQ), were prepared; crystallization, melting and solid‐state structure of the copolyesters were studied by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide‐angle x‐ray diffraction (WAXD). It was found that the variation of melting point of the copolyesters with increasing HBA mol % exhibits eutectic melting behavior at a constant mole ratio of HNA, and the extrapolated eutectic temperature decreases linearly with increasing HNA mol %. WAXD analysis of the copolyesters indicates that the d‐spacing related to three‐dimensional order increases first and then decreases with increasing HBA mol %. The increase of the d‐spacing, consistent with looser packing of chains, leads to the reduction of melting point and most likely accounts for the eutectic behavior observed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 2171–2177, 2009     

Effect of pyridazine structure on thin‐film polymerization and phase behavior of thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyesters

An intensive study has been conducted to compare the effects of malei hydrazine (MH) and hydroquinone (HQ) on the liquid crystallinity and phase transition behavior in the ABA/HQ/TFTA and ABA/MH/TFTA copolyesters (p‐acetoxybenzoic acid (ABA) and tetrafluoroterephthalic acid (TFTA)). These two copolyesters were prepared by thin‐film polymerization and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarizing light microscope (PLM), wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), as well as Cerius² computational simulation. Characterization and comparison of the liquid crystalline (LC) evolution and morphology changes of HQ moiety with corresponding MH moiety suggest that ABA/MH/TFTA system is energetically favorable to mesophase formation than ABA/HQ/TFTA system. When the films are quenched, a surface microcrack decoration is observed in both systems. Both systems, which have the persistence ratio larger than 6.42, satisfy the minimum requirement for the LC formation by molecular science software. The ABA/MH/TFTA film exhibits only one single peak transition. However, two distinct transitions have been observed in the ABA/HQ/TFTA system. The average Avrami exponent, n, is ～1.2, and PLM and WAXD results suggest mesophase transition in ABA/MH/TFTA film. As reflected by the results obtained from PLM, WAXD, and DSC studies, the phase transition is confirmed as crystal → nematic → isotropic in ABA/HQ/TFTA copolyester. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 2230–2242, 2005