Simulation of ion beam extraction and focusing system

The characteristics of ion beam extraction and focused to a volume as small as possible were investigated with the aid of computer code SIMION 3D version 7.This has been used to evaluate the extraction characteristics(accel-decel system)to generate an ion beam with low beam emittance and high brightness.The simulation process can provide a good study for optimizing the extraction and focusing system of the ion beam without any losses and transported to the required target.Also,a study of a simulation model for the extraction system of the ion source was used to describe the possible plasma boundary curvatures during the ion extraction that may be affected by the change in an extraction potential with a constant plasma density meniscus.     

Analytical and simulation studies for diode and triode ion beam extraction systems

This work is concerned with ion beam dynamics and compares the emittance to aberration ratios of two-and three-electrode extraction systems. The study is conducted with the aid of Version 7 of SIMION 3D ray-tracing software. The beam dependence on various parameters of the extraction systems is studied and the numerical results lead to qualitative conclusions.     

Optimization and numerical simulation for the extraction system of the H~- multicusp ion source

A new ion source has been designed and manufactured for the CYCLONE30 accelerator, which has a much advanced performance compared with the original. It is expected that the newly designed ion source extraction system will transport a very large percentage of the beam without deteriorating the beam optics, which is designed to deliver an H^- beam at 30 keV. The accelerator assembly consists of three circular aperture electrodes made of copper. The simulation study was focused on finding parameter sets that raise the beam perveance as large as possible and which reduce the beam divergence as low as possible. Ion beams of the highest quality are extracted whenever the half-angular divergence is minimum, for which the perveance current intensity and the extraction gap have optimum values. The triode extraction system is designed and optimized by using CST software (for Particle Beam Simulations). The physical design of the extraction system is given in this paper. From the simulation results, it is concluded that it is possible to achieve this goal by decreasing the thickness of the plasma electrode, shortening the first gap, and adjusting the acceleration electrode voltage.     

强流ECR离子源引出系统研究

为了提高强流ECR 离子源的引出束流品质,分别设计了1# 和2# 引出系统,利用束流引出模拟软件PBGUNS 对1# 和2# 引出系统进行了质子束流引出与传输的模拟计算,结合实际测得的发射度数据分析引出系统,发现2# 引出系统比1# 引出系统引出束流品质高。对ECR 离子源引出系统的电势等位线分布等参数引起的球差进行了简单数学推导及MATLAB 绘图,并结合1# 和2# 引出系统束流相图模拟结果证明了球差会使引出束流品质有效发射度增长,通过适当加大电极孔径可改善束流聚焦情况,得到了束流光学聚焦较好的束流引出系统设计。To improve the quality of extracted ion beam from a high current ECR ion source, 1# and 2# extraction systems were designed and tested. The PBGUNS code was used to simulate the 1# and 2# extraction systems of proton ion beam. The emittance measurement results with the two different extraction systems were compared and analyzed with the simulation, the conclusion that more high quality beam extracted from 2# system than 1# system was got. The formula derivation of ECR ion source extraction system spherical aberration and MATLAB drawing was done by the analyzing on the distribution of extraction field equipotentials, effective emittance increasing caused by spherical berration was proved by 1# and 2# extraction systems beam phase space simulation result, beam focusing would be improved if electrode hole size increasing appropriately and a general concept on good optics focusing of ion beam extraction system was proposed finally.     

由等离子体引出强流离子束的光学数值模拟

本文叙述了中性束注入器中的强流离子源引出系统离子束光学性质的数值模拟方法,并给出了典型计算结果。计算结果表明:用这种方法能反映强流离子源引出系统最本质的束光学性质,可供选取和研究强流离子束光学系统之用。     

