Lipase-Catalyzed Preparation of Diacylglycerol-Enriched Oil from High-Acid Rice Bran Oil in Solvent-Free System

The ability of immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme RM IM) to catalyze the reaction of high-acid rice bran oil (RBO) and monoglyceride (MG) for diacylglycerol-enriched rice bran oil (RBO-DG) preparation was investigated. The effects of substrate ratio, reaction temperature, time, and enzyme load on the respective content of free fatty acid (FFA) and DG in the final RBO-DG products was investigated. Enzyme screening on the reaction was also investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the effects of the reaction temperature (50?C70?°C), the enzyme load (2?C6?%; relative to the weight of total substrates), and the reaction time (4?C8?h) on the respective content of FFA and DG. Validation of the RSM model was verified by the good agreement between the experimental and the predicted values. The optimum preparation conditions were as follows: MG/RBO, 0.25; temperature, 56?°C; enzyme load, 4.77?%; and reaction time, 5.75?h. Under the suggested conditions, the respective content of FFA and DG was 0.28 and 27.98?%, respectively. Repeated reaction tests indicated that Lipozyme RM IM could be used nine times under the optimum conditions with 90?% of its original catalytic activity still retained.     

Functional Properties of Rice Bran Proteins Extracted from Low-Heat-Treated Defatted Rice Bran

Rice bran is rich in proteins with high nutritional values. However, current protein extraction methods from rice bran are greatly limited by their low yield. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to develop a feasible method to extract rice bran protein (RBP) of high purity and quality. We prepared RBP using low-heat-treated defatted rice bran (LDRB) and analyzed its functional properties. The protein solubility of LDRB increased from 25.4% to 56% upon increasing the pH level and was more than double that of heat-stabilized defatted rice bran. RBP prepared from LDRB had good functional properties, comparable to those of soy proteins. The emulsifying capacities of RBP were 424 ± 14 mL/g at pH 4 and 530 ± 21 mL/g at pH 7.0. Under acidic conditions, RBP showed a better emulsifying capacity than soy proteins (262 ± 1 mL/g at pH 4). RPB showed water-binding and oil-absorption capacities of 270 ± 35 g/100 g and 268 ± 30 g/100 g, respectively. Moreover, RBP showed better foaming capacity (610% vs. 590%) and foam stability (83% vs. 4%) than soy proteins; however, it lacked gelling properties. This study demonstrated that RBP is a potential new protein source in the food industry.     

米糠的综合利用

米糠是稻谷中糙米的表面层,含有糖类、脂肪、蛋白质和维生素等化学成分。我国米糠资源丰富,但其营养价值和资源效益未得到充分发挥。本文较系统地介绍了当前米糠精制过程中的分离物及其综合利用。     

米糠中阿魏酸的提取及荧光分光光度法检测

确定了新鲜米糠中阿魏酸的最佳提取工艺。用高效液相色谱法对提取产品作定性检测,用荧光分光光度法对提取产品作定量检测。阿魏酸在0.2~2.2μg/mL浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.99958,平均回收率为99.0%。此法具有准确、简便、快速、灵敏等优点。     

Biotransformation of Rice Bran to Ferulic Acid by Pediococcal Isolates

Ferulic acid (FA) is widely used in foods, in beverages, and in various pharmaceutical industries as a precursor of vanillin. FA biotransformation can occur during the growth of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and its conversion to other phenolic derivatives is observed by many scientists, where ferulic acid esterase (FAE) and ferulic acid decarboxylase (FDC) play significant roles. The present study aimed at screening a panel of LAB for their ability to release FA from rice bran, an agro waste material. FAE and FDC activities were analyzed for the preliminary screening of various dairy isolates. Two Pediococcus acidilactici isolates were selected for studying further the hydrolysis of FA from rice bran and its bioconversion into phenolic derivatives like 4-ethylphenol, vanillin, vanillic acid, and vanillyl alcohol. P. acidilactici M16, a probiotic isolate, has great potential for the production of FA from rice bran and could be exploited as starter culture in the food industry for the production of biovanillin.     

