用速度浓度同步测量系统研究瞬态气体撞壁射流混合过程

用速度浓度同步测量系统研究瞬态气体撞壁射流混合过程谢辉，苏万华，史绍熙，林荣文（天津大学内燃机燃烧学国家重点实验室天津３０００７２）关键词撞壁射流，射流混合，速度浓度同步测量１引言对于中小型直喷式柴油机，燃油喷雾与壁面撞击不可避免，研究喷雾和壁面的相...     

喷雾撞壁后近壁区域火焰发展及碳烟生成研究

本文基于多尺度液滴撞壁形态提出了新的考虑了不同飞溅状态的撞壁模型。结合容弹实验研究了近壁区域喷雾撞壁后火焰发展过程,对影响近壁区燃烧过程及碳烟生成规律的边界温度进行了探讨。结果表明,环境温度和壁面温度对喷雾撞壁后的液膜沉积量以及后续的燃烧过程影响显著。碳烟产生峰值直接和壁面燃油沉积量呈正相关,而较高的近壁区域温度可加速燃油蒸发并减少燃油沉积量。燃油沉积量的不同,其火焰发展形式不同:当沉积燃油较少时,近壁混合气形成较快,从而维持了稳定的燃烧过程;而当沉积燃油较多时,近壁区域的燃烧呈现不稳定的池火过程。随着环境温度和壁温的增加,油膜燃烧时刻提前并形成可燃混合气,从而加速了碳烟的生成和氧化。     

喷雾夹角对柴油机性能影响的数值模拟

为研究喷雾夹角对柴油机性能的影响,应用STAR-CD程序对不同喷雾夹角的燃烧过程进行三维数值模拟.计算结果表明喷雾夹角决定了油束在燃烧室的空间分布和燃油与壁面的碰撞参数,进而影响到燃油的雾化与燃烧.当碰撞距离增加,燃油雾化时间增加.当撞壁入射角度减小,燃油壁面涂布能力增强,促进燃油蒸发雾化.当油束将燃烧室有效容积等分时,油气混合均匀,具有良好的燃烧效果.     

液滴撞击壁面铺展及换热过程数值模拟

基于喷雾冷却时液滴撞击壁面现象,本文采用CLSVOF(coupled level set and volume of fluid)方法对不同工况下单液滴撞壁过程进行数值模拟,获得了单液滴撞击热壁面动态特性;分析了初始速度、液滴直径等初始参数对液滴撞壁后的动态铺展规律以及壁面换热特性的影响规律,获得了上述参数变化时液滴铺...     

小液滴撞击壁面传热特性数值分析

小液滴撞击壁面现象在喷雾冷却等领域都有广泛应用.为研究小液滴(微米)撞击热壁面(非沸腾区)传热过程,建立了二维液滴撞壁瞬态模型,并采用相场方法对小液滴换热过程中对流热通量和导热热通量的大小进行了对比.研究结果表明:液滴撞击壁面初期形成“冷斑”,有利于小液滴与壁面的传热;小液滴撞击壁面过程中热通量峰值存在于三相接触点附近,数量级在105—106 W/m²;小液滴撞击壁面过程中受壁面浸润性和液滴尺寸对传导热通量的影响较为显著,而速度和液滴尺寸对对流热通量的影响较为显著;大多数情况下,小液滴撞击壁面传导热通量数量级在103—105 W/m²,对流热通量数量级在104—106 W/m²,对流热通量大于传导热通量,在整个换热过程中占据主导地位.     

甲醇喷雾撞击气门特性试验研究

甲醇被称为“液态阳光”,可以通过捕集二氧化碳合成制备,能有效解决内燃机二氧化碳排放问题。但甲醇发动机的冷启动困难,成为甲醇发动机发展的瓶颈。本文基于光学畸变矫正技术,采用透明气道可视化研究了不同喷射压力、气门升程、气门温度对进气道甲醇喷雾撞击气门特性的影响。结果表明：适当提高喷射压力和增加气门升程可以促进喷雾撞击气门后的扩散,增加喷雾面积,从而提高喷雾与空气的混合。而随着气门温度的升高,喷雾在气门表面上形成蒸汽膜,抑制喷雾撞壁,显著增加了喷雾扩展距离和喷雾面积,明显弱化了甲醇的气门湿壁,具体地,本文实验中,甲醇喷雾撞击气门形成蒸汽膜的气门温度阈值为200?C。     

中空液滴碰撞水平壁面数值分析

采用耦合水平集-体积分数法并综合考虑传热及接触热阻作用建立了中空液滴碰撞水平壁面数值模型,并验证了模型的可靠性.通过分析计算结果,获得了中空液滴与实心液滴撞壁的动力学特征差异,揭示了中空液滴撞壁流动传热机理和中心射流形成机制,探索了碰撞速度和壁面浸润性对中空液滴撞壁动力学和传热特性的影响.研究表明:中空液滴撞壁后中心射流特征明显,并伴随有射流收缩和液壳破碎等现象.中空液滴内部压力梯度是液滴铺展、中心射流产生和发展的主要原因;撞壁过程中中心射流表面温度分布较为均匀,破碎液壳表面温度分布波动较大.碰撞速度与中空液滴撞壁最大铺展系数的相关性较小,但其对无量纲射流长度和壁面平均热流密度的影响较大;壁面浸润性与中空液滴撞壁后期铺展系数的相关性较大,但其对无量纲射流长度和壁面平均热流密度的影响较小.     