HL-2M装置中性束离子源束光学红外成像实验研究

为了研究HL-2M装置中性束注入(NBI)加热用的80kV/45A/5s热阴极离子源束光学特性，采用红外电荷耦合元件(CCD)成像技术，测量离子源引出粒子束轰击量热靶板产生的温度分布，得到束功率密度空间分布区间特征参数1/e半宽度。在NBI热阴极离子源调试平台上，扫描离子源的放电和引出参数，利用CCD红外热像仪获得了对应参数下量热靶上的束功率密度分布。实验结果表明，HL-2M装置NBI加热系统80kV/45A离子源可用的导流系数范围为0.7~1.5μP。同样导流系数下，梯度电极与等离子体电极的分压比较高时，引出束流的半宽度较小。     

负氢潘宁型离子源的束流引出测量

在中国工程物理研究院流体物理研究所自行研制的负氢潘宁型离子源上进行负氢束流引出测量实验,采用单电极、双电极、三电极束流引出测量方法进行初步束流引出测量,束流强度的实验测量结果远远高于空间限制流的理论计算值。因此,提出一种电屏蔽盒的直流束流引出测量方法。阐述了电屏蔽盒直流束流引出测量的基本方法、束流轨迹的CST数值模拟以及束流引出测量实验结果。研究表明:引出电压为2 kV,引出间隙为3 mm,磁感应强度为0.435 T时,得到较为精确的负氢束流引出强度约100 A。通过空间电荷限制流的V3/2定律进行拟合,推算得到引出电压为40 kV时,负氢束流强度约达到4 mA。     

微型电子回旋共振离子推力器离子源结构优化实验研究

微型电子回旋共振(ECR)离子推力器可满足微小航天器空间探测的推进需求. 为此, 本文开展直径20 mm的微型ECR离子源结构优化实验研究. 根据放电室内静磁场和ECR谐振区的分布特点, 研究不同微波耦合输入位置对离子源性能的影响, 结果表明环形天线处在高于ECR谐振强度的强磁场区域时, 微波与等离子体实现无损耦合, 电子共振加热效果显著, 引出离子束流较大. 根据放电室电磁截止特性, 结合微波电场计算, 研究放电容积对离子源性能的影响, 实验表明过长或过短的腔体长度会导致引出离子束流下降甚至等离子体熄灭. 经优化后离子源性能测试表明, 在入射微波功率2.1 W、氩气流量14.9 μg/s下, 可引出离子束流5.4 mA, 气体放电损耗和利用率分别为389 W/A和15%.     

多峰离子源的三维数值模拟优化与设计

本文理论计算了多峰离子源永磁体, 采用二体碰撞模型处理电子之间的库仑碰撞, 运用空碰撞方法处理电子与氢元素相关粒子碰撞, 开发了全三维粒子模拟-蒙特卡罗模拟算法, 并采用此软件对热门多峰离子源JET-60U的两种优化设计模型进行数值模拟研究, 探索了两种离子源空间分布特性和体积负氢离子产率相关问题, 提出了负氢离子源设计的基本思想: 适当调整离子源多峰磁场分布情况可以输出均匀离子束; 适当调整引出磁场大小和离子源结构, 可以达到离子束空间均匀性和高产率兼顾的效果.     

Characteristics of a high frequency ion source used in a low-energy accelerator

This work presents the characteristics of a high frequency ion source operating on a low energy, 150 keV accelerator. The latter is to be used as a neutron generator and its design is based on a theoretical analysis which shows that if the axial potential in an electrostatic electrode system is made to increase with four thirds the power of axial distance, inward electric forces will compensate space charge forces tending to blow up the beam. This results in a simplified acceleration tube much shorter and of higher gradient than the conventional acceleration columns. The ion source itself is an ordinary type using axial extraction of the beam, and its main properties investigated are the beam current and beam quality (or emittance). Dependence of the two on different parameters is investigated in a series of tests.     

Theoretical analysis of a new extraction system for a DUHOCAMIS operating in a high magnetic field

A new extraction system is designed for a penning ion source DUHOCAMIS(dual hollow cathode ion source for metal ion beams)being installed at the Institute of Heavy Ion Physics,Peking University.We have analyzed theoretically the central particle trajectories in the extraction region for ions having different q/m ratios and then compared our results with the simulation results of CST(Computer Simulation Technology)software.The validity of the system is verified and some analytical formulas are obtained which will be used for the optimization of the extraction system as well as the experimental setup.     