从米糠中制取植酸的工艺研究现状及其进展

植酸是一种重要的精细化工产品,在许多领域有广泛的用途。文章对近几年来从米糠中制取植酸的工艺研究的现状和进展进行了综述,以期待更好地开发和利用植酸。     

稻子、小麦麸皮中可溶性非淀粉多糖的气相色谱法测定

讨论稻子、小麦麸皮中可溶性非淀粉多糖的气相色谱法测定。将稻子、小麦麸皮磨细后,用８０％乙醇萃取游离糖,剩余物在醋酸缓冲液（ｐＨ５．０）条件下分别用α－淀粉酶和α－葡萄糖苷酶酶解,除掉淀粉。非淀粉多糖用酸水解为各单糖,采用糖醇衍生化成乙酸酯的制备方法,用ＯＶ－１７０１石英毛细管色谱柱,可分离得到非淀粉多糖（ＮＳＰ）各组成单糖的色谱峰。并以自然界中不存在的阿洛糖作内标物,提高了定性定量分析的准确性,计算出了稻子、小麦麸皮中可溶性非淀粉多糖的含量。     

Gastroprotective Activities of Ethanol Extract of Black Rice Bran (Oryza sativa L.) in Rats

Black rice is a type of rice in the Oryza sativa L. species. There are numerous reports regarding the pharmacological actions of black rice bran, but scientific evidence on its gastroprotection is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the gastroprotective activities of black rice bran ethanol extract (BRB) from the Thai black rice variety Hom Nil (O. sativa L. indica) as well as its mechanisms of action, acute oral toxicity in rats, and phytochemical screening. Rat models of gastric ulcers induced by acidified ethanol, indomethacin, and restraint water immersion stress were used. After pretreatment with 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg of BRB in test groups, BRB at 800 mg/kg significantly inhibited the formation of gastric ulcers in all gastric ulcer models, and this inhibition seemed to be dose dependent in an indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer model. BRB could not normalize the amount of gastric wall mucus, reduce gastric volume and total acidity, or increase gastric pH. Although BRB could not increase NO levels in gastric tissue, the tissue MDA levels could be normalized with DPPH radical scavenging activity. These results confirm the gastroprotective activities of BRB with a possible mechanism of action via antioxidant activity. The major phytochemical components of BRB comprise carotenoid derivatives with the presence of phenolic compounds. These components may be responsible for the gastroprotective activities of BRB. The 2000 mg/kg dose of oral BRB showed no acute toxicity in rats and confirmed, in part, the safe uses of BRB.     

Biological Activities of Thermo-tolerant Microbes from Fermented Rice Bran as an Alternative Microbial Feed Additive

To evaluate the commercial potential of new microbial feed additive, Issatchenkia orientalis Y266 and Bacillus subtilis B266 from commercial fermented rice bran were tested for their tolerance or resistance to pH, bile, oxgall, and temperature. It was found that the strains grew very well up to pH 3.0 and resistant to relatively high concentrations of bile salt and oxgall. I. orientalis and B. subtilis are extremely tolerant in range of 70–90°C in solid medium. B. subtilis B266 also has excellent tolerant property up to 90°C in liquid medium. The health indexes (the microflora in the small intestines and the antibody titer to Newcastle disease virus) of chicks were significantly improved in the fermented rice bran with these strains (0.25% addition to diet) in comparison with the Avilamycin (20 mg/kg diet)-fed group (p < 0.05). The fermented rice bran-fed group showed a better microbial flora in the small intestines. Accordingly, it would appear that the fermented rice bran with these strains may be a potential candidate for an alternative microbial feed additive.     