油束撞击形成混合气及其燃烧过程的机理研究

本文介绍了用多次喷雾叠加摄影与激光粒子分析技术对燃油喷雾撞击前后的粒径、贯穿度以及喷雾锥角等因素变化所进行的观察和测量以及介绍了利用双像高速摄影技术对燃油束撞击雾化形成的混合气以及燃烧过程特点的研究。结果表明,燃油经撞击后可显著地增大油束扩散角、不同程度地影响了燃油束的贯穿度,但对燃油束撞击前后滴径变化的影响不大。混合气形成及其燃烧过程的高速摄影研究结果表明,燃油束撞击雾化对加快燃油与空气的混合并促进其火焰扩展起到重要作用。另外撞击反弹方向和喷油压力等也是影响混合气形成和燃烧的重要因素。     

加力燃烧室两相混气燃烧研究

一、前言 在涡轮风扇发动机加力室外函和冲压发动机燃烧室中,由于气流温度低,燃油蒸发性能差,混气在稳定器截面仍是两相的。气流绕稳定器运动过程中,小油珠随气流运动。大油珠由于惯性大,撞落在稳定器表面,形成油膜。油膜沿壁面向稳定器后缘运动过程中吸热、升温和蒸发。蒸发的燃料随气流向下游运动和扩散。剩余未蒸发燃油在气流剪切力     

6110柴油机喷雾过程的多维瞬态数值模拟研究

将柴油机全体燃烧室部件(气缸盖-气缸套-活塞组)作为一个耦合体,在对耦合体进行传热数值模拟的基础上得到喷雾过程缸内计算的壁面边界条件.利用大型通用CFD软件STAR-CD及ES-ICE,在进气压缩过程多维瞬态数值模拟基础上,对6110柴油机喷雾过程进行多维瞬态数值模拟研究.通过计算,着重分析缸内两相流动,燃油喷射、雾化以及喷雾粒子的空间分布等.     

Interpreting the influence of fuel spray impact on mixture preparation for HCCI combustion with port-fuel injection

This paper addresses the influence of fuel spray impact on fuel/air mixture for combustion in port-fuel injection engines. The experiments include time resolved measurements of surface temperature synchronized with PDA measurements of droplet dynamics at impact and were conducted to quantify the effects of interactions between successive injections on the mixture preparation for combustion in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines. Analysis shows that, during engine warm up, the heat transfer over the entire valve surface occurs within the vaporization-nucleate-boiling regime and the local instantaneous surface temperature correlates with the dynamics of droplets impacting at the same point. A functional relation is found for the heat transfer coefficient, which also describes other experiments reported in the literature. Similarity does not hold after the engine warms up because heat transfer and droplet vaporization at the surface are dominated by multiple interactions between droplets arisen from diverse heat transfer regimes. However, results evidence the existence of a critical surface temperature which sets a transition between overall heat transfer regimes dominated by local nucleate boiling at lower temperatures and by local intermittent transition regimes at higher temperatures. The heat transfer within the overall nucleate boiling regime is shown to be due to a thin film boiling mechanism leading to breakdown of the liquid-film at a nearly constant surface temperature, regardless of injection frequency or any other spray conditions. While at low frequencies this regime is not limited neither by the delivery of liquid to the surface, nor by the removal of vapour from the surface, at higher frequencies it is triggered by enhanced vaporization induced by piercing and mixing the liquid film. The results further evidence the important role of spray impingement for mixture preparation as required for HCCI.     

实心与空心锥形喷雾与热多孔介质相互作用的数值研究

在KIVA-3V中增加了油滴碰撞热多孔介质壁面的碰撞模型、传热模型及空心喷雾的线性不稳定性液膜破碎模型(LISA).在多孔介质结构简化描述的基础上,详细模拟了实心喷雾与空心锥形油雾与热多孔介质之间的碰撞过程.针对Senda等人的实验进行了数值计算,油束碰壁后油滴和油蒸汽分布的数值计算结果与实验结果吻合得很好.计算结果表明油雾在碰撞到热多孔介质后,油束会发生分裂,为油滴的快速蒸发和油蒸汽与空气充分混合创造了前提.油滴初始动能相同的条件下,空心喷雾的油滴穿越多孔介质的可能性比实心喷雾要小.     