离子推力器栅极透过率径向分布特性研究

栅极系统是离子推力器的主要组件,其透过率特性对推力器的效率和推力具有重要影响.为了进一步优化栅极性能和有效评估离子推力器效率,对离子推力器栅极透过率径向分布进行研究.采用particle-In-CellMonte Carlo Collision数值仿真方法对束流引出过程进行了模拟.分析了屏栅、加速栅以及栅极系统的透过率随栅孔引出束流离子数量的变化关系,结合放电室出口离子密度分布,进而分别得到屏栅透过率、加速栅透过率和栅极系统透过率的径向分布特性,最后进行实验验证.研究结果表明:屏栅透过率径向分布具有中心对称性,在推力器中心有最小值,从中心沿着径向逐渐增大;加速栅透过率径向分布与屏栅透过率变化趋势相反;栅极系统透过率受加速栅透过率的影响很小,其径向分布与屏栅透过率径向分布相近;离子推力器栅极总透过率随着束流增大而缓慢减小.研究结果可为离子推力器栅极优化提供参考.     

Optimization of Extraction System for Cold Cathode Ion Source

We have simulated ion trajectories with the SIMION 3D, version 7.0, package to optimize the extraction system of a cold-cathode ion source and compared the results with experimental data collected under the same operational conditions. The simulation determined the negative voltage applied to the extractor electrode and the extraction gap widths that maximize the ion-beam current for singly charged nitrogen ions with low emittance and small diameter. The experiment measured the input electrical discharge and output ion beam characteristics of the source at different nitrogen pressures. The extractor electrode voltage and the extraction gap width were determined at 8?×?10^?4?Torr nitrogen. The results of the simulation agreed well with the experimental data.     

一台2.45GHz强流中子源

A 2.45GHz microwave-driven ion source is being used to provide 40mA of deuterium ion beam (peak current) for an RFQ accelerator as part of a neutron source system.We have also designed a 60kV electrostatic LEBT using computer simulations.In our experiment,we measured the hydrogen and deuterium ion beam currents as functions of discharge power,gas flow,and magnetic field strength.The required beam current was obtained using leas than 700W of net microwave power with a gas flow of less than 1.5sccm.From the rise time data,it was determined that in order to obtain a high percentage of atomic ions in the beam, the beam extraction should start after 1ms of switching on the microwave power.At steady state,the proton fraction was above 90%.     

相对论电子束在动态加载等离子体中的自聚焦传输

为了进一步研究相对论电子束-离子通道辐射实验和理论的需要, 研究了相对论电子束入射中性气体以及通过碰撞电离动态加载等离子体实现对高能束流的自聚焦传输过程PIC(particle in cell) 模拟发现, 电子束电离出的离子背景能够实现对电子束的聚焦传输. 但是离子背景横向和纵向的不均匀性对束流的传输特性有显著影响. 在此基础之上, 提出了电子束在横向不均匀离子背景中传输的理论模型, 给出了束流的自聚焦条件.数值计算结果表明, 横向不均匀性会导致电子束的混合相位传输, 使得焦点附近内层电子可能跑到电子束外而被散焦损失, 这与PIC模拟的结果相符. 此外, PIC模拟还发现, 由于电子束的自聚焦, 在焦点处将电离出更多的离子而引起纵向不均匀性, 纵向不均匀性使得碰撞后的低能电子被俘获, 俘获电子效应会大幅降低电子束的传输效率. 但是俘获电子在纵向呈准周期分布, 对传输电子起到静电Wiggler场的作用, 可能实现静电Wiggler场的动态加载. 研究结果对于进一步研究电子束-等离子体系统的实验以及理论模型提出有一定的参考价值.     

