Temperature-insensitive transverse load sensing with improved accuracy using stress induced birefringence effects of fiber Bragg grating

Different from the basic sensing theory of the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors based on direct spectral analysis, a new method exploiting the polarization properties of FBG for temperature-insensitive transverse load sensing is proposed. In this paper, the birefringence effects on FBG under transverse load are analyzed. The evolution of the polarization dependent loss (PDL) of FBG with wavelength for the transmitted signals with respect to the transverse load is also studied theoretically and experimentally. We proposed utilizing the PDL evolution of FBG to precisely recover the wavelength spacing between the two peaks of x-mode and y-mode for accurate transverse load measurement. Good agreements between experimental results and numerical simulations had been obtained.     

正弦形构造的光纤光栅自致啁啾效应

结合均匀光栅在受到非均匀应变时会产生啁啾效应的原理,提出了一种利用正弦结构将均匀光栅调制成啁啾光栅的方法。设计了正弦结构的基底材料,将光纤光栅粘贴在基底材料的应变非均匀区,通过施加拉伸载荷将其产生的应变引入FBG栅区,使得FBG产生了啁啾效应,FBG被调制成具有多个反射峰和宽带宽的啁啾光栅;使用有限元软件对正弦结构拉伸载荷下的应变进行了仿真,得到了正弦结构不同位置的应变云图;实验结果在位移载荷最大为8 mm时,得到了带宽增加5倍,反射谱具有多个反射峰的啁啾光栅;结合传输矩阵法对啁啾光栅的反射谱进行光谱仿真重构,仿真光谱与实验光谱趋势基本吻合。     

Two-phase mixture model simulation of the hydro-thermal behavior of an electrical conductive ferrofluid in the presence of magnetic fields

This paper presents a numerical investigation of the hydro-thermal behavior of a ferrofluid (sea water and 4 vol% Fe₃O₄) in a rectangular vertical duct in the presence of different magnetic fields, using two-phase mixture model and control volume technique. Considering the electrical conductivity of the ferrofluid, in addition to the ferrohydrodynamics principles, the magnetohydrodynamics principles have also been taken into account. Three cases for magnetic field have been considered to study mixed convection of the ferrofluid: non-uniform axial field (negative and positive gradient), uniform transverse field and another case when both fields are applied simultaneously. The results indicate that negative gradient axial field and uniform transverse field act similarly and enhance both the Nusselt number and the friction factor, while positive gradient axial field decreases them. It is also concluded that, under the influence of both fields by increasing the intensity of uniform transverse field the effect of non-uniform axial fields decrease.     

Characterization of dynamic strain measurement using reflection spectrum from a fiber Bragg grating

A simulation method for evaluating dynamic strain distribution along a uniform Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) using its reflection spectrum is presented in this paper. This method is valid for simulating both uniform and non-uniform strain distributions along the FBG under various dynamic conditions. The reflection spectrum from the FBG, subjected to different strain profiles, is simulated based on the Transfer matrix (T-matrix) approach. Three strain profiles, such as a uniform strain, a linear strain gradient and a quadratic strain field, are selected to demonstrate the viability of the proposed method. The importance of the dynamic simulation of the reflection spectrum on the filter design in a FBG dynamic strain sensing system is highlighted.     

布拉格光纤光栅传感器在非均匀应变场中的响应分析

在非均匀应变场的作用下,布拉格光纤光栅的主要参数有效折射率和光栅周期都会发生非均匀的变化,导致光纤光栅的反射光光谱结构发生变化。在光波导耦合模理论的基础上,建立了布拉格光纤光栅在非均匀应变场下反射光谱的分析数学模型,利用龙格 库塔法对其进行了数值求解。给出了几种典型应变场下的布拉格光纤光栅的反射光谱,并分析了它们的特点。     

Compressive Brittle Fracture Prediction in Blunt V-Notched PMMA Specimens by Means of the Strain Energy Density Approach

The paper aims to examine the suitability of the strain energy density criterion in predicting the fracture behavior of blunt V-notched specimens under compression load. Recent studies on local stress fields have shown that the strain energy density, averaged over a specific control volume which embraces the notch round border, could be a robust parameter in the brittle fracture assessment of several materials. A set of experimental results recently published in the literature on compressive brittle fracture of V-notched specimens made out of polymethyl methacrylate has here been considered. Finite element analyses have been performed on plane strain condition and experimental data have been summarized by means of the SED criterion. It has been shown that the proposed criterion permits a satisfactory evaluation of the fracture load of polymethyl methacrylate specimens weakened by notches having different opening angles and radii.     