Enzymatic Production of Ferulic Acid from Defatted Rice Bran by Using a Combination of Bacterial Enzymes

Ferulic acid (FA), which is present in the cell walls of some plants, is best known for its antioxidant property. By combining a commercial enzyme that shows FA esterase activity with several Streptomyces carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes, we succeeded in enhancing the enzymatic production of FA from defatted rice bran. In particular, the combination of three xylanases, an α-l-arabinofuranosidase, and an acetyl xylan esterase from Streptomyces spp. produced the highest increase in the amount of released FAs among all the enzymes in the Streptomyces enzymes library. This enzyme combination also had an effect on FA production from other biomasses, such as raw rice bran, wheat bran, and corncob.     

氯化镧对水稻幼根质膜标准氧化还原系统的影响

稀土对农作物有促进生长、增加产量的作用。研究表明稀土元素不能进入植物细胞内而只停留在细胞膜外[1] ,因此细胞膜可能是稀土元素发生作用的原初位点。植物细胞质膜上存在的氧化还原系统 ,可以催化一系列氧化还原反应 ,能够促进矿质元素的吸收、控制植物的生长、参与溶质的转运等[2 ] 。关于稀土对质膜标准氧化还原系统的影响及对铁元素吸收的影响尚未见报道 ,本实验用两相法分离纯化水稻幼苗根质膜 ,观察ＬａＣｌ3 对质膜氧化还原系统活性的影响及对水稻吸收铁元素的影响。1　 材料和方法1.1　 实验材料　　水稻 (Ｏｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａ…     

Treated Rice Bran for Scavenging Cr(III) and Hg(II) from Acidic Solution

The purpose of this study was to examine the efficiency with which rice bran (treated or untreated) removes heavy metals, especially Cr(III) and Hg(II), from acidic solution. Sorption assays were done in shaken flasks in the presence of rice bran. Different experimental conditions such as pH, volume of solution, bran weight, particle size, exchange time and stirring time were improved. The efficiency of bran was studied before and after treatments. For treatment, solutions of acid, alkali and salt were used. The results show that after treating with 4 M sodium chloride solution, its efficiency in removal of Cr(III) and Hg(II) was improved. Kinetic measurements of chromium and mercury removal by bran have revealed that sorption equilibrium was obtained after 10 min of contact. Sorption experiments done with various granulometric fractions of rice bran have shown that this sorbent has the same efficiencies in meshes higher than 20. Further research is necessary in order to determine a mechanism for cations removal by the bran. It is mentioned that the process of making polished rice from brown rice discharges rice bran; therefore, it is very inexpensive, with a cost of 1/50 ? 1/40 of that of synthetic sorbent, and thus its use would significantly lower the cost of wastewater treatment.     

CO2‐Responsive Nanofibrous Membranes with Switchable Oil/Water Wettability

Responsive polymer interfacial materials are ideal candidates for controlling surface wetting behavior. Here we developed smart nanostructured electrospun polymer membranes which are capable of switching oil/water wettability using CO₂ as the trigger. In particular, the combination of CO₂‐responsiveness and porous nanostructure enables the as‐prepared membranes to be used as a novel oil/water on–off switch. We anticipate that the promising versatility and simplicity of this system would not only open up a new way of surface wettability change regulation by gas, but also have obvious advantages in terms of highly controlled oil/water separation and CO₂ applications.     

Rice Bran as an Excellent Sorbent for Heavy Metals from Aqueous Media, 1. Optimization of Conditions

In this two‐part report, the efficiency of rice bran in removal of heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, zinc, nickel, copper and iron(III) from aqueous solution is investigated. The different experimental conditions such as pH, temperature, volume of solution, bran amount, particle size, exchange time, stirring speed, etc. are studied, and the optimum conditions are selected in part 1 of this series of reports. The efficiency of bran in removal of heavy metals is presented with and without treatments. For treatment, heat or acid, alkali and salt solutions were used. The results obtained show that after treating with saturated sodium chloride solution, its efficiency for Ni²⁺ and Zn²⁺ improves. At pH 5, all studied cations have recoveries more than 93% (lead and cadmium 100%). The exchange speed is very high and has preference over the classical ion exchangers.     