负离子源引出系统束光学的数值模拟

根据在表面-等离子体型负离子源中,负离子主要由转换电极表面产生这一特点,参考正离子源引出系统数值计算程序,建立了负离子源引出系统的数值计算模型和计算程序;对表面-等离子体型桶式负离子源引出系统束光学的性质进行了数值模拟。对计算结果的检验和分析表明,这个计算模型和程序反映了负离子源引出系统束光学的基本特性。     

Positive ion extraction from plasma source and its application in fusion research

Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) is well established technique for heating tokamak plasma and is used in all fusion research programs [1–2]. In our Steady state Superconducting Tokamak (SST) machine [3], neutral hydrogen beam power of 0.5 MW at 30 kV is required to raise plasma ion temperature of ∼1 keV. Future upgrade of the SST will require 1.7 MW of H^o at 55 kV. To fulfill this requirement, an ion extractor system (heart of any NBI system) has been designed to extract 35A H⁺ beam current at 30 kV and of 90 A at 55 kV respectively [4]. In this paper, we have described the physics and ion beam optics study for an ion extraction system suitable for above mentioned long dynamic range of acceleration voltage. The ion beam optics simulation result is used as an input to the engineering design. After fabrication, its performance test has been done. The experimental results are in very good agreement with beam optics simulation.     

Laser ion source activities at Brookhaven National Laboratory

In Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), we have been developing laser ion sources for diverse accelerators. Tabletop Nd:YAG lasers with up to several Joules of energy are mainly used to create ablation plasmas for stable operations. The obtained charge states depend on laser power density and target species. Two types of ion extraction schemes, direct plasma injection scheme (DPIS) and conventional static extraction, are used depending on the application. We optimized and selected a suitable laser irradiation condition and a beam extraction scheme to meet the requirement of the following accelerator system. We have demonstrated to accelerate more than 5?×?10¹⁰ of C⁶⁺ ions using the DPIS. We successfully commissioned a low-charge ion beam provider to the user facilities in BNL. To achieve higher current, higher charge state and lower emittance, further studies will continue.     

等离子体离子源发射面的理论计算与数值模拟

 等离子体离子源发射面的位置和形状决定了离子束的传输特性,而发射面的位置与形状又取决于等离子体参数、引出电压、电极结构等,并自动地调节到某个平衡状态。介绍了一种2维情况下等离子体离子源发射面的位置与形状的理论计算方法,即非磁化等离子体不能扩散进入外加电场中大于一定临界值的区域,等离子体离子源发射面的位置及形状可以通过直接求解引出系统的Laplace方程而得到。利用基于PIC的OOPIC程序对不同引出结构的发射面位置及形状和引出束流进行了数值模拟,结果与理论计算的结果十分接近。     

Feasibility study on high current ion beam extraction from anode spot plasma for large area ion implantation

In this paper, we have investigated the feasibility of the high current beam extraction from anode spot plasma as an ion source for large area ion implantation. Experiments have been carried out with the ambient plasma produced by inductive coupling with radio-frequency (RF) power of 200 W at the frequency of 13.56 MHz. Anode spot plasmas are generated near the extraction hole of 2 mm in diameter at the center of a bias electrode whose area exposed to the ambient plasma can be changed. It is found that the maximum ion beam current is extracted at the optimum operating pressure at which the area of bias electrode exposed to ambient plasma is fully covered with the anode spot plasma whose size is dominantly determined by the operating pressure for given gas species. It is also observed that the extracted ion beam current increases nonlinearly with the bias power due to the changes in size and shape of the anode spot plasma. With the well-established anode spot plasma operating at the optimum gas pressure, we have successfully extracted high current ion beam of 6.4 mA (204 mA/cm²) at the bias power of 22 W (∼10% of RF power), which is 43 times larger than that extracted from the plasma without anode spot. Based on the experimental results, criteria for electrode design and operating pressure for ion beam extraction from larger extraction aperture are suggested. In addition, the stability of anode spot plasma in the presence of ion beam extraction through an extraction hole is discussed in terms of the particle balance model.