Diametric load sensor using a fiber Bragg grating and its differential group delay analysis

Different from the basic sensing theory of the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors based on spectral analysis, a new method exploiting the polarization properties of FBG for diametric load sensing is proposed. In this paper, the evolution of the differential group delay (DGD) response of FBG with respect to the diametric load is completely studied. The centroid information of the DGD evolution of FBG is subsequently proposed for diametric load sensing. Experiments were carried out to verify the reasonability and feasibility of the sensing method. Good agreements between experimental results and numerical simulations had been obtained.     

Experimental Study on Friction in Ferrules during Compression Tuning of Fiber Bragg Grating

The effect of friction in ferules on compression tuning characteristics of fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) was observed and analyzed in this paper. It was demonstrated that the friction would make a non-uniform strain in the FBG and degradations of its reflection spectrum. To avoid the effect, some measures have been applied. Near 9 nm tuning range can be obtained with good spectral performance.     

FBG分布式非均匀应变重构准确度分析研究

以剥层算法为基础,分别从非均匀解调应变大小、重构算法的特征参量以及光栅初始结构参量等对光纤布喇格光栅应变重构准确度的影响进行相关研究分析.结果表明:工作长度为5~30mm的光纤布喇格光栅最佳应变解调在3 000με以内,在该应变解调范围内,保持光栅剥层的分层长度为0.1mm左右时,应变重构准确度和效率较优,折射率调制幅度越小,应变重构误差越小;同时,对于非均匀应变检测使用的强光栅,折射率调制幅度约为0.000 12时,应变检测结果最好.本文的研究结果对提高非均匀应变的重构准确度具有重要的指导意义.     

Effect of friction in ferrules on compression tuning characteristics of fiber Bragg gratings

The effect of friction in ferrules on compression tuning characteristics of fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) was observed and analyzed in this paper. It was demonstrated that the micro-bending of the fiber in the ferrule would cause friction between fiber and inner wall of the ferrule, and the friction would make a non-uniform strain in the FBG and degradations of its reflection spectrum. To avoid the effect, some measures have been applied including reducing the ferrule diameter to fit the fiber, and filling some lubrication in the ferrule, and so on. Near 10 nm tuning range can be obtained with good spectral performance.     

Performance evaluation of fiber Bragg grating sensors by digital holographic technique, strain gauge measurement

In view of the growing interest for non-destructive tests of materials, geodynamical monitoring and in general remote sensing, there is a great effort to bring practical optical sensors from research labs to industrial and environmental applications. In this paper, we employ digital holographic technique as an efficient tool for evaluating the strain measurement capability of fiber Bragg gratings (FBG). A cantilever beam has been employed as a test structure under loading test. The strain measurements results obtained by fiber-based sensors have been compared to those obtained by using full-field digital holographic technique and point-wise strain gauge sensors glued on the same cantilever beam. A simple theoretical model is also presented to interpret and compare the experimental results coming from different techniques.     

A comparison of measured and computed sound pressure levels in a non-uniform acoustically lined duct

A comparison of measured and numerically calculated acoustical fields is presented for a non-uniform lined duct in the absence of appreciable mean flow. The frequency range investigated includes the “cut-on” frequencies of several transverse modes in certain portions of the duct. Measured pressure fields are compared to those predicted by one and two dimensional numerical models. The validity of the one dimensional model is confirmed for frequencies below cut-on of the first transverse mode. For higher frequencies the one dimensional model is clearly unsatisfactory, as might be expected. The two dimensional model gives reasonable results for frequencies below and above cut-on of the transverse modes, although it indicates a very strong sensitivity, of acoustical fields, to small variations in local wall impedance data.     

Quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization algorithm for the reconstruction of fiber Bragg grating sensor strain profiles

A quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization algorithm used for demodulating the strain profile along a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) from its reflection spectrum has been demonstrated. By combining the transfer matrix method for calculating the reflection spectrum of a FBG and the quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization technique, we develop a new technique for the reconstruction of FBG sensor strain profiles. This proposed technique is verified through numerical example reconstructions of FBG sensor simulated strain profile cases and numerical simulations reveal good agreement between the original and the reconstructed strain profiles.     