Spray impingement wall film breakup by wave entrainment

Fuel spray impingement on engine wall and piston in the spark-ignition direct-injection (SIDI) setting has been considered a major concern in the aspect of engine emission and combustion efficiency. Excess wall film will result in deterioration of engine friction, incomplete combustion, and substantial cycle-to-cycle variations. These effects are more pronounced during engine cold-start process. Therefore, the formation of wall film on engine wall/piston and the dynamic process of the wall film interacting with impinging spray and spray-induced gas flow are of great significance for reducing wall film mass. However, the dynamic process of wall film was not investigated thoroughly in existing literatures. This work will present a high-speed, simultaneous measurement of a single-hole spray structure, as well as wall film geometry and thickness, via Mie scattering and volumetric laser-induced fluorescence, respectively. Quantitative film thickness measurement was achieved via fluorescence intensity signal calibration with a known, wedge-shape liquid film apparatus. Remarkable wall film droplet entrainment at the leading edge of the liquid film waves was revealed in the measurement, which has not been adequately depicted or analyzed in existing spray impingement studies. A considerable amount of liquid droplets detaches from the liquid film via liquid film fingering, during which process the quantity of liquid mass on the wall is decreased. Quantitative analysis of such phenomenon is performed and we estimated that a liquid mass equivalent to 30–40% of the residual liquid film mass is detached from the liquid film via wave entrainment. Furthermore, through the comparative study of the side view of the spray and the liquid film caused by spray impingement, it is shown that non-uniform spray structure is likely the cause of liquid film wavy motions. These observations suggest that wave entrainment should be considered by numerical models and experimental designs to accurately predict spray impingement phenomenon.     

液滴撞击液膜的流热耦合界面追踪方法数值模拟

采用界面追踪方法研究蒸馏过程中液滴撞击高温薄液膜的流动和传热特性,将数值结果与解析解和实验进行比较验证模型的正确性,研究气液界面和热流分布的演变过程.同时,分析液滴We数和无量纲液膜厚度对传热的影响.液滴撞击后的热流密度分布显示：液膜可分为撞击区、过渡区和静态区.由于液滴的撞击作用,强制对流是撞击区内主要的传热机制.增大液滴的韦伯数或减小无量纲液膜厚度会加强热量传递.随着液滴韦伯数的增加,冲击引起的扰动增强,在动量和能量共同作用下,平均热流密度明显增大,撞击区冠状水花越明显.无量纲液膜厚度越小,平均热流密度越大,且有更长的时间保持高热流密度换热.     

雾化喷射下的波动液膜的电测量

冷却壁面上液膜的特性行为与厚度直接关系到雾化喷射冷却的深入研究。本文报道了在雾化喷射下水平壁面液膜厚度的测量。借助示波器,通过液膜直流信号配以几何尺寸的精确测量,实验研究了给定喷管雾化喷射下液膜波动行为和厚度随压力和喷头高度的变化。结合对流传热系数测量,分析了液膜厚度与雾化喷射冷却条件及效果的关系。     

喷雾冷却相变传热的建模与模拟计算

喷雾冷却是一种高效的热控技术,为了探索形成完善的喷雾冷却技术设计流程,文章开展了喷雾冷却传热过程的建模研究.针对喷雾冷却传热过程的模拟计算,基于喷雾冷却相变传热的4个传热机制:液膜对流传热、池沸腾传热、二次气泡沸腾传热、二次气泡高频化机制,利用Monte Carlo方法描述了不同粒径与速率分布的液滴撞击液膜并生成二次气...     

Fuel spray visualization and its impingement analysis on in-cylinder surfaces in a direct-injection spark-ignition engine

Abstract  

Experiments are performed to investigate the effects of fuel spray on in-cylinder mixture preparation and its impingement on cylinder walls and piston top inside a direct-injection spark-ignition engine with optical access to the cylinder. Novel image processing algorithms are developed to analyze the fuel impingement quantitatively on in-cylinder surfaces. The technique is useful to optimize the fuel pressure, injection timing and the number of injections to minimize the fuel impingement on in-cylinder surfaces. E85, which represents a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline (by volume) is used in this study. Two types of fuel injectors are used; (i) low-pressure production-intent injector with fuel pressure of 3 MPa, and (ii) high-pressure production injector with fuel pressures of 5 and 10 MPa. In addition, the effects of split injection are also presented by maintaining the same amount of fuel used in single injection. It is found that the split injection is an effective way to reduce the overall fuel impingement on in-cylinder surfaces while maintaining a reasonably good air–fuel mixture in the cylinder.     

雾化喷射冷却的机理及模型研究

雾化喷射冷却的换热机理十分复杂,目前其研究还很不成熟。本文从喷射雾滴的特性参数出发,以被冷却表面上形成的喷射液膜为对象,考虑了冷却液体向环境的散热,建立质量、能量守恒方程,得到半经验半解析的雾化喷射换热模型。其中,本文提出真换热系数和显换热系数的概念,认为显换热系数受空间散热影响,而真换热系数只与喷雾动量有关。最后设计了雾化喷射局部换热实验,对模型进行检验,结果表明,该模型能够较好地符合实验所得的换热系数及加热面表面温度沿喷射半径的分布趋势。