Rice Bran as an Excellent Sorbent for Heavy Metals from Aqueous Media, 2. Determination of Related Parameters

In part 2 of this report related parameters of the rice bran (as a sorbent of heavy metals) such as exchange capacity, distribution coefficients and isotherms, etc. were studied. The obtained results show that selectivity of the bran towards heavy metals such as Cu(II), Cd(II), Fe(III), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II) is very high. Also, distribution coefficients between aqueous solution and bran are more than 10⁴ so that all cations are completely adsorbed by the bran in relatively low concentrations. The principal advantages of this sorbent are as follows: high efficiency, very high exchanging speed, cheapness (in comparison with conventional resins), performance in batch and continuous conditions and producing no environmental pollution. The only disadvantage of the bran is low exchanging capacity for some elements (but for lead it is comparable to classical resins); however, it is able to eliminate heavy metals in mg/L level and above. On the other hand, due to low cost of bran and high cost of recovery of ion exchangers there is no necessity to recover the bran. Reproducibility of the proposed method in removal of heavy metals is excellent and the relative standard deviations for eight repeated removals for all cations with the exception of iron are less than 1%.     

亚表面引发原子转移自由基聚合构筑温度响应型纳米纤维油水分离膜

亚表面引发聚合是一种用于制备共价嵌入型聚合物刷的新型改性策略.该方法在发展高稳定性聚合物刷功能化表界面材料方面具有显著的优势.本工作利用亚表面引发原子转移自由基聚合(sSI-ATRP)对静电纺丝聚丙烯腈(PAN)基纳米纤维膜进行亚表面改性,通过接枝聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(PNIPAM)制备了温度响应型纳米纤维油水分离膜(...     

纯油定标法确定核磁共振仪标准曲线的研究

提出以纯油（豆油或菜籽油）制定标准曲线（简称定标）的方法,用于大豆和菜种子中含油的测定,对测定结果的准确度、重现性,回收率等进行评,并进一步与索氏抽提法进行比较,结果：当ATT值得22db,纯油质量为0．6000－0．7200g时定标,可用于大平种子含量的测定;同时ATT值取31db,纯油质量为1．30000－2．2000g时定标,可用于油菜种子含油量的测定,该定标方法测定种子同量与索氏提法测定的含油量比较,差异均不显著,且相关系数r在0．9566以上,试验证明该方法准确可靠,并且操作简便。     

The Health-Promoting Properties and Clinical Applications of Rice Bran Arabinoxylan Modified with Shiitake Mushroom Enzyme—A Narrative Review

Rice bran arabinoxylan compound (RBAC) is derived from defatted rice bran hydrolyzed with Lentinus edodes mycelial enzyme. It has been marketed as a functional food and a nutraceutical with health-promoting properties. Some research has demonstrated this rice bran derivative to be a potent immunomodulator, which also possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-angiogenic properties. To date, research on RBAC has predominantly focused on its immunomodulatory action and application as a complementary therapy for cancer. Nonetheless, the clinical applications of RBAC can extend beyond cancer therapy. This article is a narrative review of the research on the potential benefits of RBAC for cancer and other health conditions based on the available literature. RBAC research has shown it to be useful as a complementary treatment for cancer and human immunodeficiency virus infection. It can positively modulate serum glucose, lipid and protein metabolism in diabetic patients. Additionally, RBAC has been shown to ameliorate irritable bowel syndrome and protect against liver injury caused by hepatitis or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. It can potentially ease symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome and prevent the common cold. RBAC is safe to consume and has no known side effects at the typical dosage of 2–3 g/day. Nevertheless, further research in both basic studies and human clinical trials are required to investigate the clinical applications, mechanisms, and effects of RBAC.