光纤光栅横向效应在平面应变测量中的应用

对光纤光栅的横向效应进行了理论分析，并通过实验对其进行了测量。分析表明其产生的原因是光纤纤芯的直径变化及光纤有效折射率随纤芯直径的变化率。通过平面应变模型，分析了在平面应变状态下光纤光栅的应变测量方法。针对光纤光栅横向效应带来的测量误差，以及单个光栅无法测量二维平面应变的不足，提出了一种采用铝合金材料对两根FBG进行十字型封装的新型结构，从理论上消除了光纤光栅横向效应带来的测量误差。     

Simultaneous strain and temperature measurement with a single fiber Bragg grating based on the polarization properties analysis

In this paper, a new technique for discrimination of temperature and strain exploiting the polarization properties of a single normal fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is firstly proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The spectral characterization of the differential group delay (DGD) of the FBG is studied. The evolution of the DGD response of the FBG as a function of temperature and strain is analyzed. The numerical simulations and experimental results suggest that implementing two independent measurements of the resonance wavelength shift and the changes of the DGD can discriminate the temperature and strain effects.     

梯度泡沫铝的各向异性压溃力学行为

功能梯度泡沫金属因其密度连续变化,在轴向受压时可提供稳定增长的反馈载荷。然而当前研究多局限于其纵向压缩力学响应,考虑到实际应用中可能出现的横向冲击,基于低速冲击实验,考察梯度泡沫铝轴向和横向压缩力学响应的异同,并采用数字图像相关技术和数值模拟方法研究其宏细观压溃机制。结果表明:(1)在力学性能上,相比于纵向压缩加载的梯度泡沫铝,横向压缩加载下具有更高的抗压强度,而平台应力、致密化应变和能量吸收效果低于纵向压缩;(2)在失效变形模式上,纵向压缩变形模式为变形带渐进式压缩,而横向压缩变形模式的变形带则随机出现在试样的各个位置;(3)横向压缩下梯度泡沫铝致密化应变和比吸能的减小是由高孔隙率区的胞孔利用率降低导致的;(4)构建的弹性-塑性硬化-刚性模型能够较准确地描述梯度泡沫铝的纵向压缩力学行为。研究结果可为梯度泡沫金属在爆炸冲击结构防护工程中的设计提供理论参考。     

基于光纤光栅绝对测量技术的高耐久智能钢拉杆

针对目前钢拉杆构件缺少施工荷载下的内力测试和服役期间的长期监测手段问题,采用玻璃钢封装技术研制开发出一种新型的基于光纤光栅绝对测量传感技术的高耐久性智能钢拉杆。在理论屈服荷载85%的拉伸荷载下,智能钢拉杆感知的应变具有很好的线性度和重复性,由其得到的测试杆力与实验张拉力吻合良好,误差在4%以内。该智能钢拉杆具有抗电磁干扰、传感距离长、成本低、耐腐蚀、绝对测量等优点,既可以方便给出任何阶段的受力状态,也可以作为一个大应变式荷载传感器对其相邻的结构进行荷载监测,适合用于恶劣服役环境下的钢拉杆工程结构。     

一种新颖的温度补偿光纤光栅应力传感测量技术

分析了光纤Bragg光栅的应变响应原理,通过实验观察光纤光栅粘贴在厚度不均的悬臂梁上产生的双峰响应,证明悬臂梁结构的不均匀会使整个光纤光栅受到不同的应力而产生两个反射峰,并且两个反射峰之间的距离随着应力的增加呈线性变化。实验中,当载荷为200g时,两个反射峰之间距离达到0.16nm,而温度变化不会引起两个反射峰之间的变化。利用这种结构的封装,可以克服光纤光栅对温度和应力交叉敏感的问题,消除温度变化引起的应力测量误差,实现一个光纤光栅对应力单参量的测量。     

Influence of Non-uniform Temperature Field on Spectra of Fibre Bragg Grating

We simulate the spectrum characteristics of fibre Bragg grating （FBG） with non-uniform temperature using the transmission matrix method, and the results are analysed. It is found that firstly the modulated coefficient of average refractive index is a very important parameter that influences the spectrum characteristic of the fibre Bragg grating, and secondly the spectrum curves are different in different temperature fields at the same parameter. Hence, we can determine the metrical temperature by analysing the spectrum of fibre Bragg grating.     

不同采样方式下光纤布喇格光栅反射谱寻峰算法的分析

对光纤布喇格光栅反射谱的三种寻峰算法(三次样条插值数值微分法、高斯-多项式拟合法和高斯拟合法)进行了分析和比较;相同采样情况下,得出了高斯拟合法确定的峰值准确度最高的结论;采样点数为250的均匀采样中,三种算法寻峰结果对实际值的误差分别为: 3.4 pm、13.0 pm和2.6 pm.引入了非均匀数据采集的寻峰思路,分别应用三种寻峰法对实际光栅的反射谱分别进行均匀采集和非均匀采集.结果表明,对于相同寻峰方法在非均匀数据采集下获得的峰值更精确,采样点数为250时,高斯拟合法寻峰时非均匀采集对应的误差比均匀采集减少了38.46%.